Post on 02-Jan-2016
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THE ROAD TO COMMUNISM IN CHINA
The Opium War 1773 Britain brought Indian opium to China
Millions addicted and Chinese silver depleted to pay for the opium.
1838 – Manchu Chinese ban it and seize British opium in Guangzhou (Canton).
1839-1842 Opium War humiliates China, demonstrating superiority of Western military technology.
Treaty of Nanjing (1842). First of many “unequal treaties with European nations and Japan.
Britain claims Hong Kong island as a colony Five other Chinese port cities are opened to
British trade and residence British have “most favored nation” status British subjects have right of
“extraterritoriality”; can be tried for crimes only in British courts.
The Treaty System
large amount of indemnity dozens of treaty ports opened to
foreign trade gunboats Missionaries Warehouses Foreign influence in port cities
territorial losses tariffs
is cooll
Qing 1644-1910
Peasant anger against Manchu
"Each year they [the Manchus] transform tens of millions of China's gold and silver into opium and extract several millions from the fat and marrow of the Chinese people and turn it into rouge and powder ... How could the rich not become poor? How could the poor abide by the law?”
Michael, Franz. The Taiping Rebellion, page 23.
Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864
A village schoolmaster, Hong Xiuquan, recruits one million rebels and nearly overthrows the Qing government before rebellion is crushed. Taiping capital in Nanjing.
mixed elements of Christianity and traditional Chinese religion, along with ideas of his own (brother of Jesus).
He believed in communal property, and the equality of men and women
20-30 million deadQing 1644-1910
Qing 1644-1910
Taiping and Communism
Although pre-Communism the Taiping Rebellion foreshadowed it in several ways
Land was evenly distributed. Outlawed all of the following:
Slavery, Sale of women, foot-binding, prostitution, arranged marriages and polygamy.
The Taipings were also against use of opium, alcohol, and tobacco.
Over time, Taiping leaders began to violate most of these rules (especially alcohol and women) and their movement began to lose its loyal followers
Qing govt with help from western powers ended the Taiping movement to take over China
By 1900 – Spheres of Influence
China was controlled by Europeans economically
Lots of trade between Europe and China
Balance of trade favored Europe China lost silver as they paid out to
Europe Created discord and frustration in the
Qing government
Weakness fully exposed
Sino-Japanese War of 1894 - 1895 Chinese navy destroyed Taiwan ceded to Japan large indemnity most-favored-nation more treaty ports Korea formally independent but with
Japanese influence start of Japanese empire
The scramble for concessions
The scramble for answers
radicalization of domestic politics
the “Hundred Days of Reform” in 1898 ambitious reform program
examination system bureaucracy modernization
suppressed by conservatives in Qing court
reformist leaders fled to Japan
The Boxer Uprising in 1900 Peasants in cities of Northern China Name actually translates to “Society of
Harmonious Fists” support from high officials of Qing court destruction of anything foreign siege of the foreign quarter in Beijing
8-nation force invades China station troops permanently
in Beijing European powers demand
payment for the cost of stopping the Boxers
Russian troops remain in Manchuria until Russian defeat in Russo-Japanese War
Qing 1644-1910
Fall of the Qing Dynasty
A revolution in 1911 forces the Emperor (Puyi, a child) to abdicate
Dr. Sun Yatsen (1866-1925) becomes first President of the Chinese Republic in 1912
The warlords take over as provincial rulers and the central government is weak.
The May Fourth movement aims at ridding China of foreign influence.
Dr. Sun Yat-sen (1866 – 1925)
Dr. Sun Yat-sen (1866 – 1925)
(Dr. Sun Yat-sen)(Dr. Sun Yat-sen)
Chinese Warlords, 1920s
Chinese Warlords, 1920s
Yuan Shi-kaiYuan Shi-kai
China in 1924China in 1924
Mao and the Communist party
• Mao Tse Tung (1893-1976) Revolutionary leader and “poet”– Founder and leader of the Peoples Republic of China.– Born in Southern China of peasant origin– Joined the revolutionary army when the Manchu
dynasty was overthrown 1911– Advocated womens right and attacked aranged
marriage– Joined a marxist studygroup at Peking university
1919
– Participated in the may 4th demonstrations 1919
Mao Zedong As a Young Revolutionary
Mao Zedong As a Young Revolutionary
(Mao Tse-tung)(Mao Tse-tung)
Mao With His Children, 1930sMao With His
Children, 1930s
Jiang Jieshi Becomes President
of Nationalist China, 1928
Jiang Jieshi Becomes President
of Nationalist China, 1928
(Chiang Kai-shek)(Chiang Kai-shek)
Origins of Chinese Civil war
• Nationalists turned on the Communists and massacred them in Shanghai
• Resulted in split of the Nationalist party• Renewed civil war against the Communists• Communists in city virtually destroyed• Mao flees to countryside in Jinggangshan
The Long March
• Heroic myth• Of 100.000 communists 20.000 survived• Maos policy survived and became the model for
future China• The LM provided the future leadership of
Peoples Republic of China• From the new base Communist would conquer
China
The Long MarchThe Long March
Survivors of the March
Survivors of the March
Victims of the Japanese bombing of Shanghai.
Victims of the Japanese bombing of Shanghai.
Japanese Soldiers March into Nanking
December 9, 1937
Japanese Soldiers March into Nanking
December 9, 1937
The Japanese Invasion, 1937The Japanese
Invasion, 1937
Remains of Chinese Children Bayoneted
by Japanese Soldiers
Remains of Chinese Children Bayoneted
by Japanese Soldiers
Japanese Bayonet Practice
Japanese Bayonet Practice
Beheadings Took Place in Public!
Beheadings Took Place in Public!
Chinese Prisoners Were Often Beheaded & Displayed
Chinese Prisoners Were Often Beheaded & Displayed
UNIT 731: Bio-Chemical Warfare
UNIT 731: Bio-Chemical Warfare
UNIT 731: Live Human Dissections
UNIT 731: Live Human Dissections
The Peoples’ Liberation Army,
1949
The Peoples’ Liberation Army,
1949
The Communist Victory
The Communist Victory
Taiwan: The Republic of China
Taiwan: The Republic of China
Jiang Jieshu (1887-1975)
Jiang Jieshu (1887-1975)
(Chiang Kai-shek)(Chiang Kai-shek)
Madame Jiang Jieshu
Madame Jiang Jieshu
The People’s Republic of China
The People’s Republic of China
Reasons for the Communists’
Success
Reasons for the Communists’
Success► Mao won support of peasants – land
► Mao won support of women
► Mao’s army used guerilla war tactics
► Many saw the Nationalist government as corrupt
► Many felt that the Nationalists allowed foreigners to dominate China.
Great Leap Forward, 1958
Great Leap Forward, 1958
► 5 year plan to increase agriculture and industry
► Communes Groups of people who live and work together Property held in common Had production quotas
► Failed due to poor quality of products, poor weather hurt agriculture
Communist China Under Mao
Communist China Under Mao
► Industrialized China► Increased literacy► Class privileges ended► Rural Chinese received health care► One-party dictatorship► Denied people basic rights and freedoms --> Inner Mongolia, Tibet
Mao, Panchen Lama, Dalai Lama
in Beijing, 1954
Mao, Panchen Lama, Dalai Lama
in Beijing, 1954► Tibet --> an
autonomous area.
► Dalai Lama fled in the late 1950s to India.
A Campaign Against the
“FOUR OLDS”
A Campaign Against the
“FOUR OLDS”► Old Thoughts
► Old Culture
► Old Customs
► Old Habits
To Rebel Is Good!To Rebel Is Good!
Communist China Under Mao
Communist China Under Mao
► Designed to renew revolutionary spirit and establish a more equitable society► Mao wanted to put “intellectuals” in their place► Schools shut down – students revolted► Red Guards – students who attacked professors, government officials, factory managers
A Red GuardA Red Guard
Red Guards March to Canton
Red Guards March to Canton
With regard to the great teacher Chairman Mao, cherish the word
'Loyalty'. With regard to the great Mao Zedong Thought, vigorously stress the
word 'Usefullness'. (1968)
With regard to the great teacher Chairman Mao, cherish the word
'Loyalty'. With regard to the great Mao Zedong Thought, vigorously stress the
word 'Usefullness'. (1968)
Cult of Personality
The reddest, reddest, red sun in our heart, Chairman Mao, and us
togetherZhejiang Workers, Farmers and Soldiers Art Academy collective,
1968
The reddest, reddest, red sun in our heart, Chairman Mao, and us
togetherZhejiang Workers, Farmers and Soldiers Art Academy collective,
1968
Mao’s Little Red Book
Propaganda PosterPropaganda Poster
Go among the workers, peasants and soldiers, and into the thick of
struggle!1967-1972
Go among the workers, peasants and soldiers, and into the thick of
struggle!1967-1972
Propaganda PosterPropaganda Poster
Propaganda PosterPropaganda Poster
Propaganda PosterPropaganda Poster
“Ping-Pong Diplomacy”:
U. S. Players at Great Wall, 1971
“Ping-Pong Diplomacy”:
U. S. Players at Great Wall, 1971
Mao Meets President Nixon,
1972
Mao Meets President Nixon,
1972
Power StrugglePower Struggle
Modernists
Communist Traditionalist
s
Zhou Enlai
“The Gang of Four”: Jiang Qin, Chen Boda, Wang Hongwen, Yao
Wenyuan
1976
Deng Xiaoping (1905-1997)
Deng Xiaoping (1905-1997)
De-Maoization
De-Maoization
► Agriculture
► Industry
► Science
► Defense
► Agriculture
► Industry
► Science
► Defense
““The 4 Modernizations”The 4 Modernizations”Progress in:Progress in:
Class struggle was no longer the central focus!
The New China: “Socialism with Chinese Characteristics”
• “It doesn’t matter if a cat is a white cat or a black cat as long as it catches the mice.”
• “To Get rich is Glorious”
Gap Between Rich & Poor
Gap Between Rich & Poor
Deng: If you open a window, some flies naturally get in!
Tiananmen Square, 1989
Tiananmen Square, 1989
More democracy!
Tiananmen Square, 1989
Tiananmen Square, 1989
Student activist, Wang Dan, Beijing University
Tiananmen Square, 1989
Tiananmen Square, 1989
Democracy—Our Common Ideal!
Tiananmen Square, 1989
Tiananmen Square, 1989
The“Goddess
ofDemocracy”
Tiananmen Square, 1989
Tiananmen Square, 1989
The Government Clamps Down
Tiananmen Square, 1989
Tiananmen Square, 1989
One Lone Man’s Protest
Tiananmen Square, 1989
Tiananmen Square, 1989
The Massacre: The People’s Army Moves In
Tiananmen Square, 1989
Tiananmen Square, 1989
The Massacre: A Human Body Crushed by an Army Tank
Tiananmen Square, 1989
Tiananmen Square, 1989
The Army Looks for Dissidents
Tiananmen Square, 1989
Student Leaders Are Arrested
Tiananmen Square, 1989
Tiananmen Square, 1989
Chinese Students Mourn the Dead
Tiananmen Square, 1989
Tiananmen Square, 1989
The Reestablishment of Order
What’s the Message Here?
What’s the Message Here?
DemographyDemography
► may be no surer predictor of destiny than trade data. But of the two momentous changes championed by Deng Xiaoping a quarter-century ago, coercive population controls and experiments with market economics, the jury is still out on which will do more to shape China's long-term potential.