The RenaissanceThe Renaissance

Primavera by Botticelli

The Renaissance Essential The Renaissance Essential QuestionsQuestions

1.1. What were the chief features of the What were the chief features of the Renaissance?Renaissance?

2.2. How would you describe the political world How would you describe the political world that existed in the Italian states and what that existed in the Italian states and what role did women play?role did women play?

3.3. What were the chief characteristics of What were the chief characteristics of Italian Renaissance humanism and how did Italian Renaissance humanism and how did it differ from Northern Italian humanism?it differ from Northern Italian humanism?

4.4. What were the chief achievements of What were the chief achievements of Italian and Northern Renaissance painters?Italian and Northern Renaissance painters?

The Italian RenaissanceThe Italian Renaissance

Renaissance Renaissance means “rebirth”means “rebirth”

Began in ItalyBegan in Italy Lasted from 1350-Lasted from 1350-

15501550 The classics from The classics from

Greece and Rome Greece and Rome were revivedwere revived

Spread throughout Spread throughout EuropeEurope

Palazzo Della Signoria in Florence, Italy

Characteristics of the Italian Characteristics of the Italian RenaissanceRenaissance

Urban societyUrban society Secular-worldlySecular-worldly Recovery from the Recovery from the

disasters of the 14disasters of the 14thth centurycentury Black DeathBlack Death Political disorderPolitical disorder Economic recessionEconomic recession

New view of human New view of human beings and individual beings and individual abilityabilitySiena, Italy

Piazza del Campo

The Italian StatesThe Italian States

During the Middle Ages, Italy had failed to During the Middle Ages, Italy had failed to develop as a monarchydevelop as a monarchy

Lack of single ruler made it possible for a Lack of single ruler made it possible for a number of city-states in northern and number of city-states in northern and central Italy to remain independentcentral Italy to remain independent

Prospered from tradeProspered from trade Exchanged good with the Byzantine and Islamic Exchanged good with the Byzantine and Islamic

civilizations, England, and the Netherlandscivilizations, England, and the Netherlands Obtained silks, sugar, and spices to take back Obtained silks, sugar, and spices to take back

to Italyto Italy

The Italian States: MilanThe Italian States: Milan 1414thth century-Visconti century-Visconti

family established family established themselves as dukes of themselves as dukes of Milan and extend power Milan and extend power all over Lombardyall over Lombardy

Last Visconti dies in Last Visconti dies in 14471447

Francesco Sforza Francesco Sforza (condottiere-leader of a (condottiere-leader of a band of mercenaries) band of mercenaries) conquers Milan and conquers Milan and becomes dukebecomes duke

Built a strong, Built a strong, centralized statecentralized state

Efficient tax systemEfficient tax system

Duomo in Milan, Italy

The Italian States: VeniceThe Italian States: Venice

Grown wealthy from Grown wealthy from tradingtrading

Small group of Small group of merchant-aristocrats merchant-aristocrats ran the government ran the government on behalf of their own on behalf of their own interestsinterests

Trade empire brought Trade empire brought enormous revenuesenormous revenues

Became an Became an international powerinternational powerSan Marco in Venice, Italy

The Italian States: FlorenceThe Italian States: Florence Dominated the region Dominated the region

of Tuscanyof Tuscany In 1434, Cosimo de’ In 1434, Cosimo de’

Medici took control of Medici took control of the citythe city

The Medici kept the The Medici kept the republic form of republic form of government, but ran it government, but ran it behind the scenesbehind the scenes

Cosimo and Lorenzo Cosimo and Lorenzo put supporters in put supporters in offices to carry out offices to carry out their policiestheir policies

Florence was the Florence was the cultural center of Italycultural center of Italy

Duomo in Florence, Italy

The Italian StatesThe Italian States

Rest of monarchial Europe was Rest of monarchial Europe was attracted to the riches of Italyattracted to the riches of Italy

Italians turn to Spain for helpItalians turn to Spain for helpSouthern Italy (the Kingdom of Southern Italy (the Kingdom of

Naples) became a battleground for Naples) became a battleground for French and Spanish dominanceFrench and Spanish dominance

Spanish sack Rome in 1527 because Spanish sack Rome in 1527 because they are not being paidthey are not being paid

Ends wars and Renaissance in ItalyEnds wars and Renaissance in Italy

Machiavelli and the New Machiavelli and the New StatecraftStatecraft

Wrote Wrote The PrinceThe Prince Concerned with political Concerned with political

power and how to get it and power and how to get it and keep itkeep it

Rejected the Middle Ages Rejected the Middle Ages view that rulers ought to view that rulers ought to behave on Christian moral behave on Christian moral valuesvalues

Must be based on an Must be based on an understanding of human understanding of human naturenature

A ruler acts on behalf of the A ruler acts on behalf of the state, therefore, he should let state, therefore, he should let his own conscience sleephis own conscience sleep

Had a profound influence on Had a profound influence on political leaders in the political leaders in the Western worldWestern world

Machiavelli

The Making of Renaissance The Making of Renaissance Society: NobilitySociety: Nobility

Around 3 % of the Around 3 % of the populationpopulation

Held political posts and Held political posts and advised Kingsadvised Kings

Castiglione describe the Castiglione describe the perfect noble in his work perfect noble in his work The Book of the CourtierThe Book of the Courtier Born, not madeBorn, not made Work to be a warriorWork to be a warrior Have a classical educationHave a classical education Standards of conductStandards of conduct Serve his prince in an Serve his prince in an

effective and honest wayeffective and honest way

Isabella d’Este

Pietro Medici

The Making of Renaissance The Making of Renaissance Society:Society:

Peasants and TownspeoplePeasants and Townspeople About 90% of the About 90% of the

populationpopulation Serfdom declined and Serfdom declined and

more peasants were more peasants were becoming freebecoming free

Townspeople were Townspeople were divided alsodivided also Patricians-wealthy Patricians-wealthy

traders, industry, and traders, industry, and banking-dominated banking-dominated communitiescommunities

Burghers-shopkeepers, Burghers-shopkeepers, artisans, guild members-artisans, guild members-middle classmiddle class

Impoverished-Impoverished-unemployed, pitiful unemployed, pitiful wages, 30-40% pop.wages, 30-40% pop. Moneychanger and his Wife by Quentin

Massys

The Making of Renaissance The Making of Renaissance Society:Society:

Family and Marriage Family and Marriage Parents carefully arranged Parents carefully arranged

marriages to strengthen marriages to strengthen business or family tiesbusiness or family ties

Details were worked out Details were worked out when children were 2 or 3 when children were 2 or 3 years oldyears old

Legally bindingLegally binding Dowry-sum of the money Dowry-sum of the money

given by the wife’s family to given by the wife’s family to the husband upon marriagethe husband upon marriage

Father was the center of Father was the center of familyfamily

Children became adults when Children became adults when they were legally freedthey were legally freed

Mother’s role was to Mother’s role was to supervise the householdsupervise the household

The Marriage of the Virgin by Raphael

Italian Renaissance Italian Renaissance HumanismHumanism

Humanism was an intellectual Humanism was an intellectual movement based upon the study of movement based upon the study of the classicsthe classics

Humanists studied the liberal arts-Humanists studied the liberal arts-grammar, rhetoric, poetry, philosophy, grammar, rhetoric, poetry, philosophy, and historyand history

Petrarch is considered the father of Petrarch is considered the father of humanism-used pure classical Latinhumanism-used pure classical Latin

Reflected the values of urban societyReflected the values of urban societyPut to the service of the statePut to the service of the state

Education in the RenaissanceEducation in the Renaissance

Humanists wrote books Humanists wrote books and opened schools and opened schools based on their ideasbased on their ideas HistoryHistory PhilosophyPhilosophy RhetoricRhetoric PoetryPoetry AstronomyAstronomy MusicMusic MathematicsMathematics

Some women did attend Some women did attend humanists schools, but humanists schools, but were not taught rhetoric were not taught rhetoric and mathematicsand mathematics

Johannes Gutenberg

Gutenberg’s Printing Press

Vernacular LanguageVernacular Language Vernacular-language Vernacular-language

spoken in their own spoken in their own regionsregions

Geoffrey Chaucer’s Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury TalesCanterbury Tales EnglishEnglish

Dante’s Dante’s Divine ComedyDivine Comedy ItalianItalian

Began to compete with Began to compete with LatinLatin Eventually replaced itEventually replaced it

The Artistic Renaissance in The Artistic Renaissance in ItalyItaly

Self Portrait by Leonardo da Vinci

Dome of the duomo in Florence by Brunelleschi

Branccaci Tributo fresco by Masaccio

The Artistic Renaissance in The Artistic Renaissance in ItalyItaly

Fresco-painting done Fresco-painting done on fresh, wet plaster on fresh, wet plaster with water based paintswith water based paints

Figures had the illusion Figures had the illusion of being three of being three dimensionaldimensional

Two major Two major achievementsachievements PerspectivePerspective Moverment and human Moverment and human

anatomyanatomy Architects were Architects were

inspired by the inspired by the buildings of ancient buildings of ancient Rome (San Lorenzo)Rome (San Lorenzo)

School of Athens by Raphael

Interior of

San Lorenzo by

Brunelleschi

The Artistic Renaissance in The Artistic Renaissance in ItalyItaly

Mastery of Mastery of techniques for a techniques for a realistic portrayal of realistic portrayal of the worldthe world Da Vinci dissected Da Vinci dissected

human bodies to human bodies to study anatomystudy anatomy

Move from painting Move from painting realistic forms to realistic forms to ideal formsideal forms

Glorified the human Glorified the human bodybody

Pieta

By

Michelangelo

Rome, Italy

Ospedale degli Innocenti

Designed by Brunelleschi

Florence, Italy

The Artistic Renaissance in The Artistic Renaissance in ItalyItaly

The Last Judgement

By

Michelangelo

Sistine Chapel

Rome, Italy

The Artistic Renaissance in The Artistic Renaissance in ItalyItaly

The Sistine Chapel Ceiling by Micelangelo

The Northern Artistic The Northern Artistic RenaissanceRenaissance

Skilled in painting Skilled in painting detailsdetails

Did not fully Did not fully understand understand perspectiveperspective

Jan Van Eyck from Jan Van Eyck from Flanders Flanders

Albrecht Durer Albrecht Durer from Germanyfrom Germany

Jan Van Eyck

Albrecht Durer