TAXONOMY QUIZ Show

TRUE or FALSE?TRUE or FALSE?Taxonomy is the field of biology that deals with the organizing living things into a hierarchy or category that show artificial/ natural and evolutionary relationships.

Systematics or MODERN TAXONOMY

Why Classify?20 M unknown species*

2.5 M identified

System of Biological ClassificationImportant features:

Universally accepted Placement of organisms into groups has real

biological meaning

TRUE or FALSE?TRUE or FALSE?Taxonomy or Systematics involves three procedures namely classification, identification and nomenclature.

Procedures in Taxonomy and SystematicsIdentification

recognize organism based on…establishment of the organisms traits

Classificationassigning arbitrary categoriesbased on its biological relatedness

NomenclaturePractice of naming based on the rules of ICZN and

ICBN

Taxonomy vs. Systematicsstudy of the theory,

practice and rules of classification

naming, description and classification

study of the diversity of organisms and their natural relationships

encompasses questions of diversity and disparity

Who is the Father of Taxonomy?

Carolus Linnaeus-Invented the sexual system- Published Species Plantarum and Systema Naturae

“ no man has ever transformed science in a way that I have”

How did the naming of organisms STARTED?

16Th centurystart of scientific namingpolynomial LATIN names

Why Latin?scholarship languagedead language

Problems with Polynomial namesDiffers from every scientistorganisms of the same genus (conflict)

What is the universally accepted system of naming organisms?

Binomial System of Nomenclature

-2 part name-Genus and Species-Latin-Can be written in italicized or underlined format

Why is the BSN important in TAXONOMY???

Solanum caule inermi herbaceo foliis pinnatis incisis“ Solanum with smooth stem which is herbaceous and has incised pinnate leaves”

TOMATO: Lycopersicon esculentum

BINOMIAL SYSTEM OF NOMENCLATUREsystem of naming organisms using a two-part

Latinized (or scientific) name

also known as the Linnaean system

first part: generic name (genus), second: specific or trivial name (species).

Latin name is usually printed in italics, starting with a capital letter

POLAR BEARDiscovered by Commander C.J. Phipps

Scientifc name:Ursus maritimus Phipps Ursus maritimus Phipps Ursus Maritimus Phipps Ursus maritimus Phipps ursus maritimus Phipps Ursus maritimus Phipps

Ursus maritimus Phipps

How many CATEGORIES (general categories) are there in the levels of classification of organisms?

SevenKingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and

Species.

LINNAEAN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

structural similaritieshierarchicalCategory- each level of classificationTaxa/ taxon- specific group in each category

Kingdom

LINN

AEAN

CLASSIFICATION

SYSTEM

How did Linnaeus view species???

UNCHANGING or IMMUTABLEdescribed all the things that had been put to earth by the creator

Different views on speciesLinnaean DarwinianImmutable and

unchangingViewed that

organisms are uniquely made

Doesn’t believe in EVOLUTION

ChangingEVOLVINGDescent with

modificationNatural

selection

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

Who defined the BIOLOGICAL SPECIES CONCEPT: A gorup of similar individuals that can usually interbreed among themselves and produce a fertile offspring.

None of the above

Steve Irwin

Charles Darwin

Carl Von Linne

Ernst Mayr

CLASSFICATION is BASED on:

Biochemical

Cytological

Embryological

Rituals, habit, diet, way of living

cells

body parts

Protein, DNA

Early developmental stages

Structural

Behavioral

TAXONOMY is also BASED on…Evolutionary lineages/patterns

Homologous vs. analogous structuresFossil records

Popular Methods of Classification

Evolutionary Systematics

Phenetic Systematics

Cladistic Systematics

Evolutionary Systematics

Ernst Mayr (1904) and George G. Simpson (1961)

reflected relatedness as well as morphological disparity (overall similarity)

Phenetic Systematics (1960’s)

overall similarity among organism grouped by a mathematical analysisresults fail to reflect evolutionary relationships James Rohlf, Robert Sokal, and Peter Sneathdelimits variation within and between populations

Cladistic SystematicsWilli Hennig standard method of phylogenetic inference

Objectives:determine the evolutionary histories express it in phylogenetic trees

After knowing the overall similarities

concentrate on only certain characters-those that provide evolutionary information

based on the assumption that two new species are formed by splitting from a common ancestor

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

Which BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES is widely accepted today?

6 Kingdom classification

5 Kingdom classification

4 Kingdom classification

2 Kingdom classification

3 Domain system

3 DOMAIN SCHEME

2 KINGDOM SCHEME

PLANTAE ANIMALIA

4 KINGDOM SCHEME

PLANTAE

FUNGI

ANIMALIA

MONERA

5 KINGDOM SCHEME

PLANTAE

FUNGI

ANIMALIA

MONERA

MONERA

PROTISTA

6 KINGDOM SCHEME

PLANTAE

FUNGI

ANIMALIA

MONERA

MONERA

PROTISTA

ARCHAEBACTERIA EUBACTERIA