The Cardiovascular

SystemBy: Alexis Jimenez and Bricia Zuniga

Period 5

The Human Heart

What is the function of the Cardiovascular System?● Transportation of nutrients, oxygen and hormones to cells throughout the body and theremoval of metabolic wastes

IntroductionA normal heart has…●4 chambers:

o 2 upper, called atriumso 2 lower, called ventricles

●4 valves:o Mitral, tricuspid, aortic and

pulmonary●The septum separates the right

and left sides of the heart

Introduction, cont.

Coverings of the heart●The Pericardium●The Parietal Pericardium

o Fibrous Layero Serous Layer

●The Visceral Pericardiumo Also called Epicardiumo Myocardiumo Endocardium

Introduction, cont.3 Different Types of Blood Vessels●Arteries:

o 3 Layerso Deliver blood to capillaries

●Capillaries:o Thin and fragile

●Veins:o 3 Layerso Receive blood from capillaries

Blood Path1. Superior Vena Cava

2. Inferior Vena Cava

3. Right Atrium

4. Tricuspid Valve

5. Right Ventricle

10. Mitral Valve

9. Left Atrium

8. Pulmonary Veins

7. Pulmonary Artery

6. Pulmonary Valve

11. Left Ventricle

12. Aortic Valve

Blood Path, cont.

Blood Pressure● Filtration

o Glomerular Filtrationo What is the Glomerular

Filtration Rate? (GFR)o What affects the GFR?

Hydrostatic pressure Oncotic pressure

Blood Pressure, cont.● Systole vs. Diastole

o Systolic: occurs near beginning of cardiac cycle

o Diastolic: occurs near end of cardiac cycle

o How do they function together? Both numbers provide the blood pressure Ex: 110 over 17 (written 110/17) 110 is systolic, 17 diastolic

Blood Pressure, cont.

● Pressure vs. Distanceo pressure- distanceo Distance- how far blood

circulates throughout the body● Plasma and proteins

o Blood volumeo Blood pressure homeostasis

Blood Pressure, cont.

● Cardiac output: the measure of the amount of blood that is pumped out of the heart in 1 minute

o 1 factor of how a person’s blood pressure is determined

Heartbeat and Sounds● How are sounds generated?○ Noises are generated by the beating heart and

the resultant flow of blood through it● How is sound created?

o Produced by the closing of the AV valves and semilunar valves

o 2 sounds: S1 S2

Heartbeat and Sounds, cont.

Conduction● Tissues:

o Endocardiumo Myocardiumo Epicardium

● Cells:o Epithelial cells

Conduction, cont. ● The bundle of His: muscle fibers that conduct the electrical impulses that regulate heartbeat

o Atrioventricular bundle● Bundle branches: connected to bundle of His and

lead to lower ventricles● Purkinje fibers: conduct impulses through the heart

o Located in beneath the tissues that line serous cavity

Conduction, cont.● Action Potential● Non-pacemaker Action Potentials

○ “fast response”○ Rapid depolarization○ Found throughout the heart except for the

pacemaker cells● Pacemaker Cells

○ "slow response"○ Slower rate of depolarization○ Found in the sinoatrial (SA) and

atrioventricular (AV) nodes of the heart

Conduction, cont.● SA Node: known as the heart’s “pacemaker”

o Fires at regular intervals causing the heart to beat

o Sinoatrial node● AV Node:

o The electrical “relay station” between atria and ventricles

o Atrioventricular node

Conduction, cont.● Regulation○ SA Nod○ AV Nod○ Autonomic Nervous System■ sympathetic nervous system: speeds up heart■ parasympathetic nervous system: slows down

Works Cited● http://www.mayoclinic.org/chambers-and-valves-of-the-heart/

img-20007497● http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/what-is-the-

glomerular-filtration-rate-definition-function-terms.html● http://www.diffen.com/difference/Diastolic_vs_Systolic● http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3784303● http://health.howstuffworks.com/human-body/systems/

circulatory/what-makes-your-heart-beat.htm