The Cold War:

1946 - 1991

The Cold War:

1946 - 1991

Part I:

“Reconstruction &

Confrontation”

Part I:

“Reconstruction &

Confrontation”

United Nations•June 1945

•50 nations form UN (2009=192)

•Goal? To prevent war

•General assembly

•All nations 1 vote

•Security Council

•15 members

•5 permanent (US-GB-USSR-China-France) veto power

The “Iron Curtain”The “Iron Curtain”

““From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an the Adriatic, an iron curtainiron curtain has descended has descended across the Continent.”across the Continent.” Sir Winston Churchill, 1946 Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

The Ideological StruggleThe Ideological StruggleU.S. & the Western

Democracies

Soviet & Eastern Bloc

Nations(Iron

Curtain)GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world. METHODOLOGIES:

Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]

Arms Race [nuclear escalation]

Space Race

Ideological competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy] “proxy wars”

Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

GOAL spread world-wide Communism

Truman Doctrine [1947]Truman Doctrine [1947]

“ “The U. S. should support free The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world peoples throughout the world who are resisting takeovers… who are resisting takeovers… We must assist free peoples We must assist free peoples to work out their own to work out their own destinies in their own way”destinies in their own way”

Containment Policy…stop Containment Policy…stop the spread of the spread of communism! communism!

Marshall Plan [1948]Marshall Plan [1948]

1.1. ““European Recovery”European Recovery”

2.2. Secretary of State, Secretary of State, George MarshallGeorge Marshall

3.3. The U.S. should provide The U.S. should provide aid to aid to allall European nations European nations that need it. that need it.

4.4. Secure democracySecure democracy

5.5. $12.5 billion of U.S. aid to Western $12.5 billion of U.S. aid to Western Europe—extended to Eastern Europe—extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, but rejectedEurope & USSR, but rejected

Post-War GermanyPost-War Germany

Berlin Blockade & Airlift Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)(1948-49)

Stalin holds up Germany

4,000 tons a day

U.S.,GB, Australia, Canada

Stalin gives up! Berlin remains democratic.

The Arms RaceThe Arms Race

} The Soviet The Soviet Union Union exploded its exploded its first A-bomb in first A-bomb in 19491949

} Now there Now there were two were two nuclear nuclear superpowers!superpowers!

NNorth orth AAtlantic tlantic TTreaty reaty OOrganization (1949)rganization (1949)

United StatesUnited States

BelgiumBelgium

BritainBritain

CanadaCanada

DenmarkDenmark

FranceFrance

IcelandIceland

ItalyItaly

LuxemburgLuxemburg

NetherlandsNetherlands

NorwayNorway

PortugalPortugal

1952: Greece & 1952: Greece & Turkey Turkey

1955: West 1955: West GermanyGermany

1983: Spain1983: Spain

Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)

} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.

} AlbaniaAlbania

} BulgariaBulgaria

} CzechoslovakCzechoslovakiaia

} East East GermanyGermany

} HungaryHungary

} PolandPoland

} RomaniaRomania

NATO vs. Warsaw PactNATO vs. Warsaw Pact

Premier Nikita Premier Nikita KhrushchevKhrushchev

Stalin dies in 1953Stalin dies in 1953

Nikita Khrushchev Nikita Khrushchev new leadernew leader

““If you don't like us, If you don't like us, don't accept our don't accept our invitations, and don'tinvitations, and don'tinvite us to come invite us to come to see you. Whether to see you. Whether you like it our not, history is on you like it our not, history is on our side. our side. We will bury youWe will bury you.” 1956.” 1956

De-StalinizationDe-Stalinization

Cuban Missile Cuban Missile Crisis Crisis

An Historic Irony: Sergei An Historic Irony: Sergei Khrushchev, American Khrushchev, American

CitizenCitizen

Who buried who?Who buried who?

Mao’s Revolution: 1949Mao’s Revolution: 1949

A 2A 2ndnd }} Power!Power!

Korea 1950-53

• North Korea (Kim Il Sung) backed by communist China invade South Korea

• United Nations steps in with a coalition force

• 4 million Koreans die, 50,000 U.S.

• 38th Parallel hot zone today

• Dictator Kim Jong Il

The Korean War: A The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-“Police Action” (1950-

1953)1953)

““Domino Theory”Domino Theory”

Radio Free Europe/Radio Radio Free Europe/Radio LibertyLiberty

Sputnik I (1957)Sputnik I (1957)

The Russians have beaten America The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the in space—they have the

technological edge!technological edge!

U-2 Spy Incident (1960)U-2 Spy Incident (1960)

Col.Gary Powers’ Col.Gary Powers’ plane was shot plane was shot

down over Soviet down over Soviet airspace.airspace.

The Peace Corps

• John F. Kennedy• Formed in 1961• Subtle cold war

action• Since 1960, more

than 195,000 people have served as Peace Corps volunteers in 139 countries.

1961 Bay of Pigs

• Fidel Castro takes control of Cuba in 1959 (overthrew US-backed dictator Batista)

• Castro takes U.S. oil refineries in Cuba.

• U.S. stops buying Cuban sugar. • Castro takes over U.S. businesses

in Cuba• U.S. attempts to overthrow Castro.• 1,300 exiles armed with U.S.

weapons land at Bahia de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs)

• They were quickly defeated.

Bay of Pigs Debacle Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)(1961)

Paris, 1961Paris, 1961

Khrushchev & JFK meet. Khrushchev Khrushchev & JFK meet. Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced,

and can be manipulated.and can be manipulated.

The Berlin Wall Goes Up The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)(1961)

CheckpoinCheckpointt

CharlieCharlie

Ich bin ein Ich bin ein Berliner!Berliner!

(1963)(1963)

President President Kennedy tells Kennedy tells Berliners that Berliners that

the West is the West is with them!with them!

Khruschev and CastroKhruschev and Castro

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

Vietnam War: 1965-1973Vietnam War: 1965-1973

Poland• The reform movement that

ended communism in East Central Europe began in Poland.

• Solidarity, an anti-Communist movement, had forced Poland's Communist government to recognize it in 1980 through a wave of strikes that gained international attention. Led by Lech Walesa

• In 1981, Poland's Communist authorities, under pressure from Moscow, declared martial law, arrested Solidarity's leaders, and banned it.

• The movement simply went underground.

U.S.S.R.

• In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev paved the way for political and economic reforms in East Central Europe.

• Gorbachev abandoned the "Brezhnev Doctrine" the Soviet Union's policy of intervening with military force, if necessary, to preserve Communist rule in the region.

• Instead, he encouraged the Communist leaders to seek ways of gaining popular support for their rule.

• Glasnost: Openness, less censorship• Perestroika: economic reform, some

capitalism

“Gorbachev, tear down this wall!” 1987

Poland, again…

• In Poland, the Communists entered into round-table talks with a reinvigorated Solidarity.

• As a result, Poland held its first competitive elections since before World War II, and in 1989, Solidarity formed the first non-Communist government within the Soviet bloc since 1948.

• 1990 Lech Walesa elected President of Democratic

Fall of the Berlin Wall

• Inspired by their neighbors' reforms, East Germans took to the streets in the summer and fall of 1989 to call for reforms, including freedom to visit West Berlin and West Germany.

• Moscow's refusal to use military force led to the political reforms, leading up to the decision to open the border crossings on the night of:

November 9, 1989. • Ask me to play the YouTube clip• “Good Bye Lenin”

Czechoslovakia• In the wake of the

collapse of the Berlin Wall, Czechs and Slovaks took to the streets to demand political reforms in Czechoslovakia.

• Leading the demonstrations in Prague was dissident playwright Vaclav Havel

• The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia quietly and peacefully became a democracy in 1989

• Later dubbed the "Velvet Revolution."

Romania• In Romania, the

Communist regime of hardliner Nicolae Ceausescu was overthrown by popular protest in December 1989.

• Execution shown on TV• Soon, Bulgaria and

Albania also ceded power.

German Reunification 1990• Led by Helmut Kohl• In little more than a year,

East Germany - the German Democratic Republic (GDR) - disintegrated and its territory was absorbed into the FRG with no serious opposition and amid widespread public rejoicing, both at home and abroad

• Currency value issues• Paid for in 10 years• E. Germans felt

disrespected• W. German benefactor

Fall of U.S.S.R. 1991• Revolution spread to

the Soviet Union itself. After surviving a hard line coup attempt in 1991, Gorbachev was forced to cede power in Russia to Boris Yeltsin, who oversaw the dissolution of the Soviet Union. (C.I.S.)

• The collapse of communism in the Soviet Union marked the end of the cold war.

Stupid, yet funny Stupid, yet funny cartoon…cartoon…

Next?

• Middle East 19th c to now

• Current Event Tour of World

• International Organizations Music Video Project

• Review…7 days???

• Regents Exam 6/19 at 8am GYM

Part II:“European

Union”

Part II:“European

Union”

European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration

• 1967 1967

HQ HQ Brussels. Brussels.

European Parliament.European Parliament.

““Eurocrats.”Eurocrats.”

518 members [elected by all 518 members [elected by all voters in Europe].voters in Europe].

Only limited legislative Only limited legislative power.power.

Court of Justice.Court of Justice.

European UnionEuropean Union

1991-92 1991-92 Maastricht AgreementsMaastricht Agreements

EEuropean uropean UUnion [EU]nion [EU]

One currency, one culture, one One currency, one culture, one social area, and one environment!social area, and one environment!

Create a common EU passport.Create a common EU passport.

One large “common market.”One large “common market.”

Goods coming into the EU would Goods coming into the EU would have high tariffs placed on them. have high tariffs placed on them.

2002 2002 a common currency [ a common currency [EuroEuro] ] not GB!not GB!

2003 2003 60,000 men EU rapid defense 60,000 men EU rapid defense force was created. force was created.