Post on 24-Dec-2015
The RenaissanceThe Renaissance
Primavera by Botticelli
The Renaissance Essential The Renaissance Essential QuestionsQuestions
1.1. What were the chief features of the What were the chief features of the Renaissance?Renaissance?
2.2. How would you describe the political world How would you describe the political world that existed in the Italian states and what that existed in the Italian states and what role did women play?role did women play?
3.3. What were the chief characteristics of What were the chief characteristics of Italian Renaissance humanism and how did Italian Renaissance humanism and how did it differ from Northern Italian humanism?it differ from Northern Italian humanism?
4.4. What were the chief achievements of What were the chief achievements of Italian and Northern Renaissance painters?Italian and Northern Renaissance painters?
The Italian RenaissanceThe Italian Renaissance
Renaissance Renaissance means “rebirth”means “rebirth”
Began in ItalyBegan in Italy Lasted from 1350-Lasted from 1350-
15501550 The classics from The classics from
Greece and Rome Greece and Rome were revivedwere revived
Spread throughout Spread throughout EuropeEurope
Palazzo Della Signoria in Florence, Italy
Characteristics of the Italian Characteristics of the Italian RenaissanceRenaissance
Urban societyUrban society Secular-worldlySecular-worldly Recovery from the Recovery from the
disasters of the 14disasters of the 14thth centurycentury Black DeathBlack Death Political disorderPolitical disorder Economic recessionEconomic recession
New view of human New view of human beings and individual beings and individual abilityabilitySiena, Italy
Piazza del Campo
The Italian StatesThe Italian States
During the Middle Ages, Italy had failed to During the Middle Ages, Italy had failed to develop as a monarchydevelop as a monarchy
Lack of single ruler made it possible for a Lack of single ruler made it possible for a number of city-states in northern and number of city-states in northern and central Italy to remain independentcentral Italy to remain independent
Prospered from tradeProspered from trade Exchanged good with the Byzantine and Islamic Exchanged good with the Byzantine and Islamic
civilizations, England, and the Netherlandscivilizations, England, and the Netherlands Obtained silks, sugar, and spices to take back Obtained silks, sugar, and spices to take back
to Italyto Italy
The Italian States: MilanThe Italian States: Milan 1414thth century-Visconti century-Visconti
family established family established themselves as dukes of themselves as dukes of Milan and extend power Milan and extend power all over Lombardyall over Lombardy
Last Visconti dies in Last Visconti dies in 14471447
Francesco Sforza Francesco Sforza (condottiere-leader of a (condottiere-leader of a band of mercenaries) band of mercenaries) conquers Milan and conquers Milan and becomes dukebecomes duke
Built a strong, Built a strong, centralized statecentralized state
Efficient tax systemEfficient tax system
Duomo in Milan, Italy
The Italian States: VeniceThe Italian States: Venice
Grown wealthy from Grown wealthy from tradingtrading
Small group of Small group of merchant-aristocrats merchant-aristocrats ran the government ran the government on behalf of their own on behalf of their own interestsinterests
Trade empire brought Trade empire brought enormous revenuesenormous revenues
Became an Became an international powerinternational powerSan Marco in Venice, Italy
The Italian States: FlorenceThe Italian States: Florence Dominated the region Dominated the region
of Tuscanyof Tuscany In 1434, Cosimo de’ In 1434, Cosimo de’
Medici took control of Medici took control of the citythe city
The Medici kept the The Medici kept the republic form of republic form of government, but ran it government, but ran it behind the scenesbehind the scenes
Cosimo and Lorenzo Cosimo and Lorenzo put supporters in put supporters in offices to carry out offices to carry out their policiestheir policies
Florence was the Florence was the cultural center of Italycultural center of Italy
Duomo in Florence, Italy
The Italian StatesThe Italian States
Rest of monarchial Europe was Rest of monarchial Europe was attracted to the riches of Italyattracted to the riches of Italy
Italians turn to Spain for helpItalians turn to Spain for helpSouthern Italy (the Kingdom of Southern Italy (the Kingdom of
Naples) became a battleground for Naples) became a battleground for French and Spanish dominanceFrench and Spanish dominance
Spanish sack Rome in 1527 because Spanish sack Rome in 1527 because they are not being paidthey are not being paid
Ends wars and Renaissance in ItalyEnds wars and Renaissance in Italy
Machiavelli and the New Machiavelli and the New StatecraftStatecraft
Wrote Wrote The PrinceThe Prince Concerned with political Concerned with political
power and how to get it and power and how to get it and keep itkeep it
Rejected the Middle Ages Rejected the Middle Ages view that rulers ought to view that rulers ought to behave on Christian moral behave on Christian moral valuesvalues
Must be based on an Must be based on an understanding of human understanding of human naturenature
A ruler acts on behalf of the A ruler acts on behalf of the state, therefore, he should let state, therefore, he should let his own conscience sleephis own conscience sleep
Had a profound influence on Had a profound influence on political leaders in the political leaders in the Western worldWestern world
Machiavelli
The Making of Renaissance The Making of Renaissance Society: NobilitySociety: Nobility
Around 3 % of the Around 3 % of the populationpopulation
Held political posts and Held political posts and advised Kingsadvised Kings
Castiglione describe the Castiglione describe the perfect noble in his work perfect noble in his work The Book of the CourtierThe Book of the Courtier Born, not madeBorn, not made Work to be a warriorWork to be a warrior Have a classical educationHave a classical education Standards of conductStandards of conduct Serve his prince in an Serve his prince in an
effective and honest wayeffective and honest way
Isabella d’Este
Pietro Medici
The Making of Renaissance The Making of Renaissance Society:Society:
Peasants and TownspeoplePeasants and Townspeople About 90% of the About 90% of the
populationpopulation Serfdom declined and Serfdom declined and
more peasants were more peasants were becoming freebecoming free
Townspeople were Townspeople were divided alsodivided also Patricians-wealthy Patricians-wealthy
traders, industry, and traders, industry, and banking-dominated banking-dominated communitiescommunities
Burghers-shopkeepers, Burghers-shopkeepers, artisans, guild members-artisans, guild members-middle classmiddle class
Impoverished-Impoverished-unemployed, pitiful unemployed, pitiful wages, 30-40% pop.wages, 30-40% pop. Moneychanger and his Wife by Quentin
Massys
The Making of Renaissance The Making of Renaissance Society:Society:
Family and Marriage Family and Marriage Parents carefully arranged Parents carefully arranged
marriages to strengthen marriages to strengthen business or family tiesbusiness or family ties
Details were worked out Details were worked out when children were 2 or 3 when children were 2 or 3 years oldyears old
Legally bindingLegally binding Dowry-sum of the money Dowry-sum of the money
given by the wife’s family to given by the wife’s family to the husband upon marriagethe husband upon marriage
Father was the center of Father was the center of familyfamily
Children became adults when Children became adults when they were legally freedthey were legally freed
Mother’s role was to Mother’s role was to supervise the householdsupervise the household
The Marriage of the Virgin by Raphael
Italian Renaissance Italian Renaissance HumanismHumanism
Humanism was an intellectual Humanism was an intellectual movement based upon the study of movement based upon the study of the classicsthe classics
Humanists studied the liberal arts-Humanists studied the liberal arts-grammar, rhetoric, poetry, philosophy, grammar, rhetoric, poetry, philosophy, and historyand history
Petrarch is considered the father of Petrarch is considered the father of humanism-used pure classical Latinhumanism-used pure classical Latin
Reflected the values of urban societyReflected the values of urban societyPut to the service of the statePut to the service of the state
Education in the RenaissanceEducation in the Renaissance
Humanists wrote books Humanists wrote books and opened schools and opened schools based on their ideasbased on their ideas HistoryHistory PhilosophyPhilosophy RhetoricRhetoric PoetryPoetry AstronomyAstronomy MusicMusic MathematicsMathematics
Some women did attend Some women did attend humanists schools, but humanists schools, but were not taught rhetoric were not taught rhetoric and mathematicsand mathematics
Johannes Gutenberg
Gutenberg’s Printing Press
Vernacular LanguageVernacular Language Vernacular-language Vernacular-language
spoken in their own spoken in their own regionsregions
Geoffrey Chaucer’s Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury TalesCanterbury Tales EnglishEnglish
Dante’s Dante’s Divine ComedyDivine Comedy ItalianItalian
Began to compete with Began to compete with LatinLatin Eventually replaced itEventually replaced it
The Artistic Renaissance in The Artistic Renaissance in ItalyItaly
Self Portrait by Leonardo da Vinci
Dome of the duomo in Florence by Brunelleschi
Branccaci Tributo fresco by Masaccio
The Artistic Renaissance in The Artistic Renaissance in ItalyItaly
Fresco-painting done Fresco-painting done on fresh, wet plaster on fresh, wet plaster with water based paintswith water based paints
Figures had the illusion Figures had the illusion of being three of being three dimensionaldimensional
Two major Two major achievementsachievements PerspectivePerspective Moverment and human Moverment and human
anatomyanatomy Architects were Architects were
inspired by the inspired by the buildings of ancient buildings of ancient Rome (San Lorenzo)Rome (San Lorenzo)
School of Athens by Raphael
Interior of
San Lorenzo by
Brunelleschi
The Artistic Renaissance in The Artistic Renaissance in ItalyItaly
Mastery of Mastery of techniques for a techniques for a realistic portrayal of realistic portrayal of the worldthe world Da Vinci dissected Da Vinci dissected
human bodies to human bodies to study anatomystudy anatomy
Move from painting Move from painting realistic forms to realistic forms to ideal formsideal forms
Glorified the human Glorified the human bodybody
Pieta
By
Michelangelo
Rome, Italy
Ospedale degli Innocenti
Designed by Brunelleschi
Florence, Italy
The Artistic Renaissance in The Artistic Renaissance in ItalyItaly
The Last Judgement
By
Michelangelo
Sistine Chapel
Rome, Italy
The Artistic Renaissance in The Artistic Renaissance in ItalyItaly
The Sistine Chapel Ceiling by Micelangelo
The Northern Artistic The Northern Artistic RenaissanceRenaissance
Skilled in painting Skilled in painting detailsdetails
Did not fully Did not fully understand understand perspectiveperspective
Jan Van Eyck from Jan Van Eyck from Flanders Flanders
Albrecht Durer Albrecht Durer from Germanyfrom Germany
Jan Van Eyck
Albrecht Durer