Sunway Mock
23
RESPIRATION 1
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respiration and energy
Transcript of Sunway Mock
RESPIRATION1
What is Respiration?
a process of oxidizing food to release energy inside cells
Respiration reactions are catalyzed by enzymesmain food substance which oxidized in
cells is glucoseC6H12O6
+ 6O2 enzymes
6CO2 + 6H2O
+ energy as it takes place in all living cells, it is
called cellular respiration which is used to produce energy for cells to use
Uses of the Energy Released during
RespirationHuman Other Animals
Plants§ produce
light in fireflies
§ muscle contraction
§ absorb mineral salts by active transport§ keep warm § produce
sound in some birds
§ transport food substances§ absorb food
by active transport
§ produce smell in some mammals
WHAT IS ATP?C
opyright Cm
assengale
Energy used by all Cells
Adenosine Triphosphate
Organic molecule containing high-energy Phosphate bonds
ADP + energy (from
breakdown of glucose)
+ phosphate
ATP
ATP is a high-energy compound while ADP is a low-energy one
ATP can only store energy for a short period
ATP is made inside organelles, mitochondria, which is scattered in the cytoplasm of a cell
EQUATION FOR AEROBIC RESPIRATION
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O 6CO2 + 12H2O + energy
(glucose) (ATP)
1 mole glucose 36 ATP
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF ATPC
opyright Cm
assengale
3 Phosphates Ribose Sugar
Adenine Base
WHAT DOES ATP DO FOR YOU?
It supplies YOU with ENERGY! Copyright C
massengale
HOW DO WE GET ENERGY FROM ATP?
By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP
Copyright C
massengale
WHAT IS THE PROCESS CALLED?HYDROLYSIS (Adding H2O)
Copyright C
massengale
H2O
Glycolysis: Derived from Greek words;
Glykys = Sweet, Lysis = splittingDuring this process one molecule of glucose (6 carbon molecule) is degraded into two molecules of pyruvate (three carbon molecule).
Free energy released in this process is stored as 2 molecules of ATP, and 2 molecules of NADH.
Aerobic Respiration : Glycolysis
Hexokinase
Phosphofructokinase
glucose Glycolysis ATP
ADP glucose-6-phosphate Phosphoglucose Isomerase
fructose-6-phosphate ATP
ADP fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Aldolase
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + dihydroxyacetone-phosphate Triosephosphate Isomerase Glycolysis continued
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase
Phosphoglycerate Kinase
Enolase
Pyruvate Kinase
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate NAD+ + Pi
NADH + H+ 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate ADP
ATP 3-phosphoglycerate Phosphoglycerate Mutase 2-phosphoglycerate H2O phosphoenolpyruvate ADP ATP pyruvate
Glycolysis continued.Recall that there are 2 GAP per glucose.
SYNTHESIS OF ACETYL-COA
The two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid above) result in:
Two molecules of __________Two molecules of _____ (This is what generates carbon dioxide that you breathe
out.)Two molecules of ______ (electron carrier)
KREBS CYCLE (A.K.A CITRIC ACID CYCLE)
Acetyl-CoA--
The two molecules of Acetyl Co-A result in:
Two molecules of
Two molecules of ________ (electron carrier)
Six molecules of ________ (electron carrier)
Four molecules of _______(This is what generates carbon
dioxide you breathe out.)
ELECTRON TRANSPORT Most of the ATP made in
cellular respiration comes from the stepwise release of energy through a series of redox reactions between molecules known as the electron transport chain (ETC).
Must occur in a membrane. The ETC is located in cristae of __________ in eukaryotes.
Three main events important in the ETCs generation of ATP:1. ______________________2. ______________________3. ______________________
ELECTRON TRANSPORT
1. ________________
The electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) bring electrons and protons (H+) to the ETC.
Carrier molecules in the membrane of the mitochondria pass electrons from one to another and ultimately to final electron acceptor.
Images: Mitochondrion diagram M. RuizElectron transport chain, Tim VickersFrom the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on
ScienceProfOnline.com
ELECTRON TRANSPORT
2. _____________________
Energy from each electron being passed down the chain is used to pump protons (H+) from one side of the membrane to the other.
Proton gradient = type of ____________ (difference in ion concentration on either side of a membrane) … potential energy available for work in cell.
ELECTRON TRANSPORT
3. ________________
H+ ions flow down proton gradient through protein channels (ATP synthase) that phosphorylate ADP to make ATP.
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