Post on 26-Mar-2015
THE AGE OF EXPLORATION
15TH AND 16TH CENTURY
AN OVERVIEW
BACKGROUND- 15TH CENTURY
RISE OF NATIONALISM AMONG THE NEW NATION-STATES OF EUROPE
EMERGENCE OF POWERFUL NEW NATION-STATES WITH ASSERTIVE MONARCHS
INVENTION OF THE PRINTING PRESS EXPANSION OF TRADE AND BUSINESS
ACTIVITY RENAISSANCE QUEST FOR
KNOWLEDGE Crusades
MOTIVATING FACTORS FOR EUROPEAN EXPANSION
DESIRE TO ENHANCE NATIONAL PRESTIGE (NATIONALISM)– NATIONAL WEALTH AND TERRITORY– PRESTIGE FOR MONARCHS
POSSIBILITY OF PERSONAL WEALTH, FAME, AND SOCIAL PRESTIGE
QUEST FOR NEW GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE
DESIRE TO SPREAD CHRISTIANITY INTENSIFYING INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION AMONG THE POWERFUL
NATION-STATES OF EUROPE DESIRE TO FIND NEW TRADE ROUTES TO THE
EAST – INCREASE PROFITS
NEW TECHNOLOGIES THAT IMPACTED EXPLORATION
BETTER AND FASTER SHIP DESIGN PRINTING PRESS MORE RELIABLE MAGNETIC COMPASS THE INVENTION OF THE CLOCK
– ALLOWED FOR NEW NAVIGATIONAL METHODS- EVENTUALLY LONGITUDE
ASTROLABE- LATITUDE NAVIGATION MORE ACCURATE MAPS GUN POWDER AND NEW WEAPONS
– CANNONS AND MUSKETS
CARAVEL
A Viking Ship
PRINTING PRESS
ASTROLABE
NEW WEAPONS
IMPROVED COMPASS
MAJOR NATION- STATES INVOLVED IN
EXPLORATION
PORTUGAL
WEST AFRICAPARTS OF ASIASOUTH AMERICA (Brazil)
MAJOR EMPHASIS WAS ON TRADEGOLD SLAVE TRADE-WEST AFRICANEW PRODUCTS AND SPICES
PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR OF PORTUGAL National policies
strongly supported exploration and trade
Portugal had a long tradition of navigation and trade
Sets up trading ports called factories
Sets up school for navigators
Portuguese Explorers
Bartolomeu Dias rounds the Cape of Good Hope.
Vasco de Gama reaches India and returns with a ship full of goods.
Spain
Envious of Portugal's success, Christopher Columbus convinces the King and Queen to commission a trip west to find a better trade route to India.
Tensions between Spain and Portugal grow.
LINE OF DEMARCATION
The Dutch & English
Own the largest fleet in the world. 20,000 vessels
Dutch East India company develop a stronger.
Elizabeth I, established the English East India Company in a attempt to drive the Dutch out.
Confucian culture
modern concept of political nation stateChinese defined by Confucian culturecivil service exam (605-1905)
– social mobility– reward diligence, discipline, and
willpower, but not talent or innovationlaw of avoidance
China Limits European Contacts
The Rise of the Ming• Hongwu—peasant’s son who leads army that forces
Mongols from China• First Ming emperor, he begins agricultural and
government reforms• His son, Yonglo, becomes next emperor; moves
royal court to Beijing• In 1405, he launches first of voyages of exploration
The Voyages of Zheng He• Chinese admiral Zheng He leads seven long
voyages• Distributes gifts to show China’s superiority
China Under the Powerful Ming Dynasty
Ming Relations with Foreign Countries• In 1500s, Chinese government controls all
contact with outsiders• Government policies favor farming over
manufacturing and merchants• Christian missionaries bring European ideas to
China
Zheng He’s fleet (1405 - 1433)Over 300 ships & 20,000 mentrade and commerceSoutheast Asia, South Asia,
West Asia, and East Africa
Zheng He’s expeditions
Zhou Man
He was born into a wealthy merchant family in the year 1378
when he was six years old, his father died on an overseas voyage to Korea
explored wide reaches of the Indian Ocean
mapped the Pacific coast of North America
A New Feudalism Under Strong Leaders
Japan Returns to Isolation
Local Lords Rule• In 1467, civil war destroys old feudal system in
Japan• Period from 1467 to 1568 is called time of the
“Warring States” • Daimyo—warrior-chieftains—are lords in new feudal
system• Emperor is figurehead with no real power• Daimyo build armies of mounted samurai and gun- bearing infantry
Japanese Explorers
Tanaka Shosuke– important Japanese technician and trader
in metals from Kyoto– He is the first recorded Japanese to have
travelled to the Americas in 1610 – helped establish trade and diplomatic
relations between Japan and the Spanish Empire
Japanese Explorers
Naomi Uemura– He was particularly well known for doing
alone what had previously been achieved only with large teams. For example, he was the first person ever to
reach the North Pole solo the first ever to raft the Amazon solo and the first ever to climb Mount Mckinley
solo.
Japanese Explorers
Yamada Nagamasa– adventurer who gained considerable
influence in Thailand– helped Japan develop relationships with
Siam
NEXT
Contact Between Europe and Japan
Portugal Sends Ships, Merchants, and Technology to Japan• In 1540s, European traders begin arriving;
welcomed by Japanese• European firearms change Japanese way
of fighting
Christian Missionaries in Japan• In 1549, first Christian missionaries arrive• By 1600, about 300,000 Japanese are Christians• Japan’s rulers upset by this, ban Christianity• After 1637 rebellion, Christianity is forbidden in
Japan
Portuguese in Japan
NEXT
Christopher Columbus, Spanish explorer, as young man.
The Atlantic World,1492–1800
Europeans explore and colonize the Americas, disrupting native civilizations, and build the slave trade to support plantations in the New World.
FERDINAND AND ISABELLA OF SPAIN SUPPORTED EXPLORATION AND
EXPANSION
COLUMBUS- ITALIANLED THREE VOYAGES TO THE NEW WORLD
The Voyages of Columbus
Spain Builds an American Empire
First Encounters• Sea captain Christopher Columbus
reaches Americas (1492)• Thinks he is in East Indies, calls natives “los
indios”—Indians• Unable to find gold, he claims many islands for
Spain• In 1493, he sets out for the Americas again with a
large fleet• Spain aims to set up colonies—lands controlled by
a foreign nation
The Voyages of Columbus
Other Explorers Take to the Seas• Pedro Álvares Cabral claims Brazil for Portugal
(1500)• Amerigo Vespucci identifies South America as new
continent (1501)• In 1507, German mapmaker names the continent
America • Vasco Núñez de Balboa reaches the Pacific Ocean• Ferdinand Magellan leaves to sail around the world
(1519)• Magellan is killed, but some of his men return to
Spain in 1522
BALBOA
CROSSING THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA– First European to
reach Pacific from New World
Colonizes the island of Hispaniola
MAGELLAN-PORTUGUESE
MAGELLAN DID NOT SURVIVE THE VOYAGE
OF THE 270 MEN WHO BEGAN THE VOYAGE AROUND THE GLOBE, ONLY 18 FINISHED THE AND RETURNED TO SPAIN
VASCO DA GAMA- PORTUGUESE
CORONADO
Spanish Conquests in Mexico
Conquistadors• In 1519, Hernando Cortés—Spanish adventurer— lands in Mexico• He and others become known as conquistadors—Spanish conquerors
Cortés Conquers the Aztecs• Cortés and 600 men reach Aztec capital of
Tenochtitlán• By 1521, they conquer Aztec empire• Conquest aided by superior weapons, Native
American allies• European diseases wipe out large numbers of
Aztecs
CORTES- SPANISH
Spanish Conquests in Peru
Another Conquistador• Spanish conqueror Francisco Pizarro leads force to
Peru in 1532
Spain’s Pattern of Conquest• Spanish men and Native American women have children• Result is large mestizo—mixed Spanish and native—
population• Encomienda system—Spanish force Native Americans
to work for them
The Portuguese in BrazilIn 1530s, Portuguese settle in Brazil, begin growing
sugar
PIZARRO- SPANISH
PIZARRO-CONQUEST OF THE INCAN EMPIRE IN PERU
INCAN EMPIRE IN PERU
ENCOMIENDATRIBUTE LABOR SYSTEM – NATIVE PEOPLES WERE REQUIRED TO GIVE LABOR TO THE EUROPEAN SETTLERS
MINING
SILVER MINES AT POTOSIVAST AMOUNTS OF
GOLD AND SILVER WERE SENT TO SPAIN FROM THE NEW WORLD
PRIMARY LABOR FORCE WAS THE INDEGENOUS POPULATION
PLANTATIONS-SUGAR BECAME A MAJOR EXPORT CROPNATIVE PEOPLES AND AFRICAN SLAVES WORKED THE FARMS
Spain’s Influence Expands
Growth of Spanish Power• Conquests in Americas bring great wealth to Spain• Spain enlarges its navy to protect ships carrying
treasure
Conquistadors Push North• Juan Ponce de León claims Florida for Spain (1513)• In 1540s, Francisco Coronado explores Southwest,
finds little gold• Catholic priests set up missions in Southwest• In early 1600s, Spanish establish capital of Santa Fe
Opposition to Spanish Rule
Protests Against Mistreatment
• Catholic priests protest mistreatment of Native Americans
African Slavery and Native Resistance• Spain abolishes encomienda system (1542)• Need for workers in mines and on farms met with
enslaved Africans • Some Native Americans resist Spanish conquerors• In 1680, Popé leads rebellion against Spanish in
modern New Mexico• Spanish driven out, but return 12 years later to stay
Bartolome de Las Casas
See page 560 in your textbook for opposing views of Columbus’s historic journey.
Competing Claims in North America
European Nations Settle North America
Other European Claims in North America• French, English, Dutch start colonies in North
America
Explorers Establish New France• Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec• New France—French colony in North America• New France includes Great Lakes and Mississippi
River valley
A Trading Empire• New France is very large but has few inhabitants• Main activity of the colony is the fur trade
The English Arrive in North America
The First English Colony• King James permits investors to start North
American colony• In 1607, colonists found Jamestown—English
settlement in Virginia
The Settlement at Jamestown• Early years very difficult; many die, but settlement
takes holdPuritans Create a “New England”• Pilgrims—group persecuted for religion—found
Plymouth in 1620• Puritans—group seeking religious freedom—settle
in Massachusetts• Many families in Massachusetts colony,
which begins to grow
continued The English Arrive in North America
The Dutch Found New Netherland• In 1609, Henry Hudson explores waterways for
Dutch• Dutch claim land, found New Netherland—now
Albany and New York City• Dutch focus on fur trade; welcome settlers from other
lands
Colonizing the Caribbean• European nations also start colonies in Caribbean• Large cotton, sugar plantations worked by enslaved Africans
Dutch Trade
The Struggle for North America
The English Oust the Dutch• New Netherland splits northern, southern English
colonies• In 1664, English force Dutch colonists to
surrender control• By 1750, about 1.2 million English settlers in 13 colonies
England Battles France• English settlers, pushing west, collide with French
possessions• French and Indian War—part of Seven Years’
War—begins (1754)• In 1763, France loses to Britain, gives up its
American colonies
Native Americans Respond
A Strained Relationship• French and Dutch fur traders get along well with
Native Americans• English settlers and Native Americans disagree
over land, religion
Settlers and Native Americans Battle• Hostility often breaks out into war• Native American ruler Metacom launches attacks
on colonists in 1675
Natives Fall to Disease• Wars are less deadly to Native Americans than
European diseases• Colonists use enslaved Africans to work in place of
Native Americans
Section 3
The Atlantic Slave Trade To meet their growing labor needs, Europeans enslave millions of Africans in the Americas.
NEXT
SLAVE TRADE – WEST AFRICA Sect. 3 African slaves were
brought to the New World to primarily work in agriculture
Portugal was the major slave trading European nation
NEXT
The Causes of African Slavery
SECTION
3
The Demand for Africans1. Africans had been exposed
to European disease2. Experienced farmers3. Could not escape, did not
know their way around4. Skin color made them
easier to catch
The Atlantic Slave Trade
NEXT
Spain and Portugal Lead the Way• By 1650, about 300,000 enslaved Africans in Spanish colonies• Portugal brings many more slaves to sugar plantations in Brazil
continued The Causes of African Slavery
SECTION
3
NEXT
Slavery Spreads Throughout the Americas England Dominates the Slave Trade
• From 1690 to 1807, England dominates slave trade• About 400,000 enslaved Africans brought to North American colonies
African Cooperation and Resistance• Many African rulers capture people to be sold into slavery• Later, some rulers protest the trade
SECTION
3
6969
Number of people enslaved• 30 million taken from
their homes
•10 million die during capture phase
•10 million die during middle passage
•10 million survive to make it over the ocean
7070
Phases of the Slave TradeCapture:
•Tribes often did not have a choice in helping capture neighbors “divide and conquer”
•Most captured 50-100 miles inland
7171
Phases of the Slave TradeCapture:
Christiansborg Castle, Gold Coast, ca. 1750 Cape Coast Castle, Gold Coast, 1727
Slave Forts
NEXT
A Forced Journey
The Triangular Trade• Triangular trade—trade network linking Europe,
Africa, Americas• One trade route:
- manufactured goods move from Europe to Africa
- people move from Africa to Americas- sugar, coffee, tobacco move from
Americas to Europe
The Middle Passage
20% of Africans die No bathroom Very little food Poor medical care Rebellions Suicide Length of Trip Disease Trauma
NEXT
Slavery in the Americas
A Harsh Life• In Americas, captured Africans sold at auction to
highest bidder• Life is difficult: long work hours; poor food,
housing, clothing
Resistance and Rebellion• Africans maintain musical, cultural traditions• Some resist by breaking tools or working slowly• Some run away or take part in revolts
7878
Phases of the Slave TradeWest African expectations about slavery:
•A slave’s child would not be a slave
•Slaves were not slaves for life
NEXT
Consequences of the Slave Trade
Results in Africa and the Americas
• African societies suffer from loss of so many people• African families disrupted• In Americas, labor of enslaved people helps build new societies• Enslaved Africans affect culture in Americas• Population in Americas changes
SECTION
3
Middle Passage
Capture of Slaves
NEXT
Section 4
The Columbian Exchangeand Global Trade The colonization of the Americas introduces new items into Eastern and Western hemispheres.
NEXT
The Columbian Exchange andGlobal Trade
The Columbian Exchange• Columbian Exchange—global transfer of food,
plants, animals• Corn, potatoes from Americas become crops in
Eastern Hemisphere • New animals, plants introduced by Europeans take hold in Americas• European diseases kill millions of Native Americans
SECTION
4
The Columbian Exhange
NEXT
Global Trade
Changing Economies• Wealth from Americas, growth of trade changes business in Europe
SECTION
4
The Rise of Capitalism• New economic system—capitalism—based on
private property, profit• Increase in business leads to inflation—rising
in Europe• Hauls of gold, silver from Americas cause high
inflation in Spain
Joint-Stock Companies• Joint-stock company lets investors share risk,
profits of business• These companies help fund colonies in America
NEXT
New Economic Policy
• Policy of mercantilism emphasizes national wealth as source of power
The Growth of Mercantilism
SECTION
4
Balance of Trade• One way for nation to increase wealth: gather gold, silver• Favorable balance of trade when nation sells
more goods than it buys• Colonies provide raw materials that home country uses to make goods
Continued . . .
NEXT
Economic Revolution Changes European Society
• Economic changes spur growth of towns, rise of merchant class• Still, most people are poor and live in rural areas
SECTION
4
Image
continued The Growth of Mercantilism