Post on 20-Aug-2018
Language: English
Original: English
PROJECT: Zanzibar Urban Water and Sanitation
Project
COUNTRY: Tanzania
ENVIRONMENT & SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN SUMMARY
Date: August 2012
Appraisal
Team
Team Leader:
E&S Members:
Sabas Marandu
Amel Hamza
Kelello Ntoampe
Snr. Water and Sanitary Engineer,
Senior Gender Specialist, OWAS.2
Principal Environmentalist, ONEC.3
Sector Manager:
Res. Rep:
Sector Director:
Regional Director:
Osward Chanda
Tonia Kandiero
Sering Jallow
Gabriel Negatu
OWAS.2
TZFO
OWAS/AWF
EARC
Table of Contents
Abbreviations And Acronyms ................................................................................................ 3
General Information ................................................................................................................ 4
A) Brief Description Of The Project And Key Environmental And Social
Components .............................................................................................................................. 4
B) Major Environmental And Social Impacts....................................................................... 5
Beneficial Impacts ................................................................................................................. 5
Adverse Impacts..................................................................................................................... 5
Construction Phase Impacts .................................................................................. 5
Operational Phase Impacts ..................................................................................................... 6
C) Enhancement And Mitigation Program ........................................................................... 6
D) Monitoring Program And Complementary Initiatives ................................................... 8
Monitoring Activities ............................................................................................................. 9
E) Institutional Arrangements And Capacity Building Requirements .............................. 9
F) Public Consultations And Disclosure Requirements ..................................................... 10
Summary Of Key Issues Raised By Stakeholders ............................................................... 11
G) Estimated Costs ................................................................................................................ 12
H) Implementation Schedule And Reporting ...................................................................... 12
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AC pipes Asbestos Cement pipes
AfDB African Development Bank
ASAP As soon as possible
DoE Department of Environment
ESAP Environment & Social Assessment Procedures
ESIA Environment and Social Impact Assessment
ESMP Environment and Social Management Plan
IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management
O&M Operation and maintenance
RAMSAR RAMSAR (IRAN) Convention
SMOLE Zanzibar Sustainable Management of Land and Environment
STDCA Stone Town Conservation and Development Authority
ToR Terms of Reference
WHO World Health Organization
ZAWA Zanzibar Water Authority
ZEC Zanzibar Electricity Corporation
ZMC Zanzibar Municipal Council
General Information
Project Title: Zanzibar Water and Sanitation Project
Project Number: P-TZ-E00-007
Country: TANZANIA
Department: OWAS Division: OWAS.2
a) Brief description of the project and key environmental and social components
The objective of the Zanzibar Urban Water and Sanitation Project is to improve water supply
and sanitation services in Unguja Municipality, which is Zanzibar’s administrative centre
and the hub of its economic, cultural and tourist activities. The project aims to improve
water infrastructure facilities including production, transmission and distribution systems
and to provide sanitation and hygiene facilities in schools. At present, only about one third
of the Unguja installed water production capacity of 50,000 m3/day is operational as some
of the facilities require major refurbishment or replacement because they were mostly
installed in the 1960’s. In addition, a significant portion of the water produced does not
reach the consumers’ taps due to leakages. Water service delivery in the project area is
discontinuous and unreliable, with most customers getting water only twice per week.
The project consists of the following component:
Assessing existing situation including data collection and reviewing
population growth, water consumption, demand patters and documentation on
land use categories, but also assessing the existing water supply system and
sanitation.
Estimating future water demands (2015 and 2025) including the assessment
of urban population growth and water consumption and future demand
patterns.
Conducting a technical feasibility that includes compiling proposals for long
term (2025) development of the whole system with detailed focus on the
distribution system. Compiling a conceptualized optimized network analysis
of the existing and proposed long term distribution system and finally;
providing proposals for staged development of the distribution networks
including estimated costs.
Conducting a feasibility that includes socio-economic and financial analyses,
financial forecast, cost benefit analysis, the definition of an investment
program and preparing cost estimates of both capital and recurrent costs,
broken down into local and foreign costs by expected year of expenditure.
Works Implementation proposals that include identifying sections of the
distribution system requiring urgent rehabilitation and upgrading, preparing
implementation proposals, including cost estimates and finally proposing and
preparing conceptual/preliminary designs for the immediate works
components under the available US $ 21 million budget.
Conducting an environmental feasibility that includes the ESIA (required in
line with Zanzibar legislation) and the ESMP required in terms of the same
law and the AfDB’s requirements.
The project was classified as Category 2 by ORQR on 24 April 2012 in accordance
with the AfDB Environmental and Social Policies and Procedures (ESAP). The
categorization is justified on the basis of considerable positive impact envisaged and
the fact that environment and social impacts emanating from the project are site-
specific. Furthermore the impacts can be minimized by the application of mitigation
measures included in an ESMP.
b) Major environmental and social impacts
Beneficial impacts
The positive impacts of improving the urban water supply network in Unguja will
be significant and long term. The impacts include:
Provision of safe drinking water
Improved access to water supply
Reduced cases of water borne diseases like malaria, acute diarrhea, skin
diseases, dysentery and cholera
Less time spend on fetching water, especially for women and girls hence
availing time for other beneficial socio-economic activities
Employment opportunities in Operation and Maintenance (O&M) of the water
supply system network
Employment opportunities for local labourers in construction phase
Adverse impacts
The negative impacts of the project are divided into impacts during construction
and the operational phase. All identified impacts can be mitigated or are of low
significance and mostly they are of a temporary nature. Without mitigation, the
following impacts will be significant and permanent: spreading of diseases, over-
extraction of groundwater, salt-water intrusion and destruction of UNESCO
heritage sites. The negative impacts assessed in the ESIA are listed below.
Construction phase impacts
Involuntary land resettlement/loss of land – the current project design does not
result in involuntary land resettlement and loss of land. However, some private
land may be affected in terms of nuisance due to heaps of soil temporarily
stored close or on such land after digging trenches.
Destruction of natural vegetation, crops, roads and pavements due to digging
and clearing activities and repairing and replacing pipes, establishing
boreholes, storage tanks etc.
Disruption/destruction of underground utilities (water pipelines,
telecommunication & electricity lines) mainly regarding the repair and
replacement of pipes in urban areas in and around Stone Town.
Air pollution (dust & machinery fumes) due to repairing and replacing pipes,
establishing boreholes, storage tanks etc.
Noise pollution and vibrations (hence and weakening of UNESCO heritage
buildings) due to repairing and replacing pipes.
Traffic disruption due to partially blocked roads during the repair and
replacement of piles in urban areas.
Solid waste management, especially in relation to the disposal of Asbestos
Cement (AC) pipes that are dug out of the ground.
Visual impacts during digging and storage of soil from the trenches.
Health and safety impacts on both the workforce and neighbouring
communities.
Operational phase impacts
Groundwater pollution if boreholes are not sealed properly or contamination
sources such as cemeteries and agricultural areas are developed within the
vicinity.
Saltwater intrusion due to over extraction of groundwater.
Loss of water supply from springs or shallow wells due to over extraction of
groundwater.
Degradation of wetlands due to lowered groundwater level due to over
extraction of groundwater
Increased waste water generation due to increased water supply in the project
area.
Loss of livelihoods for water vendors due to better access by local
communities to direct ZAWA supply.
c) Enhancement and mitigation program
Impact Mitigation and enhancement Responsible
institution
Mitigation
phase Beneficial Impacts
Provision of safe
drinking water Borehole water will be pumped to a central
treatment facility where water will be tested
prior to distribution. Enhancement of public health and in turn raising
living standards of the Unguja urban population,
which constitutes about 40% of the total
population of Zanzibar
ZAWA Operation
Phase
Improved access to
water supply Pressure will be increased in the system to
ensure that people in the upper floors of high
rise buildings also have easy access without
having to purchase extra pumps
The improvement will also sustain other
services and socio-economic activities,
including tourism which makes a significant
contribution to the economy of Zanzibar
ZAWA Operation
Phase
Employment
opportunities Labour will be recruited only from the project. ZAWA Operation
Phase
Improved sanitation Students and teachers in schools will benefit
from improved sanitation facilities, while
communities will benefit from sanitation and
hygiene training and promotion
Construction of gender sensitive school water
supply & sanitation facilities (WASH) plus
sanitation and hygiene promotion and training
in schools and communities.
ZAWA Operation
Phase
Impact Mitigation and enhancement Responsible
institution
Mitigation
phase Negative impacts
Involuntary
resettlement and loss
of land
Siting boreholes and storage tanks on
government/Public owned land as this will
avoid private land also ensure the safety of
infrastructure if the areas are already fenced.
Project
management and
ZAWA/contractor.
Planning &
Construction
phase
Destruction of natural
veg./crops, roads and
pavements &
underground
infrastructure
Compensating for lost crops/production
(section 60 in The Water Act 2006)
Using manual labour as much as possible
Liaison and concurrence on dates and scope of
work with relevant authorities in charge of
roads, telecom, water, electricity etc for
immediate restoration
Project
management and
contractor/ZAWA
Planning &
Construction
phase
Air pollution/dust Removing piles of soils and waste ASAP
Spraying water on soil and gravel piles
Restoring construction site ASAP
Using manual labour as much as possible
Monitoring machinery air emissions and
conducting required service & maintenance
without fail.
Project
management and
contractor /ZAWA
Planning &
Construction
phase
Construction noise
and vibrations Working only during working hours
Avoiding noisy equipment (above 85 decibels)
& servicing it regularly
Using manual labour as much as possible
Complying with Tanzanian standards as
guidelines
Project
management and
contractor /ZAWA
Planning &
Construction
phase
Waste generation Leave AC pipes in the ground where possible
Adopt safe working procedures for handling,
storage and disposal of all hazardous waste
Work with ZMC to create a cell at the landfill
site where AC pipes will be buried and will
never be disturbed.
ZAWA in
conjunction with
Zanzibar
Municipality
Planning &
Construction
phase
Visual impacts Soils heaps managed to ensure minimal
change to the aesthetics
Waste removed as soon as possible
Working and covering the pipeline in sections
ZAWA/Contractor
& Project
management
Planning
phase
Construction
phase
Impacts on health and
safety during
construction
Safe working procedures and first aid kits and
personal protective equipment (PPE) available
on site
Restricting access to site for unauthorized
people
Project
management and
contractor /ZAWA
Construction
phase
Groundwater
pollution Implementation of IWRM and monitoring
program that include external analysis of
water for toxic metals
Siting wells in safe distances to polluting
facilities such as cemeteries, sewage &
communal waste dumps etc
Fencing, protecting/sealing boreholes used as
public water points
Closed and sun-reflecting storage tanks
Central and automatic dosage facilities for
chlorination
Promoting/improving sanitation on an
ongoing basis
Project
management and
contractor /ZAWA
Monitoring and
surveillance by
independent
authority
Planning
phase
Construction
phase
Implementati
on phase
Operational
phase
Impact Mitigation and enhancement Responsible
institution
Mitigation
phase Traffic disruption Traffic management plan (ZMC staff with
flags, signs etc.)
Avoid heavy machinery
Use of manual labour as much as possible
Project
management and
contractor /ZAWA
together with ZMC
Planning &
Construction
phase
Stone Town
UNESCO heritage
site impacts
Following STCDA master plan
Use of low or non vibrating equipment
Using manual labour as much as possible
contractor /ZAWA
& STCDA for
supervising .
Planning &
Construction
phase
Saltwater intrusion Implementation of IWRM practices
Determination of pumping and recharge
requirements during the drilling of boreholes
& conducting pumping tests for existing
boreholes
Monitoring groundwater reserves and
continuous monitoring for salt water intrusion
Risk assessment in high risk boreholes
Project
management and
contractor /ZAWA
IWRM also
involves other
stakeholders in
water related
issues.
Planning,
Construction,
Implementati
on and
Operational
phase
Degradation of
wetlands due to
lowering of water
table
Implementation of IWRM practices
Monitoring program that prohibits
groundwater over-extraction
Developing regulations on sustainable
management of wetlands using RAMSAR
guidelines
Siting new boreholes in aquifers that are not
hydraulically linked to wetlands
ZAWA
IWRM also
involves other
stakeholders in
water related
issues.
Implementati
on phase
Operational
phase
Increased waste water
generation Long term improvements in sanitation system
Water conservation concentrating on reuse of
water for activities such as gardening
ZAWA + ZMC All phases of
the project
d) Monitoring program and complementary initiatives
The monitoring activities focus on the operational phase by measuring and
evaluating project impacts on some relevant environmental and social
components. ZAWA will focus on implementation of the enhancement and
mitigation measures all throughout the project lifecycle. Surveillance and
monitoring activities shall be carried out in collaboration with relevant
stakeholders, including the local community members through their
water/environment/health committees. The Department of Environment will be
responsible for verifying implementation of the proposed mitigation measures.
Methods of work during construction phase along with the O&M during
operational phase will be modified whenever necessary to ensure protection of
natural and human environment. The Stone Town Conservation and Development
authority will monitor activities within Stone Town for preservation of heritage
sites.
Monitoring Activities
Components Indicators Methodology
1. Environment
Water Groundwater quality Monitoring through water samples
(detection limits below)
Saltwater intrusion Detailed risk assessment,
updated water resource
assessment and groundwater
modelling
Pumping tests, drilling of observation
boreholes
Wetlands Degradation or other
noticeable change of wetlands
due to low water table
Monitoring of observation wells for
water table fluctuations
2. Health
Reduction in water
borne diseases
Prevalence of water borne
diseases such as malaria,
diarrhea, dysentery, cholera
etc.
Interviews (e.g. with local community
leaders)
Information provided by local hospitals
Ministry of Health Monitoring
programme (regular consultations)
Statistics
3. Livelihoods
Improved access to
water Distances to nearest water
supply source compared to
before project
Time and resources spend
on water collection,
compared to before
Interviews (e.g. with local community
leaders) and statistical observations
Employment
opportunities Number of employees at
ZAWA
Livelihood of water vendors
Number of new jobs,
temporary and long term
jobs
Interviews (e.g. with local community
leaders)
Statistics
Participation Local communities having
information and influence on
project
Interviews
The National Bureau of Standards (NBS) of Tanzania provides chemical and physical limits for quality of drinking
water supplies. These standards should be applied for the monitoring program mentioned above.
e) Institutional arrangements and capacity building requirements
All relevant government stakeholders in the project are already members of a task
team formed for the planning and implementation of this project. Communities are
already engaged by ZAWA as a matter of practice for various water issues and the
established forums will be used in carrying out monitoring and surveillance during
the lifespan of the project and beyond. An AfDB funded capacity building facility
(Vocational Training Centre) is already in existence and being used for that purpose.
Capacity building for the various committees such as water or health committees is
an ongoing exercise that was observed during the site visits. To help achieve the
outcomes of this project, the training and awareness will also focus on water
conservation & minimization of water discharged through sewer lines, responsibility
of identifying and reporting leakages, consequences of using sand as a pot scrubbing
material, public health and hygiene promotion, etc.
The Zanzibar Municipality’s capacity to manage waste is limited due to funding.
However, this project will fund the creation of a separate cell at an existing landfill
site currently operated and managed far less than required in terms of landfill design
and management best practice.
f) Public consultations and disclosure requirements
In the table below the mitigation measures involving consultations are listed with
associated target groups, frequency, goal and outcome of consultations, reporting
methods and disclosure procedures.
Mitigation
measure
Target group Consultation
frequency
Consultation
goal/outcome
Reporting
method
Disclosure
procedure
Location of
boreholes
and storage
tanks
Avoiding
involuntary
resettlement
and limiting
loss of land
Relevant
authorities
Affected
households
Prior to
undertaking the
activities
Ensuring
regulations are
followed and
affected people
compensated
Monthly ESMP
compliance
Report
Written letter
to affected
households &
institutions
Announcemen
t of disruption
of services in
media.
Reports made
available on
request.
Compensation
for lost crops &
or production
Communities During
planning (1st)
& construction
phases (2nd)
Ensuring
section 60 in
the water Act is
followed
Monthly ESMP
compliance
Report
Announcement
s in media and
posting it on
strategic sites
Restoration of
damaged roads,
pavements and
underground
utilities
ZMC
Other service
providers
Before (1st)
and after
construction
phases (2nd)
Ensuring
timely and
proper
restoration
Monthly ESMP
compliance
Report
Written letter
to affected
institutions &
households.
Announcemen
t of disruption
of services in
the media
Traffic
management
plan
ZMC
Affected
households
Before (1st)
and after
construction
phase (2nd)
Minimal
disruptions
Monthly ESMP
compliance
Report
Announcement
in the media
Safe depositing
of AC pipes
DoE for
compliance
monitoring &
ZMC for
landfilling
Before (1st)
and during
construction
phase (2nd)
Protection of
human health
Monthly ESMP
compliance
Report
Written
communiction
to DoE
Impacts on
UNESCO
Heritage sites
(STCDA)
STCDA Before (1st)
and during
construction
phase (2nd)
Preservation of
site
Monthly ESMP
compliance
Report &
STCDA licence
compliance
report
Written
communication
to STCDA
Mitigation
measure
Target group Consultation
frequency
Consultation
goal/outcome
Reporting
method
Disclosure
procedure
IWRM) All water
stakeholders
Continuously
during entire
project phase
Continuous
maintenance of
sustainable
groundwater
quantity and
quality
Continuous
reporting and
communication
, progress
reports
Continuous
corporation
with
stakeholders
Educational
campaigns
Mass media
announcement
s etc.
Fencing/protect
ing boreholes
Communities/h
ouseholds
Before
construction
phase (1st)
Not restricting
communities/h
ouseholds from
local water
sources
Monthly ESMP
compliance
Report &
Made available
at ZAWA
In terms of the Zanzibar Environmental Management for Sustainable Development
Act of 1996 the ESIA was distributed to government departments for comment. The
public was notified and invited through legislated means to review and give written
comments on the ESIA. The project’s ESMP will be availed to all stakeholders,
furthermore, the contractor will always have it on site. The ESMP summary will also
be posted at the ADB PIC and made available to the ADB Board 30 days prior to
project submission.
During the preparation of the ESIA, relevant stakeholders were consulted mainly
through semi-structured interviews and discussions. Institutions included ZAWA,
SMOLE, DoE, STCDA, and ZMC. Additional consultation was done through
bilateral discussions and consultation meetings held in March 2012 and August 2012.
The stakeholders included Department of Health, Ministry of Lands, Housing, Water
and Energy (MLHWE), President’s Office-Finance, Economy and Development
Planning (PO-FEDP), Department of Urban and Rural Planning, Stone Town
Conservation and Development Authority (STCDA), Ministry of Health (MoH),
Office of Chief Government Statistician (OCGS), Ministry of Labour, Youth, Women
and Children Development, Ministry of Education and Vocational Training (MoEVT)
and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) who are funding other water
projects in Zanzibar.
Summary of key issues raised by stakeholders
By and large there was support for the project; but stakeholders raised the following:
Need for the authorities to maintain the system;
Discouragement of construction of individual boreholes to safeguard ground water
from salt water intrusion/over abstraction/aquifer pollution,
Zanzibar Stone Town is a recognized World Heritage Site of touristic
significance. It also has very complicated underground cables, water pipes and
drainage system. Therefore the project interventions in the area need special
attention so as to avoid destruction of heritage resources and/or the loss of the
heritage status of the town.
Prior to construction that may result in temporary unavailability of services,
affected communities must be notified well in time and where possible
alternatives should be provided.
Deforestation and loss of flora and fauna should as much as possible be avoided
during construction
Dug holes and trenches should be cordoned off and back-filled as soon as possible
to avoid accidents and accumulation of storm water.
g) Estimated costs
The mitigation measures that involve costs to be estimated in the detailed design
phase are listed below:
Destruction of natural vegetation, crops, roads and pavements
Disruption/destruction of underground infrastructure
Safe depositing of AC pipes
Temporary/permanent loss of land/resettlement
Ground water monitoring program as part of IWRM (included in ZWSP),
including study on arsenic and risk assessment on saltwater intrusion in high risk
boreholes
Education and awareness campaigns on sanitation, water borne diseases etc. as
part of IWRM (included in ZWSP)
Fencing and protecting boreholes
Centralized, automated dosage facilities for chlorination of water
Supplying affected local communities with alternative water sources
Creation of a separate cell at the municipal landfill for asbestos pipes disposal
Provision of 70,000 UA has been made for capacity building and 200,000 for safe
disposal of AC pipes. The rest of the mitigation is part of the works costs.
h) Implementation schedule and reporting
ZAWA and the assigned project team for the final detailed design and actual
implementation are responsible for updating and adhering to the ESMP and relevant
enhancement and mitigation measures of the project. Monthly ESMP compliance
monitoring will be undertaken by ZAWA. Annual ESMP compliance
auditing/monitoring will be undertaken by a consultant or another relevant
government institution.
Mitigation and enhancement Responsible
institution
Mitigation phase
Design / pre-
construction
Constr
uction
Operati
onal
1. Sustainable siting of boreholes and storage tanks to
avoid pollution, resettlement and restricting
communities access to local water sources
Project
management and
ZAWA/contractor.
2. Developing and implementing specific Action Plan
for avoiding involuntary resettlement and limiting loss
of land for the project
Project
management and
ZAWA/contractor.
3. Paying compensation for loss of land, crops or
production
Project
management and
ZAWA/contractor.
4. Minimizing noise, vibration, air, waste and visual
impacts
Project
management and
ZAWA/contractor.
Mitigation and enhancement Responsible
institution
Mitigation phase
5. Using manual labour as much as possible Project
management and
contractor/ZAWA
6. Developing and implementing traffic management
plan (ZMC staff with flags, signs etc.)
Project
management and
contractor /ZAWA
in corporation with
ZMC
7. Ensuring and administrating safe disposal of AC
pipes
Project
management and
ZAWA/contractor
in corporation with
DoE
8. Prevention of occupational health and safety risks
and developing safe working procedures
Project
management and
contractor /ZAWA
9. Preventing impacts on UNESCO Heritage sites Project
management and
contractor /ZAWA
STCDA for
supervising and
monitoring
10. Continuous maintenance and improvements of
water supply network system
ZAWA
11. Establishing central and automatic dosage
facilities for chlorination
Project
management and
contractor /ZAWA
12. Continuous groundwater monitoring incl. arsenic
study and risk assessment of saltwater intrusion
Project
management and
contractor /ZAWA
Monitoring and
surveillance by
independent
authority
13. Developing regulations on sustainable
management of wetlands using RAMSAR guidelines
ZAWA
IWRM also
involves other
stakeholders in
water related
issues.
14. Long term improvements in sanitation system ZAWA + ZMC