7/31/2019 The Cultural Revolution - People & Science

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-cultural-revolution-people-science 1/1VELM16 VMOV@M$^NJMHNM ^mvymbamq 1655

Bo~y ~njmhyj~y~ |o}`i k}bv ey ycm ncehnm yo evvmeq oh YT oq qeijo

oq jh vqjhy( Co|mtmq, e}ijmhnm~ eqm eiovyjhl hm| ymncho`oljm~ yo

tjm| ehi ~ceqm qm`mtehy jhdoqbeyjoh ycqo}lc ~onje` hmy|oqg~, e~ ehi

|cmh ycmz |ehy jy, |cmqmtmq ycmz bjlcy am ehi jhymlqeyjhl jy |jyc

oycmq n}`y}qe` enyjtjyjm~ #qmeijhl, ~covvjhl, `j~ymhjhl yo b}~jn, ehi ~ooh*( Noh~mu}mhy`z, yqeijyjohe` aqoeine~yjhl j~ jhhoteyjhl yo ~yez

nohhmnymi yo jy~ e}ijmhnm~(5

DMEY]QM

Ycm n}`y}qe`

qmto`}yjohMqjhbe Onc} msv`oqm~~njmhnm jh e hm| bjs

Iq Mqjhbe Onc} DQ^E j~ Ijqmnyoq od Ycm Behncm~ymq Amenoh doq V}a`jn Mhlelmbmhy, |qjymq ehiCohoqeqz Dm``o| ey Ycm ]hjtmq~jyzod Behncm~ymq 

mqjhbe(onc}Fbehncm~ymq(en(}g Y|jyymq; Fmqjhbeonc} Fbnqamenoh

|||(behncm~ymqamenoh(oql  

Ycmqm j~ e c}lm ovvoqy}hjyz doq ~onje``z ~ettz ~njmhyj~y~ ehi ~njmhnmnobb}hjneyoq~ yo qjim ycm |etm odycj~ ymnchjne` qmto`}yjoh, amne}~m jyj~ e`~o e ~onje` ohm( Ycm v}a`jn eqm~|jyncjhl odd ycmjq YT ~my~ jh deto}q od~ceqmi, bmboqea`m msvmqjmhnm~(Odymh, jd ymncho`olz j~ jhto`tmi, jycm`v~ nohhmny oqlehj~mq~,veqyjnjvehy~ ehi e}ijmhnm~ jh ycmq}h"}v yo ycm mtmhy(

N}`y}qe` no``j~joh~

Ebe{jhl ycjhl~ cevvmh |cmhijddmqmhy n}`y}qm~ no``jim( ^njmhnm,`jgm oycmq n}`y}qe` vqenyjnm~ #b}~jn,eqy, `jymqey}qm, nobmiz, lebjhl*neh cm`v }~ }himq~yehi ehi lejhgho|`milm eao}y ycm |oq`i(\jyco}y im`tjhl jhyo ycmijddmqmhnm~, te`}m~ ehi amhmdjy~ odohm n}`y}qe` vqenyjnm otmq ehoycmq,J eb e`|ez~ n}qjo}~ yo ~mm |ceycevvmh~ |cmh ijddmqmhy vqenyjnm~,

ij~njv`jhm~ ehi vmq~vmnyjtm~ no``jim(

L}mqj``e ^njmhnm, Aqjlcy N`}a,Nobjsmi ehi ycm ~jhlmq Akoqg‚~`eym~y hey}qm"jh~vjqmi e`a}b,Ajovcj`je, eqm msebv`m~ od co|~njmhnm no}`i am ohm veqy od en}`y}qe` bjs(

B}~jn, eqyj~y~, nohtmq~eyjoh

Ajovcj`je –nm`maqeym~ co| ~o}hi|oqg~ jh hey}qm, msv`oqjhl ycm jhdjhjymmsveh~m od ycm }hjtmq~m, dqobv`ehmyeqz ~z~ymb~ yo eyobjn~yq}ny}qm‚(1 @e}hncmi e~ ~mtmqe`jhyjbeym `jtm mtmhy~ ey ycmBehncm~ymq Jhymqheyjohe` Dm~yjte`,jy dmey}qmi b}~jne` jh~yq}bmhy~,jhn`}ijhl e vmhi}`}b yceyceqhm~~m~ ycm Meqyc‚~ lqetjyeyjohe`

v}``, yo nqmeym b}~jn( Ycm v}a`jnmhlelmbmhy ajy " e`yco}lc ycmz‚ihmtmq ne`` jy ycey% " jhn`}imi ~mtmqe`jvei evv`jneyjoh~ #jhyqoi}nmi azIetji Eyymhaoqo}lc*, lebm~ ehio}yqmenc |jyc zo}hl vmov`m yomsv`oqm ycm jime~ amcjhi jy(

L}mqj``e ^njmhnm –bjsm~ ~njmhnm|jyc eqy, b}~jn ehi v`ez‚ yo

nqmeym jh~ye``eyjoh~, dj`b~, `jtmimboh~yqeyjoh~, jhymqenyjtmmsvmqjbmhy~ ehi lebm~ ey b}~jndm~yjte`~ ehi eqy~ mtmhy~( Kmh \ohlod L}mqj``e ^njmhnm qmnmhy`znobbmhymi jh \m``nobm Hm|~ ycey–b}~jn dm~yjte`~ eqm eh ebe{jhlv`enm yo ~ceqm ~njmhnm․ ejbjhl yombami ~njmhnm jhyo n}`y}qm, |myegm qm~meqncmq~ o}y od ycm `eaehi jhyo ycm dm~yjte`~ " v`enm~ycey jh~vjqm(‚ >,9

Aqjlcy N`}a j~ aj``mi e~ ycm –ycjhgjhlvmq~oh‚~ teqjmyz hjlcy‚ ehi |e~

iqmebmi }v az Cmei od V}a`jnMhlelmbmhy ey ]hjtmq~jyz No``mlm@ohioh, ^ymtm Nqo~~(= Aqjlcy N`}a–~yeqymi odd e~ eh msvmqjbmhy‚nobajhjhl nobmiz, jhym``mny}e`~ehi `jtm b}~jn jh e @ohioh v}a(Ycm nohnmvy ce~ ~vqmei az |oqi"od"bo}yc, denmaoog ehi ~njmhnm/Amenoh4 hmy|oqg~ yo Behncm~ymq,\e`m~, @mmi~, ^cmddjm`i, Hoq|jnc,Zoqg, Mijha}qlc, Hm|ne~y`m,Nebaqjilm ehi Aqj~yo`(Beycmbeyjnjeh Qjnceqi Nqe|doqiaqo}lcy Aqjlcy N`}a yo Behncm~ymq 

eqy~ nedê, Hms}~, ghongjhl e`ncoco`o}y od ycm bjs ehi aqjhljhl eqyj~y~ jh(

Nobjsmi, e Behncm~ymq Amenohmhimeto}q, nohhmny~ eqyj~y~,eneimbjn~ ehi ycm v}a`jn ycqo}lc

nohtmq~eyjoh~ eao}y 15~y nmhy}qznce``mhlm~ ycey eqm qmnoqimi,qmbjsmi ehi qmv`ezmi ycqo}lcvmqdoqbehnm ehi ~onje` bmije jhycm doqb od nobjn~, voine~y~

ehi dj`b~(<

Nqo~~ dmqyj`j~eyjoh

M~~mhyje``z ycmqm j~ eh jhnqme~jhlimbehi yo }~m ~njmhnm yo mhymqyejh,nqmeym e|eqmhm~~ ehi `meqh( E~ ycmao}hieqjm~ amy|mmh vqodm~~johe`ehi hoh"vqodm~~johe` msvmqyj~m a`}q,ycmqm eqm ea}biehy ovvoqy}hjyjm~doq nqo~~ dmqyj`j~eyjoh ycey ~veh ycmao}hieqjm~ od yqeijyjohe`oqlehj~eyjoh~, lmolqevcz ehivqodm~~johe` vqenyjnm(

Mhimeto}q~ ycey jhd}~m ~njmhyjdjn

vqenyjnm ehi ~njmhyjdjn gho|`milme~ veqy od e |jimq n}`y}qe`msvmqjmhnm vqm~mhy e c}lmovvoqy}hjyz doq ycm v}a`jn yo k}~y –lmy~njmhnm‚( Ycm te`}m od ~njmhnm yo~onjmyz |j`` am jbv`jnjy`z }himq~yooiehi, dqob ycey, |jimq amhmdjy~ |j``jhmtjyea`z do``o|(

V^( Jd zo} eqm iqmebjhl }v ~}nc ehjhtmhyjoh, lmy jh yo}nc%

5 ^mm ^ohje @jtjhl~yohm #1669* Ycm Nce``mhlm odNcehljhl E}ijmhnm~, M}qovmeh Ko}qhe` odNobb}hjneyjoh to`( 5: #5* v<="34

1 |||(l}eqijeh(no(}g/b}~jn/b}~jna`ol/1655/k}`/16/akoqg"ajovcj`je"evv

> ^mm Kmh \ohl #K}`z 1655*, –Evv`jehnm od ^njmhnm‚,\m``nobm Hm|~, v>9

9 ^mm l}mqj``e~njmhnm(no(}g  

= ^mm |||(aqjlcyn`}a(oql/ 

4 ^mm cyyv;//v}a`jnmhlelmbmhyvmov`mye`g(|oqivqm~~(nob/  

< ^mm |||(nobjsmi(oql(}g