Post on 11-Jan-2016
That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon
Industrial SocietiesIndustrial Societies
Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution
Number of man-hours
to produce crop
Increase in amount of agricultural
products produced on farms, 1850-
1900
Crystal Palace - 1851Crystal Palace - 1851
Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.
Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on
Display
Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on
Display
First Industrial Revolution:
Late 18th century to 1860
Rotary press
Cotton gin
Steel plow
Sewing machine
Mechanical reaper
Telegraph
Early train
Steam Engines
Young Coal MinersYoung Coal Miners
Child “hurriers”
Child “hurriers”
The Factory SystemThe Factory System
Rigid schedule.
Unfair conditions.
Dangerous conditions.
Mind-numbing monotony.
Young “Bobbin-Doffers”
Young “Bobbin-Doffers”
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
An Early Steam Locomotive
An Early Steam Locomotive
Later LocomotivesLater Locomotives
The Impact of the Railroad
The Impact of the Railroad
Corporatebusiness
organization
Laissez-Faire
attitude ofgovernment
Capitalfor
investment
Largelabor
supply
Nationalmarket
Abundant resources
Technologyand
Inventions
SecondIndustrial
Revolution
Transatlantic Cable Telegraph
The first cable crossed the Atlantic Ocean from Valentia Island, in western Ireland to Newfoundland. The Transatlantic cable connected North America with Europe,
making communication possible in minutes rather than the usual days by ship. A
stable connection was established in 1866 and more cables were laid down until the
turn of the century.
Iron ore production in millions of tons, 1870-1913
What is the difference between iron and steel?
Iron has been used by humans for thousands of years to make various items like weapons, cooking utensils, jewelry, and statues. In the U.S. it was an important industry. The first
railroads were constructed with iron rails.
Steel is much stronger and more flexible (it doesn't break as easily).
When iron is smelted from its ore by commercial processes, it contains more carbon than is desirable. To become steel, it
must be melted and reprocessed to remove the correct amount of carbon, which is very expensive. It would not be cost
effective to make steel until the Bessemer converter was invented by Henry Bessemer in England.
An English Mill TownAn English Mill Town
Industrial StaffordshireIndustrial Staffordshire
The New Industrial City
The New Industrial City
Early-19c Londonby Gustave DoreEarly-19c Londonby Gustave Dore
Workers Housing in Newcastle
Workers Housing in Newcastle
% of world manufacturing by nations 1870-1913. “Other Nations” means every other country in the world
combined.
Laissez-faire
Social Darwinism
Individualism
•Laissez Faire originated in France during the _________
•Based on the idea that the government should not intervene in __________; instead natural law or market forces would regulate
•Adam _____ popularized the term and concept in his book _______ __ ________
•This approach was embraced by industrialists during this era who did not want the government to regulate them in any way
•This type of economics was
called the _________ school.
•Laissez Faire originated in France during the _________
•Based on the idea that the government should not intervene in __________; instead natural law or market forces would regulate
•Adam _____ popularized the term and concept in his book _______ __ ________
•This approach was embraced by industrialists during this era who did not want the government to regulate them in any way
•This type of economics was
called the _________ school.
Herbert Spencer is best remembered for his ideas that
have become known as “Social Darwinism”.
Social Darwinism advocated laissez-faire capitalism.
Spencer believed that competition was “the law of life” and resulted in
the “survival of the fittest”, a phrase he used years before
Darwin.
Spencer argued in his various writings that society is best served when its fittest members operate
without opposition.
Herbert Spencer is best remembered for his ideas that
have become known as “Social Darwinism”.
Social Darwinism advocated laissez-faire capitalism.
Spencer believed that competition was “the law of life” and resulted in
the “survival of the fittest”, a phrase he used years before
Darwin.
Spencer argued in his various writings that society is best served when its fittest members operate
without opposition.
The idea that a person should not rely upon others for success
This philosophy was evident from the beginning of United States history
Author Horatio Alger made this concept the theme of his books in which a poor young man is able to create wealth and success through his hard work
Later the term “rugged individualism” becomes popular