Post on 26-Feb-2016
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TEMSEffective Teaching Strategies
Similarities and DifferencesOctober 13th , 2010
Similarities and Differences:What the Research Says
Explicit guidance in identifying similarities and differences enhances students’ understanding of and ability to use knowledge.
Independently identifying similarities and differences enhances students’ understanding of and ability to use knowledge. And . . .
Similarities and Differences:What the Research Says- Con’t
Representing similarities and differences in graphic or symbolic form enhances students’ understanding of and ability to use knowledge.
The identification of similarities and differences is a highly robust activity.
Similarities and Differences
• Key premises– Basic to human thought– Core of all learning and thinking
• Explicitly guide students• Independent discovery• Graphic or symbolic form
Strategies Similarities and Differences
• Comparing• Classifying• Creating Metaphors• Creating Analogies
Teacher vs. Student Directed Tasks
• Each of the four forms of identifying similarities and differences may used in ways that are teacher directed or student directed.
• Teacher-directed tasks are much more structured where the teacher provides more information to direct students in the task a certain way.
• Student-directed tasks are less structured and require the students to conceptualize more of the task on their own.
Comparing
The identification of important characteristics is the key to
effective comparison.
It is these characteristics that are then used as the basis to
identify similarities and differences.
-Marzano,2001
Examples:
Compare the use of literary
elements within and among
texts including characters,
setting, plot, theme, and
point of view.
Compare the following
plane and solid geometric
figures: square, rectangle,
triangle, . . .
Comparing • Graphic Organizer Options:
– Venn Diagrams , one, two or three topics– Double Bubble- various forms– Comparison Matrix– Circle Map
• Possible uses for Organizers:– Examine Information– Important Details and Characteristics– Tools/Formats– Metaphor – direct comparison– Simile – indirect comparison
Graphic Organizers for Comparing
Venn Diagram
Characteristics Items to be compared
Similarities
Similarities
Similarities
Similarities
Differences
Differences
Differences
Differences
#1 #2 #3
Comparison Matrix
Comparing• Tools- Graphic Organizers- Non Linguistic
– Venn Diagrams- Social Studies, Language Arts, Science
ComparingVENN DIAGRAMS- Math
A study was made of 200 students to determine what TV shows they watch. 22 students don't watch these cartoons. 73 students watch only Tiny Toons. 136 students watch Tiny Toons. 14 students watch only Animaniacs and Pinky & the Brain. 31 students watch only Tiny Toons and Pinky & the Brain. 63 students watch Animaniacs. 135 students do not watch Pinky & the Brain (for some completely incomprehensible reason).
Comparing- Double BubbleA Double Bubble is a kind of thinking map/graphic organizer that can be used to compare similarities and differences. It has multiple bubbles that connect two items with their similarities and differences.
To download this graphic organizer, go to: http://freeteach.com/graphic_organizers/double_bubble
Comparing- Double Bubble Template
To use the Double Bubble Template:
1. Fill in the 2 large circles with the items you are comparing and contrasting.
2. In the shaded bubbles, write in the characteristics that the 2 items have in common.
3. Use the other circles to list characteristics that are unique to each item.
Source: http://www.cwhp.info/curriculum/sources2/graphic_organizers.pdf
Comparing- Double Bubble
ComparingSample Completed Double Bubble
Comparing Circle Map
Students may benefit from brainstorming about the topics to be compared by using a Circle Map. This allows them to focus on one object of comparison at a time.
Classifying The process of grouping things that are alike into categories on the basis of
their characteristics.
It is critical to identify the rules that govern class or category membership.
-Marzano,2001
For example,
Invertebrates
animals without a backbone or spinal column
Vertebrates
animals with a backbone or spinal column
Classifying
• Classifying refers to sorting objects into categories based on shared characteristics.
• Classifying depends on identifying the similarities and differences between the objects.
Classifying• Graphic Organizer Options:
– Tree Map (WIKI)– Columns/table
• Possible Uses for Organizers:– Organization of information into groups based on
categories– Do after comparing– Categories may be established and agreed upon or
individually created
Graphic Organizers for Classifying
-most useful when all categories are equal in generality -more useful when all categories are not equal in generality
Place Categories in column headings
Creating Metaphors
• Graphic Organizer Options:– Not commonly used
• When Organizer used:– Abstract comparison; indirect– Teacher directed-scaffolding– Student directed-extends concept
Creating Metaphors
The two items in a metaphor are connected by an abstract or
nonliteral relationship. -Marzano,2001
For example,
Love is a rose.
What is a Metaphor?Comparison involving similarity
A similarity between two objects at an abstract level.
Life is a rollercoaster
Metaphor Simile
A similarity between two objects at an abstract level using “like” or “as.”
Life is like a rollercoaster
A simile is a type of metaphor because it is a comparison, but not all metaphors are similes.
Graphic Organizer for Metaphors
Element 1 Literal Pattern 1 Abstract Element 2Literal
Pattern 2
It depicts that two elements have somewhat different literal patterns, but they share a common abstract pattern.
Creating Analogies
Analogies help us to see how seemingly dissimilar things are similar.
They increase our understanding of new information.
-Marzano,2001
Examples,
Carpenter is to hammer as painter is to brush.
Hot is to cold as night is to day.
Oxygen is to humans as carbon dioxide is to plants.
Core is to earth as nucleus is to atom.
Creating Analogies• Graphic Organizer Options:
– Brace map (WIKI)– Analogy organizer
• Possible Uses for Organizers:– Format: ____is to ____ as ____is to____– Relationships to relationships– Process – Pair 1 then Pair 2– Many types of analogies
Graphic Organizers for Analogies
Is to
Is to
Relationship
As
Creating Analogies
thermometer
distance
temperature
odometer
Relationship: measures incremental changes in something
is to
as is to
Creating Analogy
• An Analogy is a comparison between related pairs.
A is to B as C is to D
as as
Brace Map
A
B D
C
Teacher vs. Student Directed Analogy
Teacher-directed analogy task
Eighty is to eightAsDime is to ______.
• Student-directed analogy task
Robert Frost is to poetry
As_____ is to ______.
See Marzano text for examples of teacher and student directed comparison, classification, and metaphor tasks.
WEB sites for reference• Identifying Similarities and differences with
graphic organizers- non linguistic http://www.ntuaft.com/Departments/Research___Communication/PRC504/Research-Based%20Instructional%20Strategies/Identifying%20Similarities%20&%20Differences.htm
• Math http://www.math.tamu.edu/~kahlig/venn/venn.html
• Graphic Organizers http://freeology.com/graphicorgs/page8.php
Next Steps
• Meet October 22, Friday and October 25, Monday (please read Marzano)– Summarizing and Note Taking 10/22
– Non Linguistic Representation 10/25• Homework- try some non linguistic representations in
class, let’s discuss what we have had success or non success with
– Marzano pages