RESPIRATION1

What is Respiration?

a process of oxidizing food to release energy inside cells

Respiration reactions are catalyzed by enzymesmain food substance which oxidized in

cells is glucoseC6H12O6

+ 6O2 enzymes

6CO2 + 6H2O

+ energy as it takes place in all living cells, it is

called cellular respiration which is used to produce energy for cells to use

Uses of the Energy Released during

RespirationHuman Other Animals

Plants§ produce

light in fireflies

§ muscle contraction

§ absorb mineral salts by active transport§ keep warm § produce

sound in some birds

§ transport food substances§ absorb food

by active transport

§ produce smell in some mammals

WHAT IS ATP?C

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assengale

Energy used by all Cells

Adenosine Triphosphate

Organic molecule containing high-energy Phosphate bonds

ADP + energy (from

breakdown of glucose)

+ phosphate

ATP

ATP is a high-energy compound while ADP is a low-energy one

ATP can only store energy for a short period

ATP is made inside organelles, mitochondria, which is scattered in the cytoplasm of a cell

EQUATION FOR AEROBIC RESPIRATION

C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O 6CO2 + 12H2O + energy

(glucose) (ATP)

1 mole glucose 36 ATP

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF ATPC

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3 Phosphates Ribose Sugar

Adenine Base

WHAT DOES ATP DO FOR YOU?

It supplies YOU with ENERGY! Copyright C

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HOW DO WE GET ENERGY FROM ATP?

By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP

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WHAT IS THE PROCESS CALLED?HYDROLYSIS (Adding H2O)

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H2O

Glycolysis: Derived from Greek words;

Glykys = Sweet, Lysis = splittingDuring this process one molecule of glucose (6 carbon molecule) is degraded into two molecules of pyruvate (three carbon molecule).

Free energy released in this process is stored as 2 molecules of ATP, and 2 molecules of NADH.

Aerobic Respiration : Glycolysis

Hexokinase

Phosphofructokinase

glucose Glycolysis ATP

ADP glucose-6-phosphate Phosphoglucose Isomerase

fructose-6-phosphate ATP

ADP fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

Aldolase

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + dihydroxyacetone-phosphate Triosephosphate Isomerase Glycolysis continued

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase

Phosphoglycerate Kinase

Enolase

Pyruvate Kinase

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate NAD+ + Pi

NADH + H+ 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate ADP

ATP 3-phosphoglycerate Phosphoglycerate Mutase 2-phosphoglycerate H2O phosphoenolpyruvate ADP ATP pyruvate

Glycolysis continued.Recall that there are 2 GAP per glucose.

SYNTHESIS OF ACETYL-COA

The two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid above) result in:

Two molecules of __________Two molecules of _____ (This is what generates carbon dioxide that you breathe

out.)Two molecules of ______ (electron carrier)

KREBS CYCLE (A.K.A CITRIC ACID CYCLE)

Acetyl-CoA--

The two molecules of Acetyl Co-A result in:

Two molecules of

Two molecules of ________ (electron carrier)

Six molecules of ________ (electron carrier)

Four molecules of _______(This is what generates carbon

dioxide you breathe out.)

ELECTRON TRANSPORT Most of the ATP made in

cellular respiration comes from the stepwise release of energy through a series of redox reactions between molecules known as the electron transport chain (ETC).

Must occur in a membrane. The ETC is located in cristae of __________ in eukaryotes.

Three main events important in the ETCs generation of ATP:1. ______________________2. ______________________3. ______________________

ELECTRON TRANSPORT

1. ________________

The electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) bring electrons and protons (H+) to the ETC.

Carrier molecules in the membrane of the mitochondria pass electrons from one to another and ultimately to final electron acceptor.

Images: Mitochondrion diagram M. RuizElectron transport chain, Tim VickersFrom the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on

ScienceProfOnline.com

ELECTRON TRANSPORT

2. _____________________

Energy from each electron being passed down the chain is used to pump protons (H+) from one side of the membrane to the other.

Proton gradient = type of ____________ (difference in ion concentration on either side of a membrane) … potential energy available for work in cell.

ELECTRON TRANSPORT

3. ________________

H+ ions flow down proton gradient through protein channels (ATP synthase) that phosphorylate ADP to make ATP.

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