Post on 17-May-2020
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ilias saxelmwifo universiteti
samagistro da sadoqtoro programebis fakulteti
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis roli informirebuli sazogadoebis
CamoyalibebaSi
(zrdasrulTa treningebis potencialis gazrda maswavlebelTa
profesiuli mxardaWeris saqmeSi)
sadisertacio naSromi
ganaTlebis mecnierebaTa doqtoris xarisxis mosapoveblad
doqtoranti - nino SarvaSiZe
samecniero xelmZRvaneli – profesori Sorena saZagliSvili, filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtori
Tbilisi
2012 weli
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sarCevi:
I Tavi: Sesavali ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- gv. 4
II Tavi: disertaciis zogadi daxasiaTeba da mniSvneloba gv. 14
2.1. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebasTan da zrdasrulTa treningTan
dakavSirebuli cnebebi da aqtivobebi ----------------------------- gv. 17
2.2. kvlevis mizani, hipoTeza, problemis gadawyvetis gzebi da
limitaciebi ----------------------------------------------------------------------- gv. 22
2.3. kvlevis beneficiarebi, aqtualoba da siaxle --------------- gv. 28
III Tavi: zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis zogadTeoriuli safuZvlebi
(literaturis mimoxilva da diskusia)
3.1. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis istoria ------------------------------------ gv. 31
3.2. zrdasrulTa ganaTleba saqarTveloSi ---------------------------- gv. 46
3.3. saerTaSoriso gamocdileba da saerTaSoriso konferenciebi
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis rolis, instituciuri mowyobis, misi
sakanonmdeblo da finansuri safuZvlebis Sesaxeb --------- gv. 60
IV Tavi: zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis socialur-pedagogiuri
rolis Sefaseba Sromis bazris axali moTxovnebis
sapasuxod (statistikis mimoxilva da diskusia)
4.1. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis roli Sromis bazris axali
moTxovnebis dakmayofilebaSi -------------------------------------------- gv. 93
4.2. maswavleblTa profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli
dafinansebis programa - saqarTveloSi 2010-2014 w.w.
maswavlebelTa sertificirebisTvis 2009 wlis mosamzadebili
treningebis Sefaseba ---------------------------------------------------------- gv. 108
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4.3. zrdasrulTa saswavlo procesebSi zrdasrulTa swavlebis
principebis gaTvaliswinebiT modulirebuli midgomis
upiratesoba ----------------------------------------------------------------------- gv. 136
V Tavi: kvlevis meTodologia
5.1. kvlevis etapebi ------------------------------------------------------------------ gv. 143
5.2. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebaSi mosaxleobis CarTulobisa da
informirebis donis kvleva 2010-2014 w.w. maswavlebelTa
sertificirebis wina periodSi ----------------------------------------- gv. 147
5.3. zrdasrulTa treningis potencialis zrdisa da zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis principebis gamoyenebis mizan-Sedegobrivi kavSiris
kvleva maswavlebelTa treningebis magaliTze -------------- gv. 153
VI Tavi: kvlevis ZiriTadi daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- gv. 162
VII Tavi: naSromis reziume inglisur enaze (Thesis Summary in
English Language) --------------------------------------------------------- gv. 173
bibliografia --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- gv. 182
danarTebi --------------------------------------------------------------------------- gv. 190
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I Tavi: Sesavali
„codna aris socialuri cvlilebebis Zrava“ – niko steri, 1986
braziliaSi belemis zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis UNESCO-s konferenciam,
CONFINTEA VI-m zrdasulTa ganaTlebas mcodne (informirebuli)
sazogadoebis (Knowledge Society) da codnis ekonomikis (Knowledge Economy)
CamoyalibebaSi prioritetuli mniSvneloba mianiWa da mosTxova monawile
qveynebis mTavrobebs, Seasrulon konferenciis, CONFINTEA VI-is
rezolucia (brazilia, 2009 wlis maisi), romelic ZiriTadad zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis rolis udides mniSvnelobas eZRvneba globalur gamowvevebის
pirispir brZolaSi. “droa, vimoqmedoT am mimarTulebiT, radgan
umoqmedoba Zviri gvijdeba,” – weria konferenciis daskvniT rezoluciaSi1,
romlis ratificireba 156-ma qveyanam moaxdina, maT Soris saqarTvelomac.
saxelmwifo ekonomikaSi informaciisa da codnis rolis gazrdam da
codnis ekonomikis (Knowledge Economy) Camoyalibebam, dRis wesrigSi daayena
rogorc axalgazrda Taobis, aseve zrdasrul adamianTa kompetenciebis
swrafi zrdis, e.w. mcodne, informirebuli sazogadoebis (Knowledge Society)
swrafi Camoyalibebis aucilebloba. informirebuli sazogadoebis
Camoyalibebis erT-erTi saukeTeso gza zrdasrulTa ganaTlebaa (Adult
Education/ Learning), zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis erT-erTi saxeoba, zrdasrulTa
treningi (Adult Training) ki codnis ekonomikis erT-erTi mimarTulebaa2.
UNESCO-s konferenciis generalurma prezidentma devidson hepnerma
Tavis sityvaSi konferenciis monawileebs ase mimarTa: „mogiwodebT
UNESCO–s saxeliT yvela doneze SemogvierTdeT, rogorc partniorebi da
UNESCO–s resursebis gamoyenebiT yvela Tqveni Zalisxmeva mimarToT iseTi
1 CONFINTEA VI, Sixth International Conference on Adult Education, Final Report:
www.unesco.org/.../confintea/pdf/.../confinteavi_final_report_engl_online 2 Towards Knowledge Society. 2005. UNESCO Publishing ISBN 92-9-204000-X
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sazogadoebis Camoyalibebisken, sadac ara marto arc erTi bavSvi, aramed
arc erTi zrdasruli adamiani ar CamorCeba“3.
ganviTarebis gardamaval etapze myofi qveynebisTvis, maT Soris
saqarTvelosTvis, erT-erTi mTavari problema informirebuli
sazogadoebis naklebobaa, rac reformebis ganxorcielebis warmatebis
xelisSemSlel pirobas warmoadgens. amis erT-erTi magaliTia skolis
asakovani maswavleblebi, romelTac informirebuloba akliaT maTTvis
mniSvnelovan sferoSi. maT umetesobas ar uswavlia ganaTlebisa da
ganviTarebis dasavluri Teoriebi, roca pedagogis kvalifikacias iZendnen
umaRles saswavleblებSi, xolo reformamdel ganaTlebis sistemaSi am
deficitis gaTvaliswineba ar momxdara. bunebrivia, am carieli sivrcis
Sevsebis gareSe reformebi ganaTlebis sistemaSi warmatebuli ver iqneba
da am mimarTulebiT efeqturi RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba Zalian
mniSvnelovania.
codnis ekonomika informirebuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis miznebis
misaRwevad ganixilavs zrdasrulTa rogorc formalur, aseve
araformalur ganaTlebas. formaluri ganaTleba informirebulobis
pirdapirprოporciuli yovelTvis ar aris. informirebuli sazogadoebis
Camoyalibebis saqmeSi aranaklebi, Tu ufro meti ara, berketebi aqvs
araformalur ganaTlebas4. saWiroa yvela am berketis gamoyeneba da
rogorc formaluri, ise araformaluri ganaTlebis sistemis drouli da
swori Camoyalibeba, raTa reformebze gaRebuli Tanxebi ekonomiurad da
efeqturad ganawildes da gamarTlebuli iyos am mimarTulebiT gaweuli
yvela xarji. dRes bevrs saubroben ganaTlebis reformaSi arsebuli
finansuri resursebis araefeqtur gankargvaze. ase rom ar moxdes, pirvel
rigSi, saWiroa ganaTlebis politikis mesveurTa drouli da swori
informireba, Tu rogor unda Seuwyon xeli codnis ekonomikisTvis saWiro
3 CONFINTEA VI, Sixth International Conference on Adult Education, Final Report.
4 UNESCO PROAP, Publisher: UNESCO PROAP. Publication 2001-03-14 Bangkok Location. “Non-formal adult
education facilitators: handbook. Module 1: Community Mobilization.
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unarebis ganviTarebas da informirebuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis
saqmes5. am mizniT, mocemuli kvlevis avtori maT sTavazobs problemis
gadaWris erT konkretul gegmas maswavlebelTa treningebis magaliTze,
ramac, SesaZloa mcire, magram mniSvnelovani roli Seasrulos skolis
maswavlebelTa informirebul sazogadoebad Caმoyalibebis saqmeSi.
dRes qarTuli sazogadoeba axali gamowvevebis winaSe dgas. mTeli
rigi reformebis gatarebis Semdeg socialuri foni gansxvavdeba asakobriv
kategoriebSi. umuSevrobis saSiSroebis winaSe dadga zrdasruli
mosaxleobis didi nawili (asakobrivi kategoria 45-65 w.). dRevandeli
mTavroba cdilobs, axali iniciativebiT gamovides6 da asakovani
specialistebis dasaqmebis mimarTulebiT da am gziT miaRwios socialur
efeqts. qveynis gardamaval periodSi bevri ganaTlebuli da Sromismoyvare
adamiani darCa umuSevari da skolis maswavlebelTa mTeli armia dResac
dgas am saSiSroebis winaSe. saxelmwifo valdebulia pirdapiri Tu iribi
gzebiT izrunos am asakobrivi segmentis warmomadgeneli adamianebis
Sromis bazarTan dakavSirebaze. dRis wesrigSi dadga zrdasrulTa
gadamzadebis programebis SemuSavebis sakiTxebi, ixarjeba sakmaod didi
Tanxebi am mimarTulebiT. ganaTlebis saministroSi Camoyalibda garkveuli
meTodologia, Tu rogor daexmaros asakovan adamianebs maTi Sromis
bazarTan morgebis saqmeSi. amis magaliTia maswavleblTa profesiuli
ganviTarebis vauCeruli dafinansebis programa7, rac (nawilobriv)
maswavlebeTa gadamzadebisTvis saWiro treningebis organizebas
gulisxmobs. aris Tu ara es meTodologia efeqturi da/an ra SemTxvevaSia
efeqturi, es kvlevis sagania.
5 a. daviTuliani, l. CikvaiZe, T. dadiani, S. ZoweniZe “zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis ganviTareba saqarTvelos winsvlis sawindaria”. momzadda da gamoica OSCE-ODIHR-is finansuri mxardaWeriT. Tbilisi 2005w. 6 საქართველოს მთავრობის სტრატეგიული ,,ათპუნქტიანი გეგმა' მოდერნიზაციისა და დასაქმებისათვის (2011-
2015) - http://www.government.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=234&info_id=33014 7 maswavlebelis profesiuli ganviTarebis finansuri mxardaWeris saxelmwifo programa -
http://www.tpdc.ge/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=41&Itemid=109
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mocemuli kvlevis mizani iyo, saqarTveloSi maswavlebelTa
sasertifikacio gamocdebisTvis (2010-2014) mosamzadebeli treningebis
magaliTze daedgina, rodis aris maswavlebelTa (zrdasrulTa) treningis
Sedegebi ufro efeqturi da rogor SeiZleba maTi potencialis gazrda
maswavlebelTa profesiuli mxardaWeris saqmeSi. kvlevis Sedegebma
TvalnaTliv aCvena, rom zrdasrulTa ganaTlebaSi zrdasrulTa swavlebis
principebze agebuli midgomebi zrdasrulTa swavlebisas bevrad efeqturs
xdis miRweul Sedegebs.
postsabWoTa sivrceSi zrdasrulTa ganaTleba SedarebiT axali
samecniero mimarTulebaa8. misi principebis damkvidreba da ganviTareba
dRevandel saqarTveloSi mocemul kvlevaSi aqtualur problemad aris
miCneuli. mocemuli problemis samecniero analizma aCvena, rom
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebuli sabWoTa da gardaqmnis
periodis istoriul-pedagogiuri naSromebi, mimdinare movlenebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, ver iwinaswarmetyvelebdnen iseT radikalur socialur
da ekonomikur cvlilebebs da maT Tanmxleb kataklizmebs, rasac adgili
hqonda saqarTveloSi 1991-2003 w.w. isini umTavresad wina aTwleulebSi
Seqmnil stereotipebze iyvnen orientirebulni. im dros zrdasrulTa
ganaTleba saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad profesiuli kvalifikaciis amaRlebas
gulisxmobda9. pirovnebis SemoqmedebiTi potenciis ganviTarebas da
regionalur Taviseburebebebs yuradReba naklebad, an srulebiT ar
eqceoda.
msoflio gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom teqnologiuri revoluciebiT
gamowveul naxtomebs mosaxleoba xSirad da ufro warmatebulad
zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebis meSveobiT akeTebs10. adamiani
gamudmebiT unda cdilobdes sakuTari Tavis srulyofas, raTa ar moeqces
8 И.Ф. Колесникова, А.Е. Марон, Е.П. Тонконогая и др. «Основы Андрагогики». Издательский Центр
«Академия» 2003 г. ISBN 5-7695-0978-3 9 k. ramiSvili. “zrdasrulTa ganaTlebais pedagogika, kvlevis obieqti”. Jurnali “skola da cxovreba” # 6. 1990 w. gv. 178 10T. grZeliZe. “ganaTlebis reforma saqarTveloSi, ras warmoadgens da rogori unda iyos
sinamdvileSi”. gamomcemloba “mecniereba”, 1998 w. gv. 36. (Sifri 2 K 83-318, mecnierebaTa akademiis bibliTeka).
8
socialur izolaciaSi. amaSi mas xeli saxelmwifomac unda Seuwyos. am
mxriv Cveni qveyana CamorCeba msoflios ganviTarebul qveynebsac da
zogierT yofil socialistur qveyanasac.
kvlevis aqtualoba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom dRes qveyanaSi
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistema Tavidan yalibdeba da moTxovnileba
masze mosaxleobaSi isev iCens Tavs. marTalia, mimdinareobs reformebi
ganaTlebis sistemaSi, magram es procesebi garkveul problemebs awydeba.
mimdinare etapze sirTuleebs ganicdis arsebuli saganmanaTleblo sivrce.
ukve ramdenime welia, msoflioSi tardeba kvleva wignierebis donis
Sesaxeb, maT Soris saqarTveloSic, sadac sagangebo mdgomareobaa am mxriv.
2006-2007 wlebSi organizaciebma PIRLS-ma da PISAM–m saqarTveloSi
Caatares kvleva 9-10 da 14-15 wlis bavSvebSi wignierebis donis Sesaxeb.
kvleva tardeboda weriTi metyvelebis gamoyenebisa da wakiTxulis
gaazrebis meTodiT. kvlevis SedegebiT qarTveli moswavleebi wignierebis
doniT bolo oTxeulSi arian (sul 45 qveyana monawileobda)11, rac imis
niSania, rom skolis maswavleblebi, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, saWiroeben
gadamzadebas. am problemebis arsebobis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi
dakavSirebulia kulturul-saganmanaTleblo memkvidreobisa da
Rirebulebebis globalur cvlilebasTan. xdeba Semobruneba principulad
axali socialur-kulturuli tipis sazogadoebisken, romelic xdeba ra
codnis ekonomikis nawili, dafuZnebulia garkveuli codnis sistemaze. am
codnis mobilizaciis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes saSualebad ganaTlebis
sxva sferoebTan erTad, Cvens qveyanaSic zrdasrulTa ganaTleba unda
iqnes miCneuli.
mocemuli kvleva msoflioSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis ganviTarebis
swored am axal pirobebs iTvaliswinebs, ganixilavs zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebas istoriul WrilSi, ikvlevs maswavlebelTa sertificirebasTan
dakavSirebul arsebul gamocdilebas da bolos, ikvlevs zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis SedarebiT viwro sferos, maswavlebelTa, rogorc 11
PIRLS 2006 Technical Report, Edited by Michael O. Martin, Ina V.S. Mullis, and Ann M. Kennedy (2007), Chestnut Hill,
MA: TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center, Boston College.
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zrdasrulTa trenings, rogorc informirebuli sazogadoebis
Camoyalibebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes rgols dRevandel saqarTveloSi.
msoflio sazogadoebisTvis zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis rolis axleburad
gaazrebisTvis mniSvnelovan movlenad iqca 1997 wels iuneskos
organizebiT qalaq hamburgSi gamarTuli zrdasrulTa ganaTlebisadmi
miZRvnili me-5 msoflio konferencia CONFINTEA V. am konferenciaze
saerTaSoriso forumze dakaraSi (senegali, 2000), germaniis saxalxo
universitetebis asociaciis saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis institutis
(IZZ DVV) egidiT organizebul saerTaSoriso konferenciebze,
zrdasrulTa ganaTleba miCneul iqna XXI saukunis ganviTarebis sakvanZo
faqtorad12. am da sxva konferenciebis monawileTa saerTo daskvna
mdgomareobda imaSi, rom zrdasrulTa ganaTleba warmoadgens bevri
problemis mogvarebis, kerZod, axali teqnologiebis danergviT mudmivad
cvalebad pirobebTan mosaxleobis Segueba-adapataciis, umuSevrad
darCenili da socialur izolaciaSi moqceuli adamianebisTvis
TviTgadarCenisa da TviTrealizaciis, Tanamedrove samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis Camoyalibebisa da demokratiis ganviTarebis xelSewyobis
saSualebas. me-20 saukunis poloneli ganmanaTlebelis, solarJis
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis “umniSvnelovanesi funqcia
aris da yovelTvis iqneba, aswavlos adamians, icxovros aqtiuri
cxovrebiT, raTa ipovos sakuTari biliki cxovrebis gzaze, raTa SeZlos
sakuTari Tavis sazogadoebasTan integrireba, TviTon aimaRlos
TviTSegneba, radgan TiToeuli adamiani kacobriobis istoriis
umniSvnelovanesi nawilia”13.
2009 wels CONFINTEA VI konferenciaze braziliaSi, sadac saqarTvelom
pirvelad miiRo monawileoba, zrdasrulTa ganTlebas codnis
ekonomikisTvis saWiro informirebuli sazogadoebis CamoyalibebaSi
aqtiuri rolis Sesrulebis aucilebloba xazgasmiT gamoikveTa.
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CONFINTEA V materials: www.unesco.org/education/uie/confintea/ 13
norber f.b. gregeri da eva prJibilska “zrdasrulTa ganaTleba poloneTSi” ??????????
10
konferenciisTvis mzadebis procesSi saqarTveloSi Seiqmna zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis problematikisadmi miZRvnili interseqtolaruli dialogi.
masSi monawileobdnen rogorc samTavrobo, ise arasamTavrobo seqtorebis
wamomadgeneli dainteresebuli pirebi (maT Soris mocemuli naSromis
avtoric) da misi mizani iyo qveyanaSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb angariSis momzadeba.14
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan
harmonizaciis erovnuli programis ganxorcielebis ganaTlebisa da
mecnierebis saministros individualur mimdinare samoqmedo gegmaSi weria:
“evrokavSiris qveynebis bolo aTwleulis aqtivoba ganaTlebis sferoSi
mimarTulia saerTo saganmanaTleblo sivrcis Seqmnisaken. am mizniT
saWiroa struqturuli, Sinaarsobrivi da sakanonmdeblo gardaqmnebi”15.
Sinaarsobrivi cvlilebebis CamonaTvalSi sxva sakiTxebTan erTad
CamoTvlilia Semdegic, rom (1) unda dainergos dasavleT evropaSi bolo
dros metad popularuli strategia “swavla sicocxlis manZilze”
(msoflio praqtikaSi “swavla sicocxlis manZilze” da “zrdasrulTa
ganaTleba” sinonimebad gamoiyeneba), rac pirovnebas saSualebas aZlevs
konkurentunariani gaxdes axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebaSi, gaiadvilos
socialuri urTierTobebi, Seiqmnas Tanaswori SesaZleblobebi da
gaiumjobesos cxovrebis xarisxi; da (2) saqarTvelo aqtiurad unda
CaerTos saerTaSoriso programaSi “ganaTleba yvelasaTvis”, rac
saSualebas miscems mas SeinarCunos is miRwevebi, romelic aqamde hqonda
da saswrafod daZlios is uaryofiTi tendenciebi, romelmac bolo dros
iCina Tavi.
saqarTveloSi maswavlebelTa 2010-2014 w.w. sasertifikacio
gamocdebisTvis saxelmwifos mier dafinansebuli maswavleblTa
profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli dafinansebis programa evrokavSiris
kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizaciis erovnuli programis ganxorcielebis
14
AEAG Georgia and dvv international , “zrdasrulTa ganaTleba saqarTveloSi da CONFINTEA VI” -
ISBN 978-9941-0-1419-2 15
ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros individualuri samoqmedo gegma: www.mes.gov.ge
11
saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros individualuri
mimdinare samoqmedo gegmis ganxorcielebis erT-erTi Semavali aqtivobaa.
postsabWoTa qveynebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi, xSirad mxolod
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Teoriul safuZvlebs ganixilaven maSin, roca
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis dawesebulebis realuri arseboba
mniSvnelovanwilad im adamianebis cocxal, praqtikul saqmianobas
warmoadgens, romlebic sxvadasxva tipis kursebis, saswavlo programebisa
da seminarebis organizebas axdenen16. saqarTvelos xelisufleba xSirad
mxars uWers kerZo iniciativebs qveyanaSi, cdilobs SezRudos
saxelmwifos Careva iq, sadac kerZo seqtori ufro kompetenturi da sando
SeiZleba iyos. igive moxda ganaTlebis da zrdasrulTa treningis
sferoSic. kerZo trening-provaideri organizaciebi aqtiurad CaerTvnen
maswavlebelTa ganaTlebis procesebSi mimdinare sasertifikacio
gamocdebisTvis mosamzadeblad17. magram provaideri organizaciebis
trenerebs ar moeTxovebaT specialuri unarebi, rasac zrdasrulTa
swavlebis procesebi moiTxoven.
saqarTveloSi dResdReobiT mxolod erTaderTi organizacia arsebobs,
romelic zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis specialist-praqtikoss amzadebs. es
aris konsultaciisa da treningis centri CTC. arsebobs kidev erTjeradi
treningebi trenerTaTvis konkretuli mimarTulebiT, romelsac
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis programebis farglebSi atareben dasavluri
qveynebidan mowveuli eqspertebis meSveobiT.
CTC warmoadgens pirvel qarTul organizacias zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis sferoSi, romelmac 2004 wels miiRo saerTaSoriso xarisxis
marTvis sertifikati ISO- 9001-2000. aq atareben kursebs, sadac aswavlian
16
Рамишвили К. К. «Вопросы обучения взрослых в народных университетах» Тбилиси. Издательство Тбилис.
Госуниверситета. 1986 – 211 с. 17
Aleksandra Duda, Terence Clifford-Amos. Study on Teacher Education for Primary and Secondary Education in six
Eastern Partnership Countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. Final Report.
Agreement nr EAC-2011-0301 (Negotiated procedure EAC/28/2011). European Commission, Directorate-General for
Education and Culture. September 2011
12
„zrdasrulTa saswavlo programebis SemuSavebas da zrdasrulTa
saswavlo procesis warmarTvis unar-Cvevebs“.
CTC–is vebgverdze Tqven waikiTxavT: „nebismieri trening programis
warmateba didad aris damokidebuli trenerze: swored mas SeuZlia
programa srul katastrofad an gasaocar saswavlo gamocdilebad aqcios.
Tavis mxriv, treneris muSaobis xarisxs gansazRvravs misi unari, sworad
SearCios zrdasrulTaTvis codnis efeqturad gadacemis meTodebi,
zogadad Seqmnas swavlisTvis xelisSemwyobi garemo. amdenad kursis
mizania, daexmaros trenerebs TavianTi programebis ufro efeqtur
dagegmvasa da ganxorcielebaSi18“. Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom es
kursebi Tavisi Rirebulebis gamo arc ise advili xelmisawvdomia
bevrisTvis.
saTanado dafinansebis SemTxvevaSi, qveynis universitetebs sakuTari
inteleqtualuri resursebis gamoyenebiT SeuZliaT moamzadon iseTi
specialistebi, romlebic zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis socialur-pedagogiuri
principebis amuSavebas moaxdenen. ilias saxelmwifo universitetTan
arsebuli maswavlebelTa profesiuli mxardaWeris centri19 aqtiurad Caeba
saxelmwifos mier dafinansebul maswavleblTa profesiuli ganviTarebis
vauCeruli dafinansebis programaSi da muSaobs maswavlebelTa
sagnobrivi da profesiuli unarebis swavlebis mimarTulebiT. garda amisa,
universitetSi funqcionirebs codnis ekonomikis kvleviTi instituti,
romelic aseve muSaobs zrdasrulTa treningis kvlevis mimarTulebiT.
naSromis struqtura
naSromi Sedgeba Sesavlisa da Svidi ZiriTadi Tavisgan, romlebSic
literaturisa da statistikis mimoxilvis da kvlevis meTodologiis
aRweris Semdeg gamokveTilia kvlevis saerTo daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi.
naSroms Tan axlavs reziume inglisur enaze da gamoyenebuli
literaturis sia (bibliografia). SesavalSi xdeba kvlevis prezentacia da
18
http://www.ctc.org.ge/?lang=geo&page=118 19
http://www.iliauni.edu.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=588
13
warmodgenilia Tezisi. saubaria imaze, Tu raSi mdgomareobs problema da
ratom aris saWiro misi gadawyveta. naSromis momdevno TavSi
ganmartebulia ZiriTadi terminebi, Camoyalibebulia kvlevis hipoTeza da
problemis gadawyvetis gzebi; dasabuTebulia sakvlevi problemis
aqtualoba, kvlevis mizani da sagani; daxasiaTebulia kvlevis mecnieruli
siaxle, naSromis Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba. kvlevis
wyaroebze dayrdnobiT (mecnierebaTa akademiis biblioTekis20,
sazogadoebriv saqmeTa institutis biblioTekis, saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo arqivis fondis21, ilias saxelmwifo pedagogiuri institutis
biblioTekis da profesorebis kerZo biblioTekebis, UNESCO-CONFINTEA-s
1997-2009 wlebis konferenciebis, saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministros
vebgverdze da internetSi mopovebuli sxva masalebi) disertaciis
momdevno TavebSi ganxilulia zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis istoria, misi
ganviTarebis etapebi, Taviseburebebi da funqciebi. Tema ganixilavs da
asabuTebs zrdasrulTa saswavlo procesebSi zrdasrulTa swavlebis
principebis gaTvaliswinebiT modulirebuli midgomis upiratesobas am
mimarTulebiT gaweuli dafinansebebis efeqturad gamoyenebis saqmeSi da
zogadad zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis programebis dagegmvis saqmeSi. kvlevis
meTodologiis nawilSi detalurad aris aRwerili kvlevis mizniT
Catarebuli eqsperimentebisa da maTi analizis Sedegebi. naSromi mTavrdeba
kvlevis ZiriTadi daskvnebiTa da rekomendaciebiT, romlebic gamiznulia
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis mesveurebze maswavlebelTa sasertifikacio
gamocdebTan mimarTebaSi da zogadad.
20
Sifris nomrebi: K 25-26-27 da AK 65-75 21
fondis nomrebi: 14-22
14
II Tavi: disertaciis zogadi daxasiaTeba da mniSvneloba
abstraqti: zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Sinaarsi, marTva da saswavlo procesebi da aseve,
zrdasrulebisTvis axali unar-Cvevebis miRebis xelmisawvdomoba moiTxovs kvlevasa da
gaumjobesebas. mocemuli kvlevis avtori eyrdnoba zrdasrulTagan, kerZod, skolis
maswavleblebisgan miRebuli monacemebis analizs. kvlevis avtorma sayuradRebod miiCnia
Seeswavla maswavlebelTa aRqma, aris Tu ara Tanxvedra mimdinare sasertifikacio
gamocdebisTvis organizebuli treningebsa (saqarTvelo, 2010-2014) maswavlebelTa swavlis
motivaciasTan da maTi kmayofilebis an ukmayofilebis doneebs Soris; da moaxdens Tu
ara zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Sesabamis principebze agebuli treningebi zegavlenas
treningebis Sedegebze. kvleva Catarda im mizniT, rom gamoevlina zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis principebis mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri maswavlebelTa damokidebulebasTan
sasertifikacio gamocdebisaTvis organizebuli mosamzadebeli treningebisadmi; moexdina
maswavlebelTa pedegogiuri rwmenebisa da praqtikis transformirebisa da
urTierTzemoqmedebis xarisxis Semowmeba; da aseve, Seeswavla zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
roli informirebuli sazogadoebis (Knowledge Society) Camoyalibebis saqmeSi.
mocemuli kvleva bevrad adre daiwyo, vidre kvlevis sagani
saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros samoqmedo gegmaSi
da braziliaSi CONFINTEA VI –ze warsadgen erovnul angariSSi aisaxeboda
– saqarTveloSi zrdasrulTa swavlebisa da ganaTlebis ganviTarebis da
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. igi agebuli iyo praqtikul saqmianobaze da mxolod
Semdeg miiRo publikaciebisa da Teoriuli naSromis saxe da amdenad,
Tavisi wvlilic Seitana aRniSnuli angariSis calkeuli Tavebis
momzadebaSi. disertaciaSi Camoyalibebulia zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
pedagogikis safuZvlebi da winaswar gaweuli praqtikuli saqmianobis
Sedegad formirebuli axali socialur-pedagogiuri principebi; mocemulia
statistika da infromacia maswavleblTa profesiuli ganviTarebis
vauCeruli dafinansebis programis Sesaxeb. aqve gansazRvrulia
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis, rogorc pedagogikis axali mecnieruli
15
mimarTulebis damkvidrebis pirobebi, rac Semdgom zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis sistemisa da masSi Semavali calkeuli rgolis safuZveli
unda gaxdes. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis koncefcias, meTodikas,
fsiqologiur sakiTxebs, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistemisadmi zogadi da
konkretuli midgomebis dialeqtikas da masTan dakavSirebul finansur
aspeqtebs mocemuli Tema, nawilobriv, istoriul WrilSi ganixilavs da
adgens maTi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebs. zemoT CamoTvlili aspeqtebi sxva
mkvlevarebis kvlevis sagnadac SeiZleba iqces. mocemul kvlevaSi
gamokveTilia zrdasrulTa treningebisa da zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
principebze agebuli modulirebuli swavlebis midgomis upiratesoba
zrdasrulTa swavlebis procesebSi.
maSin, roca TiTqmis mTel msoflioSi gamudmebiT viTardeba
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sxvadasxva mimarTuleba [treningebi sxvadasxva
unarebSi, distanciuri ganaTleba, axali sabazo ganaTleba, swavlis
gagrZeleba, swavla sicocxlis manZilze, zrdasrulTa araformaluri
ganaTleba, saqarTveloSi metwilad saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier
xorcieldeba msgavsi programebi. am moZrobas usistemo xasiaTi aqvs da
mxolod ramdenime miznobrivi jgufisken aris mimarTuli. zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis kursebis is mcire raodenoba ki, rac adgilobrivi
iuridiuli, an kerZo pirebis mier Seiqmna, ZviradRirebulia da regionebSi
socialur izoliaciaSi moqceul mosaxleobas maTze xeli ar miuwvdeba22.
reformebi ar SeiZleba Semoifarglebodes mxolod struqturebis
ganaxlebiT da axali teqnologiebis SemotaniT. saWiroa Zvel sistemaSi
miRebuli ganaTlebis mqone pirebis axal sabazro ekonomikasTan, codnis
ekonomikasTan adaptaciis specialuri saganmanaTleblo programebis
amuSaveba. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania amis gakeTeba regionebSi (reforma
qvemodan), sadac mosaxleoba socialur izolaciaSia moqceuli. saWiroa
ganaTlebis axali mimarTulebis gamovlineba da qveynis uzarmazari
22
“saqarTvelos zrdasruli mosaxleobis ganaTlebisa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebis kursebi” – monacemTa baza. moamzada da gamosca organizaciam IZZ-DVV, 2004 wels. ISBN
99928- 995- 4- 9
16
saganmanaTleblo da inteleqtualuri potencialis gamoyeneba am
mimarTulebiT, raTa axal Sromis bazarze profesionaluri da amave dros
saTemo mobilizacia moxdes23.
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Tanmxlebi socialur-pedagogiuri principebi
bevri sxva qveynis ganaTlebis sistemaSi calke Teoriad yalibdeba da im
umaRlesi saswavleblebis programebis sagnad iqceva (mag. CrdiloeT
amerikisa da evropis qveynebSi, maT Soris baltiispireTis qveynebSi da
ruseTis federaciaSi), romlebic zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis specialistebs,
trenerebs amzadeben. am qveynebSi mTavar gamowvevad rCeba zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebaSi monawileobis gazrdis aucilebloba. realoba gviCvenebs, rom
zrdasrulTa swavleba xorcieldeba ufro formaluri saswavlo garemos
miRma, rogorc araformaluri, ise informaluri swavlebis gziT.
23
daviT gziriSvili “saqarTveloSi saTemo organizaciebis situaciuri analizi” – siRaribis daZlevis da ekonomikuri zrdis ganxorcielebis angariSi. moamzada da gamosca. 2003 w. ixileT veb-gverdi: www.un.org/reports
17
2.1. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebasTan da zrdasrulTa treningTan
dakavSirebuli cnebebi da aqtivobebi
1997 hamburgSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebisadmi miZRvnil saerTaSoriso
CONFINTEA V-is mier miRebul deklaraciaSi zrdasrulTa ganaTleba
Semdegnairad aris ganmartebuli: is “warmoadgens formaluri an
araformaluri ganaTlebis im sferoebs, sadac adamianebi, romlebsac
sazogadoeba miiCnevs zrdasrulad, ganaviTareben Tavis unarebs,
imdidreben codnas, imaRleben TavianT teqnikur Tu profesiul
kvalifikacias an mimarTaven maT axali mimarTulebiT, raTa moaxdinon
maTi Tanxvedra sakuTar da sazogadoebis (bazris) moTxovnebTan24”.
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebisadmi miZRvnilma momdevno saerTaSoriso
konferenciam CONFINTEA VI –ma belemSi (brazilia) zrdasulTa ganaTlebas
mcodne (informirebuli) sazogadoebis (Knowledge Society) da codnis
ekonomikis (Knowledge Economy) CamoyalibebaSi prioritetuli mniSvneloba
mianiWa da mosTxova monawile qveynebis mTavrobebs, maT Soris
saqarTvelos, Seasrulon konferenciis rezolucia, romelic ZiriTadad
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis rolis gazrdas eZRvneba globaluri
gamowvevebis pirobebSi.
zrdasrulTa ganaTleba aris „ganaTlebis nebismieri procesi, romelic
Seqmnilia im adamianebisTvis, visac asakidan gamomdinare aqvs muSaobis,
xmis micemis, qorwinebisa da jarSi samsaxuris ufleba“ (zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis nacionaluri institutis angariSi. inglisi, 1970 weli).
formaluri ganaTleba gulisxmobs (zrdasrulTa SemTxvevaSi)
profesiul skolebsa da universitetebSi akreditebuli saganmanaTleblo
programis aTvisebis Sedegad miRebul ganaTlebas da iTvaliswinebs
saxelmwifos mier aRiarebuli ganaTlebis damadasturebeli dokumentis
(diplomis) miRebas.
24
Hamburg Declaration in 1997, CONFINTEA V
18
araformaluri ganaTleba gulisxmobs swavlebis kursis damTavrebis
sertificirebul, aradiplomirebul Sefasebas da niSnavs organizebul,
struqturirebul da mizanmimarTul saganmanaTleblo RonisZiebebs, anu
swavlis process, romelic xorcieldeba formaluri ganaTlebis (saskolo
da sauniversiteto ganaTleba) miRma (magaliTad, treningebze).
informaluri ganaTleba gulisxmobs mizanmimarTul, magram naklebad
organizebul da struqturirebul swavlis process, romlis Sefasebis
mizniT ar gaicema diploma an sertifikati (an gaicema simboluri xasiaTis
matarebeli diplomi da sertifikati). aseTi procesi SeiZleba
mimdinareobdes ojaxSi, samuSao adgilas, an yofiT garemoSi.
zrdasrulTa treningi garkveuli codnis, unarebisa da kompetenciebis
SeZenas emasaxureba. mas gaaCnia konkretuli miznebi, gaaumjobesos
adamianTa jgufis niWiereba, gonebrivi Tu fizikuri unarebi da moqmedeba
maTTvis sasargeblo mimarTulebiT.
yvela zemoaRniSnuli saswavlo procesi unda moicavdes swavlis
garkveul strategias, romelic zrdasrulebisTvisaa gaTvaliswinebuli,
xolo TviTon process, romelic zrdasrul msmenelebs swavlis am
strategiebTan akavSirebs, samecniero wreebSi andragogikas uwodeben25.
termini andragogika germanelma pedagogikis istorikosma a. kapma Tavis
naSromebSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Sesaxeb jer kidev 1833 wels, termin
“pedagogikis” analogad Semoitana. berZnuli warmoSobis sityvebis
“andros” – mamakaci da “agogein” – tareba, SerwymiT. sityvasityviT Tu
gadavTargmniT, andragogika niSnavs “zrdasruli adamianis mcodneobas,”
magram vinaidan termini andragogika gaCnda pedagogiuri moRvaweobis
sinamdvileSi, saubaria zrdasruli adamianis mcodneobaze ganaTlebis
WrilSi26. terminebis “pedagogika” da “andragogika” naTesaoba da
urTierTkavSiri mravali welia, profesiuli kamaTis sagania da radgan
azrobrivi memkvidreoba pedagogikisgan miiRo da adamianis ganaTlebas
25
Кузьмина Н.В. «Предмет акмеологии». СП акмеологическая академия.1995.-24с. 26
И.Ф. Колесникова, А.Е. Марон, Е.П. Тонконогая и др. «Основы Андрагогики». Издательский Центр
«Академия» 2003 г. ISBN 5-7695-0978-3
19
exeba, mecnierebis umetesoba dRemde mas aRiqvams, rogorc pedagogikis erT-
erT mimarTulebas. sxvebi mas miiCneven socialuri praqtikis sferod,
saswavlo disciplinad, erTi nawili mecnieruli codnis celke sferodac
miiCnevs27. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, andragogika, rogorc zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis Semswavleli pedagogiuri mecniereba, didi xania, qarTveli
mkvlevarebis yuradRebis centrSi moeqca, radgan is uSualo kavSirSia
adamianuri kapitalis ganviTarebis saqmeSi.
adamianuri kapitalis cneba ganixileba, rogorc investiciebis
erToblioba adamianSi, romelic mis Sromis unars aZlierebs. esaa
ganaTleba da profesiuli Cvevebi. ganaTlebuli da informirebuli
adamiani daculi adamiania da warmoadgens mcodne (informirebuli)
sazogadoebis safuZvels.
mcodne (informirebuli) sazogadoeba (Knowledge Society) is sazogadoebaa,
sadac informaciis Seqmna, gamoyeneba, gavrceleba, integracia da
manipulacia mniSvnelovan ekonomikur, politikur da kultural aqtivobas
warmoadgens ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. niko steri wignSi „The Knowledge
Society“ ambobs, rom informirebul sazogadoebaSi saqmianobis umetesi
nawili moicavs mecnierul da teqnologiur codnaze damyarebul samuSaos
da rom mecnieruli codna aris socialuri cvlilebebis mamoZravebeli.28
1966 wels Tavis wignSi „Effective Executive” menejmentis cnobilma
amerikelma mkvlevarma piter dakerma pirvelad warudgina msoflio
sazogadoebas termini codnis ekonomika (gv. 2). man aRwera gansxvaveba
fizikurad momuSavesa da gonebrivad momuSaves Soris: fizikurad momuSave
Tavisi xelebiT muSaobs da awarmoebs produqcias an muSaobs momsaxurebis
sferoSi, xolo gonebrivad momuSave TaviT muSaobs da ideebs, codnasa da
informacias qmnis29.
27
Knowles, Malcolm S. The Modern Practice of Adult Education; Andragogy versus Pedagogy. The Association
Press, 291 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10007, 1970 28
Gernot Bohme and Nivo Stehr „The Knowledge Society“. D. Reidel publishing Company, ISBN 90-277-2305/
ISBN 90-277-2306-0. Introduction, 1986 29
Peter F. Drucker – The Effective Executive. Collins (2005) - Paperback - ISBN 0060833459
20
akademikos a. bodalevis (ruseTi) azriT, zrdasrulTa asakobrivi
gradacia ramdenime stadias moicavs: 1) adreuli zrdasrulobis asaki (18-30
w.), rodesac adamiani ecnoba da asrulebs Tavis iuridiul da socialur
movaleobebs; 2) saSualo zrdasrulobis asaki (30-45 w.), rodesac adamiani
srulyofs da asrulebs Tavis profesiul da socialur movaleobebs; 3)
gviani zrdasrulobis asaki (45-55 w.), rodesac adamiani maRalkvalificiuri
xdeba Tavisi profesiuli da socialuri funqciis SesrulebaSi; 4) wina
sapensio asaki (55-65 w.), es periodi xSirad motivaciis cvlilebebiT
aRiniSneba; 5) sapensio asaki (60-65 wlis da zeviT)30.
saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da ganviTarebis saministros statistikis
departamentis monacemebiT, mosaxleobis asakobrivi gradacia Semdeg
stadiebs moicavs: (1) 0-14 wlis, (2) 15-24 wlis, (3) 25-64 wlis da (4) 65 da
zeviT. aRniSnul departamentSi am asakobrivi gradaciis safuZvelze xdeba
monacemTa gadanawileba31. mocemuli kvlevisTvis Catarebulma
gamokiTxvebma ki aCvena, rom zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebis
saswavlo procesebze daswrebis msurvelTa qveda zRvari metwilad 25
welia, xolo zeda zRvari - 65 wlis asaksac cdeba. aqve unda aRvniSnoT,
rom dRes saqarTveloSi umuSevrobis riskis winaSe mdgomi adamianebis
maCveneblebi 45-65 wlis asakobriv segmentSi bevrad maRalia. yovelive
zemoaRniSnuli imaze miuTiTebs, rom moTxovna zrdasrulTa ganaTlebaze
saSualod 25-65 wlis adamianebze modis da zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
ZiriTadi strategiebi swored maTze unda iyos gaTvlili.
zrdasruli adamianebi gamoirCevian imiT, rom maT SeuZliaT aiRon
pasuxismgebloba TavianT profesiul ganviTarebaze; SeuZliaT cvalebad
pirobebeTan adaptireba; aqvT motivacia da gaaCniaT garkveuli
gamocdileba, anu Sesabamisi codnis baza; SeuZliaT kritikis miReba; aqvT
SedarebiT maRali profesiuli, moraluri da eTikuri standartebi; aqvT
30
Бодалев А.А. «Актуальные проблемы изучения взрослых. Мир психологии». Научно-методический
журнал.№2(18). МПСИ. М-В.1999.с6-11. 31
ekonomikis ganviTarebis saministros statistikis departamentis 2003 w. angariSi
21
survili, gaiumjobeson socialuri pirobebi; kargad acnobiereben im
politikur, socialur da kulturul pirobebs, romlebSic uwevT muSaoba.
efeqtiani swavlebisa da swavlis dros zemoT miTiTebuli asakis
zrdasruli msmenelebi koncentrirebulni arian, aqvT mzaoba da swavlis
survili, iswrafvian TviTrealizaciisken, anu motivirebulni arian.
swavleba mimdinareobs sworad da Seesabameba maT gamocdilebas, codnasa
da aRqmis unars da bolos, zrdasruli msmenelebi aqtiurad arian
CarTulni erTobliv muSaobaSi.
efeqtiani swavlebisa da swavlis garantias zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
principebze agebuli saswavlo procesi iZleva.
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebi exmareba praqtikas, romelic exeba
dagegmvas, praqtikaSi gatarebasa da zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis aqtivobebis
Sefasebas32. swavlis procesis Semsubuqebis mizniT zrdasrulTa
ganmanaTleblebs unda esmodeT zrdasrulTa swavlebis procesi.
zrdasrulTa treningebis organizebis procesebSi zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis principebi saxelmZRvaneloa gadawyvetilebis miRebisTvis. aseT
gadawyvetilebebze ki damokidebulia zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Sedegebis
efeqturoba, rac, Tavis mxriv, informirebuli sazogadoebis
Camoyalibebis garantiaa. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis konkretuli principebis
CamonaTvali mocemuli kvlevis momdevno TavebSia momixiluli (ixileT
qveTavi 3.3.), xolo maTi gamoyenebis aucileblobis sakiTxi warmoadgens
sadisertacio naSromSi warmodgenili problemis gadawyvetis gzebsa da
kvlevis meTodologiaSi mowodebul mTavar cvladebs Soris korelaciis
koeficientis dadgenis sagans (saSualebas).
32
Teaching and Learning - Towards the Learning Society - White paper on education and learning, COM(95)
590, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1995
22
2.2. kvlevis mizani, hipoTeza, problemis gadawyvetis gzebi da limitaciebi
zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebis msoflioSi erT-erT
gavrcelebul formas warmoadgens zrdasrulTa treningi. mocemuli Temis
kvlevis mTavari mizania, maswavlebelTa sasertifikacio gamocdebisTvis
(2010-2014 w.w. saqarTvelo) mosamzadebeli treningebis magaliTze
daadginos, aris Tu ara zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebze agebuli
modulirebuli swavlebis Sedegebi ufro efeqturi. zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis principebi, rogorc SesavalSi aRvniSneT, aris is, risi
gaTvalsiwinebiTac unda moxdes zrdasrulTa swavlebis procesebis
dagegmva, praqtikaSi gatareba da am mimarTulebiT Catarebuli aqtivobebis
Sefaseba.
kvlevis mizniT saWiro gaxda, gamovleniliyo zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
principebis mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri imasTan, Tu ra damokidebuleba aqvT
maswavleblebs sasertifikacio gamocdebisaTvis organizebuli
treningebis mimarT da Semdeg ori gansxvavebuli tipis treningis
Sedegebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba. am gziT kvlevis avtorma scada moexdina
maswavlebelTa pedegogiuri da praqtikis transformirebisa da
urTierTzemoqmedebis xarisxis Semowmeba da maswavlebelTa treningis
potencialis gazrdis gzebis gamokveTa maTi profesiuli mxardaWeris
saqmeSi.
kvlevis mizania aseve, daasabuTos, rom qveyanaSi reformebis
warmatebuli ganxorcielebis, Zveli da axali memkvidreobis
urTierTdakavSirebis, umuSevarTa socialuri izolaciidan Tavis daRwevis
mniSvnelovan saSualebas zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTleba
warmoadgens. am mizniT kvlevis avtorma Seiswavla zrdasrulTa
araformalur ganaTlebaSi mosaxleobis CarTulobis mimarTeba mcodne
(informirebuli) sazogadoebis (Knowledge Society) Camoyalibebis procesebTan.
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Sinaarsi, marTva da saswavlo procesebi da
aseve, zrdasrulebisTvis axali unar-Cvevebis miRebis xelmisawvdomoba
23
moiTxovs kvlevasa da gaumjobesebas. mocemuli kvlevis avtori eyrdnoba
zrdasrulTagan, kerZod, skolis maswavleblebisgan miRebuli monacemebis
analizs. problema isaa, rom skolis maswavleblebis damokidebulebam
sasertifikacio gamocdebisa da am gamocdebisTvis mosamzadebeli
treningebis vauCeruli dafinansebis programis mimarT skeptikuri xasiaTi
miiRo. maT gauCndaT gamocdebis warumateblad Cabarebis da Sesabamisad
umuSevrad darCenis SiSi. yovelive amis mizezi is aris, rom isini ar arian
sakmarisad informirebulebi am gamocdebis miznebis Sesaxeb da arc sxva
qveynebSi analogiuri gamocdilebis Sesaxeb. garda amisa, aRniSnuli
treningebi, bevri mizezis gamo, skolis maswavleblebi didi nawilisTvis
mSral saswavlo procesad aRiqmeba. ukve Catarebuli gamocdebis SedegebiT
Tu vimsjelebT, maT skepticizmsa da SiSs garkveuli safuZveli gaaCnia da
vauCeruli dafinansebis programis farglebSi bevrad metis gakeTeba
SeiZleba efeqturobis TvalsazrisiT.
mocemuli kvlevis hipoTeza aseTia: maswavlebelTa (zrdasrulTa)
treningebis dros zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebze da sazogadoebis
informirebulobis ideaze agebuli modulirebuli swavlebis midgoma
bevrad efeqtur Sedegebs iZleva, vidre mSrali, gamocdebze
orientirebuli swavlebis midgoma, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebis
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe.
damtebiT, kvelva askvnis, rom treningisadmi da sasertifikacio
gamocdebisadmi (2010-2014, saqarTvelo) dadebiTi damokidebulebisa da
molodinebis mqone maswavlebelTa ricxvis zrda zrdsrulTa ganaTlebis
principebis gaTvalsiwinebiT modulirebuli swavlebis midgomis Sedegad
moxdeba, rac gamokiTxvis SedegebiT SegviZlia SevamowmoT.
amasTan, kvlevis avtori asabuTebs Semdegs: im faqtorebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Tanamedrove etapze mimdinareobs saxelmwifo
sistemis radikaluri cvlileba da rom Cndeba moTxovna ganaTlebaze
qveynis zrdasrul mosaxleobas Soris, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebas SeuZlia
socialuri reabilitaciis funqcia Seasrulos. informirebuloba miscems
24
pirovnebas saSualebas, gaiadvilos socialuri urTierTobebi, Seiqmnas
Tanaswori SesaZleblobebi da gaiumjobesos cxovrebis xarisxi.
zrdassrulTa ganaTlebis sxvadasxva mimarTulebebs SeuZlia miawodos
mosaxleobas saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebis mravalferovani speqtri im
TvalsazrisiT, rom uzrunvelyofs maT konkurentunarianobasa da
profesionalur mobilurobas Sromis bazarze, rasac Tavis mxriv SeuZlia,
xeli Seuwyos adgilobrivi resursebis amoqmedebas, Tu iqneba
dakmayofilebuli Semdegi saorganizacio da pedagogiuri winapirobebi:
dasabuTebuli iqneba zrdasrulTa saganmanaTleblo sistemis yvela
damaxasiaTebeli niSnis optimaluri Tanxvedra, rac gansazRvravs
sistemis moqnilobasa da mravalfunqcionirebas.
gamokvleuli da Seswavlili iqneba Sromis bazarze arsebuli
problemebi da dasaqmebiT uzrunvelyofis socialur-saganmanaTleblo
pirobebi, raTa TiToeul adamians mieces socialur izolaciaSi
moxvedris Tavidan acilebis SesaZlebloba
moxdeba kvalifikaciis xarisxis gazrdis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis
socialur-pedagogiuri daxasiaTeba damqiravebelebis da Sromis bazris
moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
SesaZlebeli iqneba zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistemis pedagogiuri
miznebis, meTodebis, Sinaarsis kompleqsuri saswavlo-meToduri
uzrunvelyofa zrdasrulTa kategoriisa da adgilobrivi pirobebis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
damuSavebuli iqneba zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis miznobrivi programebi
saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
problemis gadawyvetis mizniT, kvlevis avtori gvTavazobs, rom
zrdasrulTa (am SemTxvevaSi maswavlebelTa) treningebi agebuli unda
iyos zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis im principebze, romelic moemsaxureba maT
TviTaqtualizacias, adgilobrivi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. magaliTad,
(1) treningebi ar unda tardebodes uSualod mxolod sasertifikacio
25
gamocdebis win da ar unda iyos orientriebuli mxolod am gamocdebis
Sedegebze; (2) treningis provaiderebi (organizaciebi/pirebi) unda iyvnen
licenzirebuli zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sferoSi; (3) zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis moZraobaSi ganaTlebis saministrosTan erTad aqtiurad unda
iyven CarTuli municipalitetebi da adgilobrivi mTavrobebi, radgan maT
resursebi meti aqvT imisaTvis, rom zrdasrulTa ganaTleba xelmisawvdomi
gaxadon yvelasTvis.
kvlevis ZiriTadi amocanebi:
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis pedagogikis (andragogikis) safuZvlebis
mokvleva, misi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebisa da axali tendenciebis
gamovlena.
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sferoSi saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis
gaziarebiT msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis Teoriuli memkvidreobisa da
Tanamedrove saqarTvelosTvis misi daniSnulebis gaTvaliswinebiT
axali socialur-pedagogiuri principebis formireba.
saqarTvelos pedagogiur wreebSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis strategiis
efeqturi realizaciis pirobebis gamovlena da zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis kulturis amaRleba saqarTveloSi.
zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebis, rogorc pedagogikis axali
mecnieruli mimarTulebis kvleva da damkvidreba adgilobrivi
ganaTlebis sistemaSi.
zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebis modulirebuli swavlebis
funqciis, amocanebisa da adgilis gansazRvra saqarTvelos ganaTlebis
saministros mier individualur samoqmedo gegmaSi miTiTebuli
strategiebis danergvis saqmeSi.
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis meTodebis realizaciaSi pedagogiuri wreebis
CarTvisa da maTi erToblivi saqmianobis optimizaciisaTvis samecniero-
praqtikuli rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba.
26
kvlevis meTodologiur safuZvels konkretul kvlevasTan erTad
warmoadgens filosofosebis, pedagogebis, sociologebisa da
fsiqologebis konceptualuri debulebebi, adamianis dasaqmebis arsi da
misi SemoqmedebiTi aqtiuroba.
kvlevis meTodebad gamoyenebul iqna raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi
kvlevis Semdegi saxeebi: pirispir interviuebi da maTi analizi da
likertis Skala. garda amisa, literaturis mimoxilvis mizniT, moxda
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebaze saqarTveloSi arsebuli kvlevis wyaroebis
moZieba da Seswavla; am mimarTulebiT saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis
gaziareba (vizitebi: germaniisa da daniis zrdasrulTa ganaTelbis
centrebSi 2003 w., kerZo mowveva: krakovis mesame Taobis universitetis
kvleviT laboratoriaSi poloneTSi 2005 w. da amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis qalaq san-diegos universitetis biblioTekaSi 2008 w.);
saerTaSoriso da adgilobriv konferenciebsa da seminarebSi monawileoba
(germanuli organizacia effe-s mier ganaTlebaSi Tavisuflebis
sakiTaxebisadmi miZRvnil konferencia bovenauSi,Ggermania, 2003 w.;
organizacia iiz-dvv-s mier zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis kvireulebis CarCoSi
Catarebuli konferenciebi TbilisSi, 2003-2005 w.w. AEAE da dvv international,
mier organizebuli saerTaSoriso konferencia “axalgazrdebisa da
zrdasrulTa ganaTleba da swavleba sicocxlis manZilze” erevanSi,
somxeTi, 2010 w.; konsultaciebis gaweva saqarTvelos angariSis
mosamzadebel etapze saerTaSoriso konferenciisTvis CONFINTEA VI
belemSi, brazilia, 2009w.)
27
kvlevis limitaciebi. xelisuflebis mxridan am sakiTxebis ignorireba
warmoadgens im risks, romlis winaSec SeiZleba zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
idea dadges; garda amisa, arsebobs riski e.w. “cxovrebisuli krizisebisa”,
romelmac SesaZloa xeli SeuSalos zrdasruli adamianebis garkveul
kategorias, monawileoba miiRos zrdasrulTa ganaTlebaSi; da bolos,
uxarisxo swavlebam da kursebis araorganizebulobam SesaZloa guli
aucruos zrdasrul adamians araformaluri ganaTlebis perspeqtivaze.
mocemul kvlevaSi Camoyalibebuli daskvnebisa da rekomendaciebis
gaTvaliswineba xels Seuwyobs aRniSnuli riskebis Tavidan aridebas da
gauiolebs Sesabamis struqturebsa da organizaciebs zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis saqmis warmatebiT ganxorcielebas.
28
2.3. kvlevis beneficiarebi, aqtualoba da siaxle
mocemuli kvlevis beneficiarebi arian skolis maswavleblebi, asakovani
adamianebi, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis praqtikosebi da am mimarTulebiT
gadawyvetilebis mimRebi organizaciebi, xolo mocemuli kvlevis uSualo
beneficiarebs maswavlebelTa sasertifikato gamocdebSi monawile skolis
maswavleblebi warmoadgenen.
aziisa da evropis qveynebis umetes nawilSi zrdasrulTa (formaluri
Tu araformaluri) ganaTlebis samizne jgufebad miCneulni arian axali
unarebis SeZenis msurveli asakovani adamianebi, socialurad daucveli
jgufebi da aseve zrdasrulebi, romlebic sistemuri cvlilebebis gamo
umuSevrobis sasiSroebis winaSe arian. am samizne jgufSi Sedian agreTve
isini, romlebsac pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg uCndebaT TviTrealizaciis
survili romelime sxva mimarTulebiT, garda Tavisi ZiriTadi profesiisa.
moqniloba aris mTavari saorganizacio principi im qveynebisTvis, sadac
praqtikaSia individebze gaTvlili kursebi, swavlis damoukidebeli
SesaZleblobebi, simetriuli pedagogika, moxerxebuli adgilmdebareoba,
swavlis SesaZleblobebis dagegmva da swavlebis saTanado dafinanseba33.
kvlevis aqtualoba da mecnieruli siaxle is aris, rom disertaciaSi
zrdasrulTa ganaTleba pirveladaa ganxiluli, rogorc pedagogiuri,
socialuri da ekonomikuri saqmianobis integraciis procesi; gamoyofili
da daxasiaTebulia inovaciuri tendenciebi am sferoSi; da dasabuTebulia
regionaluri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT modulirebuli swavlebis
midgomaze dayrdnobili zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis upiratesoba, rogorc
zogadad, aseve kerZod, 2010-2014 w.w. maswavlebelTa sasertifikacio
gamocdebisTvis vauCeruli dafinansebis programis farglebSi
organizebuli maswavlebelTa treningebis dros, romelic qveynis
istoriaSi pirvelad tardeba da amdenad, am mimarTulebiT kvleva metad
aqtualuria.
33
Helen Keogh – “Summary Report Adult Learning and Education (ALE) in the UNESCO Region of Europe, North
Amerika and Israel”- Adult Education In Georgia and CONFINTEA VI, ISBN 978-9941-0-1419-2
29
mocemuli naSromis Teoriuli mniSvneloba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
masSi sistematizebulia pedagogiuri da sociologiuri kvlevis monacemebi
saqarTvelos dRevandel socialur-ekonomikuri winapirobebisa da
saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministros axali poziciis gaTvaliswinebiT;
Camoyalibebulia saqarTveloSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis ganviTarebis
koncefcia da Sedgenilia zrdasrulTa ganaTlebaSi modulirebuli
swavlebis efeqturi meTodika. gamovlenilia qveyanaSi mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebisa da zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebis socialur-
pedagogiuri principebis urTierTkavSiri. yovelive es ki xels Seuwyobs
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis saqmis ganviTarebas da ganaTlebisa da
mecnierebis saministros samoqmedo gegmis warmatebiT ganxorcielebas am
mimarTulebiT.
kvlevis praqtikuli Rirebuleba ki is aris, rom mis safuZvelze
SemuSavebulia rekomendaciebi, romelic eyrdnoba kvlevis Sedegebs da
romelic xels Seuwyobs maswavlebelTa treningebis efeqturad
warmarTvas, am mimarTulebiT gaRebuli dafinansebebis efeqturad
gankargvas da zrdasrulTa, kerZod ki skolis maswavlebelTa treningebis
efeqturobis gazrdas.
30
II Tavis daskvna
winamdebare naSromis mizanSewoniloba ganpirobebulia masSi
ganxiluli kvlevis obieqtis, sagnis, miznebisa da amocanebis,
debulebebisa da aprobaciis SedegebiT, agreTve siaxliT qveyanaSi
maswavlebelTa sasertifikacio gamocdebisa da maTi treningebis
vauCeruli dafinansebis programis saxiT. mniSvneloba da aqtualoba ki
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom axali pedagogiuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri
integraciis pirobebSi Tavs iCens mosaxleobis daintereseba zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis mimarT, rac eTanxmeba ganaTlebis saministros samoqmedo
gegmaSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebiT gansazRvrul sasurvel
struqturul da Sinaarsobriv cvlilebebs da zogadad evrokavSirTan
daaxloebis mizniT ganxorcielebul saxlmwifo reformebs.
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebze agebuli swavlis modulirebul
midgomaze damyarebuli zrdasrulTa ganaTleba is axali mimarTulebaa,
romelic dRes saqarTvelos sWirdeba im inovaciuri Tu socialuri
barierebis gadasalaxavad, razedac bevradaa damokidebuli mimdinare
reformebis efeqturad ganxorcieleba.
naSromis pirvel TavSi kvlevis miznebis, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
mimarTulebiT arsebuli problemebis gadawyvetis sakiTxebisa da kvlevis
mosalodneli Sedegebis ganxilvisas SemoTavazebulia zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis praqtikuli realizaciis gzebi, romelic agebulia im
empiriul gamocdilebasa da konkretul eqsperimentebze, razec momdevno
TavebSi iqneba saubari.
31
III Tavi: zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis zogadTeoriuli
safuZvlebi
(literaturis mimoxilva da diskusia)
3.1. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis istoria
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis istoria jer kidev antikur xanaSi iRebs
saTaves Zvel saberZneTsa (platonis ideebi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb - 427-347 w.w.
Cvens eramde) da romSi (kvintilianes ideebi uwyveti ganaTlebisa da
TviTganaTlebis Sesaxeb 42- 118 w.w. Cvens eramde). platonis pedagogis,
sokrates (470-399 w.w. Cvens eramde) SexedulebiT, „codna saTnoebis
safuZvelia. igi exmareba adamians, rogorc pirad, aseve sazogadoebriv
saqmianobaSi. adamianis erT-erTi Rirsebaa sakuTari Tavis Secnobis unari,
romelic SesaZlebelia farTo ganaTlebis safuZvelze, gaunaTlebeli
adamiani xSirad borotia34.“ udavoa, rom sokrates zrdasruli adamianebi
hyavda mxedvelobaSi, farTo ganaTlebaze rom saubrobs da mdgomareobis
gamosworebisken mouwodebs ganaTlebis gziT.
mark tulius ciceroni (106-43 w.w. Cvens eramde) cnobili oratori,
filosofosi da pedagogi Tavis filosofiur traqtatSi “oratoris
Sesaxeb” ambobs: „aRzrdis idealia srulyofili oratori, sityvis
xelovani da sazogado moRvawe. erT-erTi gza am srulyofisken aris
sistematuri da uwyveti ganaTleba da TviTganaTleba35“.
Cveni welTaRricxvis me-5 saukuneSi platonis mimdevrebma
(neoplatonelebma) aRzrdasa da swavlebas axali orientacia misces: ara
garesamyaros Secnoba, aramed Secnoba sakuTari sulisa, radgan
WeSmariteba swored masSia Camaluli . . . garesamyaros Secnoba mxolod
gzaa RmerTis Secnobisken, amitom saero mecnerebebis Seswavla ara
34n. vasaZe, v. gagua, i. bibileiSvili, g. sixaruliZe, T. mgalobliSvili, a. CxikvaZe. pedagogikis istoria – saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saminstros mier damtkicebuli saxelmZRvanelo, 2000w. gv. 31 35 iqve, gv. 41
32
TviTmizania, aramed WeSmariti realurobis Secnobis saSualeba“36, – aseTi
iyo basil kesarielis (Cveni welTaRricxvis 335-395 w.w.) mosazreba.
rodesac saubaria aseT Rirebulebebze, ar SeiZleba ar gulisxmobdnen
zrdasruli adamianebs.
bizantiis qristianuli imperiis saboloo damkvidrebis Semdeg
ganaTleba eklesiis prerogativa gaxda da ZiriTadad adamianis
qristianul-zneobriv formirebas emsaxureboda. dasawyisSi bizantiis
pedagogiuri azri emTxveoda antikuri samyaros pedagogiur azrs,
SemdgomSi igi Seerwya aRmosavleTis marTlmadidebluri eklesiis
pedagogiur ideebs da es ormagi xasiaTi bolomde SeinarCuna.
mogvianebiT, me-16, me-17 s.s. romaul-kaTolikuri religiis mimdevrebi
yvelafers akeTebdnen, raTa amoeZirkvaT Semoqmedi, TviTganviTarebad
adamianis ideali. individualobasa da sakuTari Tavis Secnobaze saubaric
ki akrZaluli iyo. Tumca dasaqmebis problemis gadasawyvetad eklesia
zrdasrulebs, mozardebis gverdiT aswavlida xatweras, himnografias,
RvTismetyvelebas da wera-kiTxvas saRvTo wignebis gadasawerad. yvelaferi
es ki mxolod eklesiisTvis msaxurebis mizniT keTdeboda.
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebas, rogorc ganaTlebis calke sferos, e.w.
saxalxo universitetebis, anu araformaluri ganaTlebis sistemis saxiT,
safuZveli skandinaviis qveynebSi daedo me-18 saukuneSi. daniaSi – 1783-1872
wlebSi moRvaweobda moZRvari nikolai grundtviki37, romlis
moZRvrebebzec aigo evropis qveynebis zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistema.
evropaSi am mimarTulebis istoriis Semdgomi ganviTarebis saintereso
magaliTs poloneTis zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistemis ganviTarebis
istoria iZleva.
36
n. vasaZe, v. gagua, i. bibileiSvili, g. sixaruliZe, T. mgalobliSvili, a. CxikvaZe. pedagogikis istoria – saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saminstros mier damtkicebuli saxelmZRvanelo, 2000w. gv. 50-51 37
AOF Denmark (Adult Education Center in Copenhagen, NGO) Annual Report, 2003
33
zrdasrulTa ganaTleba poloneTSi38, istoria
poloneTSi, krakovis iagilonenis universitetSi ukve 1776-1780 wlebSi
gamoiyo biujeti, raTa xelosnebisTvis popularuli mecnierebebi
eswavlebinaT. im ganaTlebis koncefcia, romelic poloneTis zrdasrul
mosaxleobas exeba, saTaves iRebs jer kidev “saxalxo ganaTlebis
komisiis” reformebidan, romlis iniciatorebic iyvnen poloneli
moZRvrebi da yofili iezuitebi. pirveli nabijebi ukve 1776 wels gadaidga
krakovis universitetSi, rodesac adgilobriv xelosnebs SesTavazes
gaevloT garkveuli xangrZlivobis kursebi da daswrebodnen seminarebs
popularul mecnerebebSi. 1780 wels ki meqanikis fakultetis profesuram
dafinanseba moipova da am mimarTulebiT sakuTari programis
dasafinanseblad specialuri biujeti Seadgina. ori wlis Semdeg Seiqmna
praqtikuli meqanikis fakultetis profesorTa sabWo, romlis wevrebic
zemoaRniSnuli programis farglebSi amecadinebdnen zrdasrul msmenelebs
universitetis gareT. mecadineobebi ZiriTadad tardeboda Semdegi
mimarTulebebiT: saxlebis (kotejebis) mSenebloba; qaRaldis gadamuSaveba;
naxerxis produqciebis warmoeba; saxelosnoebis marTva; gamocdilebis,
codnis da unarebis ganaxleba da gamoyeneba; modelebis gamoyeneba; xatva
da sxva. maT Soris, holandiisa da safrangeTis gamocdilebis gamoyeneba.
mecadineobebi kviraobiT tardeboda. msmenelTa Soris iyvnen krakoveli
xelosnebi da, ameve dros, universitetis da saSualo skolebis
studentebic. 1883 wels zemoaRniSnul iniciativas calke ganyofilebis
Seqmna moyva da universitetis debulebaSi Sevida, rogorc swavlebis
axali sfero.
krakovis universitetis msgavsad, popularul mecnierebebSi leqciebis
Catareba zrdasrulTaTvis daiwyes varSavisa da vilnis universitetebSic.
vilnis universitetma bevrad ufro gafarToebuli programa SesTavaza
38
Norbert F.B., Ewa Przylska. Adult Education in Poland – Copyright: 2001 IIZ-DVV (qarTulad Targmna: ilias saxelmwifo universitetis doqtorantma nino SarvaSiZem).
34
mosaxleobas. es iyo or-semestriani leqciebis cikli, romelSic Sedioda
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi, medicina, maTematika, filologia,
xelovneba da istoria. amasTan erTad, universiteti leqciebis teqstebs
popularuli mecnierebebis sakiTxebze vilnis yoveldRiur gazeTSi
aqveynebda.
saxalxo ganaTlebis komitetis Tavdapirveli da mTavari mizani iyo
mosaxleobaSi ganaTlebis donis amaRleba. igi muSaobda mosaxleobaSi
codnis gavrcelebis mimarTulebiT da umaRlesi ganaTlebis
institutebisgan moiTxovda uzrunveleyo mosaxleoba codnis miRebis
SesaZleblobebiT. mokle periodis ganmavlobaSi komitetma kidev ufro
gaafarTova Tavisi programa da daaxloebiT 2 50039 saxalxo skola
daaarsa sxvadasxva Temis eklesiis mrevlisTvis. religiur aRzrda-
ganaTlebasTan erTad maTi mizani iyo mosaxleobisTvis eswavlebinaT
unarebi, romlebic cxovrebSi gamoadgebodaT. dafinansebis simcirem
seriozuli safrTxe Seuqmna zemoxsenebuli skolebis arsebobas. dabali
fenebisTvis saxalxo skolebis SesanarCuneblad komiteti dotaciebis
mopovebas SeZlebuli moqalaqeebisgan cdilobda.
pirveli, e.w. saxalxo ganaTlebis saxli, sadac wera-kiTxvas
aswavlidnen soflis zrdasrul mosaxleobas, qalaq merecSi daarsda misi
uwmindesoba pavel ksaveri brJostovskis mier. es qalaqi dRevandeli
litvis teritoriaze mdebareobs. Tavisi programis gansaxorcieleblad
brJostovski finansur daxmarebas adgilobrivi fermerebisgan iRebda.
akrefili fuliT igi skolebs aSenebda, sadac bavSvebTan erTad
zrdasrulebsac unda eswavlaT sxvadasxva sagani. brJostovski im sagnebs
arCevda, romelic soflis macxovreblisTvis iqneboda saintereso. kerZod,
xelovnebas, eTikas da morals, higienas da soflis meurneobis garkveul
dargebs, amave dros, istorias da geografias. sakuTar saswavlo
programis swavlebasTan erTad brJostinski cdilobda am saqmeSi CaerTo
39
Norbert F.B., Ewa Przylska. Adult Education in Poland – Copyright: 2001 IIZ-DVV (qarTulad Targmna: ilias saxelmwifo universitetis doqtorantma nino SarvaSiZem).
35
mecnierebi da sxva profesionalebi, gamoeqveynebina werilobiTi masalebi
da saxelmZRvaneloebi.
brJostovskis es Zalisxmeva iqca zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis ganviTarebis
modelad qveyanaSi. man qvecnobierad gaukvala gza andragogikis
ganviTarebas40.
1867 wels “saxalxo ganaTlebis sazogadoeba” lvovSic Seiqmna. am
iniciativis CarCos farglebSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda
mSromelebisa da fermerebisTvis ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZleblobis
gaumjobesebas.
1886 wels zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis mesveurTa ramdenime jgufma
ploneTSi gaaerTiana sakuTari Zalebi, raTa Seeqmna sazogadoeba saxelad
“mfrinavi universiteti”. universitets “mfrinavi” im faqtis gamo daerqva,
rom mecadineobisTvis Sexvedris adgili gamudmebiT icvleboda, raTa
msmenelebi daculi yofiliyvnen devnisagan. msmenelTa umetesoba qalebi
iyvnen, Tumca leqciebs universitetis da saSualo skolis studentebic
eswrebodnen. iatakqveSa moRvaweobis warmarTvisTvis qalebma SeimuSaves
organizaciis sakuTari sistema, romelic arsebul politikur da
socialur pirobebs miesadageboda. sqemis ZirSi maT e.w. damoukidebeli
saswavlo jgufebi ganalages. TiToeuli jgufi ramdenime msmenelisgan
Sedgeboda. „isini ver axerxebdnen kviraSi erTze meti mecadineobis
Catarebas erTsa da imave adgilas da gamudmebiT eZebdnen axal-axal
adgilebs samecadinod, raTa gza-kvali aeriaT policiisTvis”, – gviambobs
mari sklodovska-kiuri, nobelis premiis orgzis laureati fizikasa da
qimiaSi, romelic “mfrinavi universitetis” erT-erTi msmeneli iyo.
1898 wels didi poloneli poetis, adam mickeviCis 100 wlisTavis
aRsaniSnavad, patrioti studentebis jgufma daaarsa misi saxelobis
saxalxo universitetebis sazogadoeba krakovsa da lvovSi, riTic maT
surdaT pativi miegoT poetis xsovnisTvis. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts,
rom im droisTvis avstriis mmarTvelobis qveS myof galiciaSi
40
Norbert F.B., Ewa Przylska. Adult Education in Poland – Copyright: 2001 IIZ-DVV (qarTulad Targmna: ilias saxelmwifo universitetis doqtorantma nino SarvaSiZem) gv. 14
36
legalurad SeiZleboda am mimarTulebiT moRvaweoba, zemoaRniSnul
sazogadoebas ukve SeuzRudavad SeeZlo farTod gaeSala Tavisi
saqmianoba. wliuri programis farglebSi maT mSromelebisa da
fermerebisTvis daaxloebiT 700-mde RonisZiebis Catareba hqondaT
gansazRvruli. amasTan erTad, isini aqveynebdnen naSromebs zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis Teoriaze, romlis avtorebic iyvnen im periodis cnobili
ganmanaTleblebi: elena radinska, ludvik krJvicki da ospia dajzinska-
golinska. maTi naSromebi dRemde aqtualuria. sazogadoebam gamosca
pirveli saganmanaTleblo Jurnali “codna yvelasaTvis”, romlis pirveli
egzemplari 1899 wels lvovSi gamoCnda. aseve gamoica pirveli
saxelmZRvanelo zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis muSakTaTvis, saxelwodebiT
“saganmanaTleblo muSaoba – amocanebi, meTodebi da organizacia”.
saxalxo universitetebis miznebi, rogorc amas maTi damfuZneblebi
xedavdnen, kargad aris Camoyalibebuli Helena radinskas sityvebSi:
“gamovaRviZoT milionobiT adamiani, davanaxoT maT dRis sinaTle,
gavaTavisufloT isini fanatizmis sibnelisgan da gavuZRveT maT momavlis
mziani gzisken mimaval bilikebze”.
1902 wels saxalxo universitetis sazogadoebis filialebi 15
sxvadasxva adgilze moqmedebda. sazogadoebam daiwyo saxalxo
universitetebis soflebSi gaxsna. man aseve daaarsa sakonsultacio
centrebi maTTvis, vinc TviTganaTlebas eswrafoda. gaxsnes saleqcio
darbazebi, daiwyes garkveuli TvalsaCineobis popularizeba da xels
uwyobdnen fizikur momzadebas. 1926 wels zemoxsenebulma sazogadoebam
Tavisi Zalebi gaaerTiana mSromelTa universitetebis sazogadoebasTan.
msgavsi saqmianobiT iyo dakavebuli varSavis saxalxo universiteti,
romelic 1906 wels daarsda. universitetSi muSaobda sxvadasxva
ganyofilebebi pasuxismgeblobis diferencirebis mixedviT: marTvis
ganyofileba; pedagogikis ganyofileba; saswavlo masalebis da leqciebis
momzadebis ganyofileba; kulturuli programebis momzadebis ganyofileba;
finasuri da adminstraciis ganyofileba. am universitetis saswavlo
37
programaSi Semdegi sagnebi Sedioda: polonuri ena da literatura,
maTematika, komerciuli buRalteria, poloneTis istoria, msoflios
istoria, socialuri mecnerebebi, socialuri ekonomika, politikuri
mecniereba, sabunebismeytvelo mecniereba, yoveldRiuri qimia; adamianis
agebuleba da fiziologia, higiena da pirveladi daxmareba; qalis higiena,
meqanika (Zravebi, metalze muSaoba, eleqtrooba), xatva, xazva, xelovneba.
amis garda universiteti sTavazobda msmenelebs kurss zogadi ganaTlebis
misaRebad folklorsa da axal teqnologiebSi. 1907 wlisTvis varSavis
saxalxo universitetis msmenelTa ricxvi 2000 udrida.
1924 wels krakovTan axlos mdebare soflis axalgazrdebis iniciativiT
gaixsna adgilobrivi soflis saxalxo universiteti. igi warmoadgenda
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis tipiur sasoflo centrs, romelic poloneTSi
or msoflio oms Soris periodSi iyo gavrcelebuli. centris
xelmZRvaneli ignaci solarJi SemdgomSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis erT-
erTi cnobili Teoretikosi gaxda (solarJi daibada 1891 wels, xolo 1940
wels ukvalod daikarga. varaudoben, rom gestapoSi wamebiT gardaicvala).
ignaci solarJis mTavari mizani iyo soflis mosaxleobis
inteleqtualuri da kulturuli donis amaRleba. igi saxalxo ganaTlebis
axali koncefciis WeSmariti avtori iyo. Tavis analitikur naSromebSi
termins zrdasruli adamianis “TviTrealizacia” igi ganmartavda, rogorc
adamianis harmoniul urTierTobas bunebasTan, sazogadoebasTan, istoriasa
da kulturasTan. igi iyo pirveli Teoretikosi poloneTis zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis sferoSi, romelic aRwers pirovnebis kreatiulobas, rogorc
zrdasrulobaSi, TviTrealizaciis procesSi miRweul Sedegs.
andragogikaSi Teoriuli muSaobis Catarebis Sedegad, igi analizs ukeTebs
ganaTlebis gareSe darCenili soflis mosaxleobis fatalizms da
miuTiTebs, rom uvicobisa da Zaladobis gavlena adamianze im pirobebs
qmnis, romelic SemdgomSi marTavs mTel mis cxovrebas. skandinavieli
Teoretikosebis gamocdilebis safuZvelze, gansakuTrebiT ki daniaSi
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis damfuZneblis, nikolai grundtvigis (me-18 s.)
38
aRwerebis gaTvaliswinebiT, man Camoayaliba konkretuli ideebi saxalxo
univeristetebis miznebis Sesaxeb. solarJi sakuTar wignSi “saxalxo
universiteti soflis mosaxleobisTvis (1937 w.), romelSic gamokveTilia
mis mier Camoyalibebuli koncefciebi, wers: “imisaTvis, rom mosaxleobis
didi nawili ar darCes inertul masad, romelic “zemodan” Tavze
moxveuli mimarTulebiT miedineba, rac maT xdis uunaros, imis nacvlad,
rom sakuTar Segnebasa da mizanmimarTulobaze dayrdnobiT sakuTari
cxovreba Tavadve moiwyon. universitetebma unda aiZulon maT, rom ar
iyvnen saTamaSo kubikebi, aramed gaxdnen individebi, romelTa gonebac
gansxvavebulad azrovnebs, ician, ra undaT da SeuZliaT Tavad aanTon
cxovrebis is naperwkali, romelic gaunaTebs gzas sakuTari Zalebis
mosaZieblad.” solarJis swavlebis mTavari mizania - “. . . daexmaros
moazrovne adamians ipovos sakuTari mizani, sakuTari varskvlavi, sakuTari
biliki cxovrebaSi, raTa is cxovrebisuli filosofia, romelic man
amoirCia, ara marto mis gonebaSi povebdes asaxvas, aramed mis codnaSi, mis
unarebSi, mis gagebaSi da bolos, gamjdari hqondes sisxlSi, raTa
grZnobdes sakuTari SesaZleblobis yvela niuanss, rac saSualebas miscems
aRmoaCinos da gamoiyenos yvela is kreatiuli SesaZlebloba, rac masSi
arsebobs”.
sazogadoebasTan da TemTan mimarTebaSi, rasac solarJi araorazrovnad
usvams xazs, ganaTleba unda emsaxurebodes xalxis unarebis ganviTarebas,
raTa isini gaxdnen mcodne, SemoqmedebiTi, mgrZnobiare da aqtiuri
individebi. misi koncefciis mixedviT, admianisTvis axali kulturuli
Rirebulebebis SeqmnaSi monawileoba iseve mniSvnelovania, rogorc
ubralod kulturaSi monawileobis miReba. TiToeuli adamiani garkveuli,
aqtiuri an pasiuri, kulturuli gamocdilebis matarebelia, rac mas
aZlevs saSualebas CaTvalos Tavi Rirsad, iyos kulturis nawili, rac
mis Sromas Rirsebas matebs da, rac mas socialurad Tavisufals xdis.
sakuTar statiaSi “ra qmnis saxalxo universitets WeSmarit saxalxo
universitetad” solarJi wers: “Cven arc politika gvainteresebs da arc
39
ekonomikuri wyoba, aramed gvainteresebs masebis gambedaoba da
SesaZlebloba sakuTari kulturis mSeneblobaSi aqtiuri monawileobis
misaRebad”. mogvianebiT igi aseve wers: ”mTel mosaxleobas unda hqondes
SesaZlebloba iswavlos yvelaze mniSnelovani humanuri da kulturuli
idealebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gamoyeneba”
meore msoflio omis Semdeg (1945-1989) poloneTSi garkveuli zomebi iqna
miRebuli zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis tradiciebis aRsadgenad. 1945-1948
wlebSi spontanurad iCines Tavi iniciativebma zrdasrulTa araformaluri
ganaTlebis kerebis Sesaqmnelad. am moZraobaSi aqtiurad Caebnen isini,
vinc omis gamo, iZulebuli iyo swavla Seewyvita.
aRsdga mSromelTa universitetebi da saxalxo universitetebi. 1945
wels Seiqmna “saxalxo universitetebis sazogadoeba”. am universitetebs
ganaTlebis saministro afinansebda. 1945 wlidan 1948 wlamde saxalxo
universitetebis raodenoba 15-dan 63-mde gaizarda. sazogadoeba aseve
qmnida saRamos skolebs zrdasrulTaTvis. 1948 wels arsebobda 60 e.w.
soflis umaRlesi skola zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebisTvis, 104
sakvirao skola, 63 saxalxo universiteti da 19 socialur muSakTa skola,
romlebsac sxvadasxva sponsori afinansebda.
demokratiul principebsa da xalxur tradiciebze daarsebulma
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis kerebma mxolod 1950 wlamde gaagrZeles
arseboba poloneTSi. samwuxarod, bevri tradiciuli skolis likvidacia
moxda. eklesiebic iZulebuli gaxades, SeewyvitaT Tavisi aqtiuroba am
mimarTulebiT. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis centrebi an daixura, an
saxelmwifos kontrolis qveS moeqca. socialisturi sistemis damkvidrebis
Semdeg tradiciuli skolebi axal daarsebul “zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
polonur asociacias” gadaeca. am periodSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
sistema poloneTSi, faqtiurad, gadaiqca sawarmoebis muSebis,
kolmeurneebis da armiis muSakTa kvalifikaciis amaRlebis sistemad.
yovelive amis mizezi poloneTze imdroindeli socialisturi ruseTis, anu
sabWoTa kavSiris zegavlenaSi mdgomareobda.
40
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis istoria ruseTsa da sabWoTa kavSirSi
TviTon ruseTSi, rogorc amis Sesaxeb SesavalSi aRvniSneT,
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Temaze pirveli naSromebi XIX saukunis bolos
gamoqveynda (a. abramovi, d. alCevskaia, p. kazancevi, v. Cernouski da sxv.)41.
am periodSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis problemebi pirvelad gaxda
mecnieruli ganxilvis sagani. daiwyes msjeloba mis istoriul formebze,
sxvadasxva tipis saswavlo dawesebulebis Taviseburebebsa da finansur
aspeqtebze. oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg Tavi iCina zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebisadmi Teoriul-meTodologiurma midgomam (n. krupskaia, a.
lunaCarski, n. grigorievi).
sabWoTa kavSiris periodSi saxelmwifo zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
sistema sakmaod kargad iyo ganviTarebuli, Tumca ZiriTadad saxelmwifo
SekveTaze iyo agebuli da ifargleboda specialistebisTvis
kvalifikaciis amaRlebis da gadamzadebis kursebiT. didi popularobiT
sargeblobda politikuri ganaTlebis kursebi partiuli muSakebisTvis da
e.w. sazogadoeba “codna”, romelic metwilad codnis popularizacis
emsaxureboda. arseboda da axlac arsebobs profesiul-teqnikuri
ganaTlebis sistema, romelic TandaTan saxes icvlis da xvews teqnikur
profesiebSi momzadebis da gadamzadebis programebs. zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis sistemis maSindel miznobriv jgufebSi ar Sedioda
pensionerTa, dausaqmebeli adamianebis da saTemo mosaxleobis kategoriebi.
60-80-ian w.w. gamoqveynda kvlevebi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Teoriul da
praqtikul aspeqtebze (b. ananievi, c. verSlovski, a. gornostaevi da sxv.).
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistema
TiTqmis daiSala. mxolod 90-iani wlebis bolos gaCnda zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis axali mimarTulebebis ganviTarebiT dainteresebuli wreebi da
41
Рамишвили К. К. «Вопросы обучения взрослых в народных университетах» Тбилиси. Издательство Тбилис.
Госуниверситета. 1986 – 211 с.
41
mecnierebi xelaxla Seudgnen kvlevas am mimarTulebiT (a. bodalevi, v.
podobedi, a. Jilina, a. maroni, n. kuzmina, n. litvinova).42
gardaqmnis periodis ruseTis pedagogiur mecnierebaSi, im Tanamedrove
mecnierebis Teoriul da meTodologiur SromebSi, rogorebic arian p.
atutovi, s. batiSevi, a. beliavski, v. bespalko, b. gerSunski, o. federova, k.
kazimovis i. xotuncevi da sxvani, ZiriTadad yuradReba gamaxvilebulia
isev zogadi da profesiuli pedagogikis mimarTulebebze43, profesiul
momzadebasa da gadamzadebaze.
1989 wels, sanqt-peterburgSi saqmianoba wamoiwyo “zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis akademiam”, romelic im periodSi ganaTlebis sistemis
specializebuli programuli uzrunvelyofiT iyo dakavebuli da
inglisuri enis Seswavlis e.w. multi-media paketebs amuSavebda axla ki
ZiriTadad sainformacio teqnologiebis da menejmentis swavlebiT aris
dakavebuli44.
1996 wels sanqt-peterburgis gercenis saxelobis saxelmwifo
pedagogiur institutSi sabWoTa periodSi Seqmnili prof-teqnikuri
ganaTlebis pedagogikisa da fsiqologiis kaTedris bazaze Seiqmna
akmeologiis kaTedra45, romlis wesdebis preambulaSi akdemikoss nina
kuzminas mohyavs qarTveli filosofosis merab mamardaSvilis mier
postsabWoTa sivrceSi gavrcelebuli termini „akme“, rac Zvel berZnulad
niSnavs “mwvervals”, “simwifes” “ganviTarebis saukeTeso periods” da
“adamianis survils, iswrafodes mwvervalisken”, rac emTxveva mocemuli
kvlevis aqtualobis erT-erT maxasiaTebels, adamiani unda gamudmebiT
cdilobdes sakuTari Tavis srulyofas, raTa ar iqnes socialurad
izolirebuli. Znelia mwvervalze saubari, rodesac siRaribis zRvarze
xar, magram rogorc erTma brZenma kacma Tqva, “erTaderTi, rasac veravin
42
Научный редактор проф. Литвинова Н.П.. «Общественные организации в системе образования взрослых»ю
«Высшая народная школа: вчера, сегодня, завтра.» Том 1.-СПб,ИОВ РАО,1999-с.200. 43
Хатунцев Ю.Л., Кожина О.А. Развитие творческих способностей учащихся в образовательной области
“технология”.:М.:ИОСО.РАО.МИПКРО.1999г. 44
Международная Академия Образования Взрослых. Санкт-Петербург: http://www.maov.org. 45
Кузьмина Н.В. «Предмет акмеологии». СП акмеологическая академия.1995.-24с
42
waarTmevs adamians, es aris iniciativa da survili, iswrafodes
mwvervalisken”. yvela adamians aqvs Tavisi dasalaSqri mwvervali, ris
miRwevaSic didi roli eniWeba zrdasrulTa ganaTlebas. swored
zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebis sistema aregulirebs im adamianTa
TviTrCenisa da TviTrealizaciis sakiTxebs, romlebic ekonomikuri
reformebis kataklizmebis Sedegad socialur izolaciaSi eqcevian.
sanqt-peterburgis gercenis saxelobis pedagogiuri institutis
akmeologiis kaTedris (pirobiTad mas kvleviTi laboratoriac SegviZlia
vuwodoT) Seqmnis istoria Zalze mimaniSnebelia mocemuli kvlevis arsis
gasaSifrad: 1988 wels prof-teqnikuri ganaTlebis pedagogikisa da
fsiqologiis kaTedram (romelsac mogvianebiT akmeologiis kaTedra ewoda)
Tavisi arseboba ganagrZo amave institutis e.w. industrialur-pedagogiur
fakultetze. am periodisTvis kaTedris TanamSromlebi aqtiurad
ikvlevdnen SromiTi swavlebis pedagogebis profesiul-pedagogiuri
saqmianobis subieqtad gardaqmnis problemas. kvlevis Sedegad
moxdaAaRniSnuli fakultetis kursdamTavrebulTa profesiuli momzadebis
humanizacia da humanitarizacia; gamomdinare iqidan, rom gaizarda axali
teqnologiebis danergvasTan dakavSirebuli samewarmeo saqmianobis Tu
gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis areali, SemuSavda fakultetis axali samuSao
gegma, romelic eyrdnoboda axali teqnologiebis SeswavlaSi da
profesiul-pedagogiur saqmianobaSi pirovnebis TviT-realizaciis ideebs46,
romelsac gaaCnda kulturologiuri mimarTuleba. es mdgomareobda
SemdegSi: gaCnda survili, ganaxlebuliyo fsigologiur-pedagogiuri da
zogad-teqnologiuri disciplinebis Sinaarsi am fakultetze da
momxdariyo ganaTlebis sistemis specialistebis swavleba individze
orientirebuli teqnologiebis gamoyonebiT. gamomdinare aqedan
fakultetis dRis wesrigSi dadga Tanamedrove donis specialistis,
teqnologiisa da samewarmeo saqmianobis maswavleblis momzadeba.
46
Хатунцев Ю.Л.,Кожина О.А. «Развитие творческих способностей учащихся в образовательной области
«технология».М.:ИОСО.РАО.МИПКРО.1999.
43
1996 wlidan moyolebuli ruseTis gercenis saxelobis saxelmwifo
pedagogiuri universitetis akmeologiis kaTedris yuradRebis centrSi
dgas umaRlesi profesionaluri pedagogiuri ganaTlebis pirobebSi
specialistis mravalsafexuriani momzadebis mecnierul-meToduri
uzrunvelyofa. kaTedra muSaobs kvlevaze: “ganaTlebis sferoSi
specialistis momzadebis akmeologiuri uzrunvelyofa (specialobiT
03.06.00 – teqnologia da samewarmeo saqmianoba47).”
samwuxarod, postsabWoTa sivrceSi, maT Soris ruseTSi, xSirad mxolod
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Teoriul safuZvlebs ganixilaven maSin, roca
msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxis ganviTarebul Tu ganviTarebad qveynebSi
praqtikulad aviTareben zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis alternatiul saxeobebs
da zrdasrulTa saTemo doneze ganaTlebis mizniT qmnian farTo
saganmanaTleblo qsels. ruseTSi qveynis masStabiT aqa-iq ukve gamoCnda
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis centrebi48, Tumca erTian sistemaze saubari jer
naadrevia.
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis mimarTulebebis ganviTareba dasavlur samyaroSi
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistema Tanamedrove gagebiT yvelaze
ganviTarebulia amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da evropis iseT qveynebSi,
rogoricaa didi britaneTi, dania, SvedeTi, fineTi, avstria, germania,
poloneTi da sxv.
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebisadmi saerTaSoriso konferenciebis istoria
meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodidan iwyeba, Tumca maT winamorbedad
miCneulia albert mensbrijis mier 1929 wels organizebuli zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis msoflio asociaciis (World Associatio for Adult Education)
saerTaSoriso konferencia kembrijSi49. UNESCO-s zrdasrulTa
47
Кафедра акмеологии образована в РГПУ им. А. И. Герцена: http://akmeo.rus.net 48
Additional Country papers, Finland: http://koktozero.karelia.ru/fep/komplekt/pr6/shtml 49
The International Quarterly of Adult Education: Volumes 1-2, 1932. Library at San Diego University, Ca, USA
44
ganaTlebisadmi miZRvnili erTerTi pirveli konferenciebi (helsingioris
1949w., monrealis 1960 w., tokios 1972 w.,) metwilad zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis profesiul-mecnieruli Zalebis demonstrirebas
warmoadgendnen50. am konferenciaTa mesveurni zradsrulTa ganTlebas
garkveul krizisul fenomenTa gadasawyvetad arsebul gamoyenebiT da
praqtikaze mibmul saganmanaTleblo aqtivobad miiCnevden da ar
ganixilavdnen mas calke mecnierebad. 21-saukunis zRurblze moTxovnebi
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis mimarT gaizarda codnis ekonomikisa da
informirebuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi da es sfero TandaTan
intensiuri kvlevis sagani gaxda.
sazogadoebisTvis zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis rolis axleburad
gaazrebisTvis mniSvnelovan movlenad iqca 1997 wels iuneskos
organizebiT, qalaq hamburgSi gamarTuli zrdasrulTa ganaTlebisadmi
miZRvnili msoflio konferencia CONFINTEA V. am konferenciaze
zrdasrulTa ganaTleba ganviTarebis sakvanZo faqtorad gamocxadda;
miRebuli iqna deklaracia da damtkicebuli iqna momavlis dRis wesrigi;
Seqmnes koncefciis CarCo, romelic iTvaliswinebs yoveli moqalaqisTvis
SesaZleblobis micemas, Camoyalibdes sakuTar TavSi darwmunebul da
pasuxismgeblobiT gamsWvalul sazogadoebis aqtiur wevrad. 2000 wels
CONFINTEA V-is ZiriTadi moTxovnebi, 21-e saukunis mijnaze mdgari evropis
winaSe arsebuli gamowvevebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gaziarebuli iqna
evrokomisiis mier gamoqveynebul memorandumSi „swavla mTeli sicocxlis
manZilze“51. am memorandumSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis koncefciis
realizebisTvis eqvsi mTavari principi dasaxelda:
(1) axali sabazo ganaTlebisa da unar-Cvevebis yvelasaTvis micema;
(2) adamianur resursebSi investiciebis gazrda;
(3) swavlebis inovaciuri meTodikis damkvidreba;
50
Joachim H. Knoll, “Th History of the UNESCO International Conferences on Adult Education – from Helsingor
(1949) to Hamburg (1997): International Education Policy through People and Programmes”, 2009, dvv International
ISBN 978-9941-0-1419-2 51
Bund-Lander Commission for Educational Planning and Research Promotion Secretariat “Strategy for Lifelong
Learning”. Bonn. ISSBN 3-034850-57-X
45
(4) codnisa da unarebis axleburi Sefasebebis sistemis danergva;
(5) swavlebis sxvadasxva SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb konsultaciebis miRebis
sistemis gafarToeba;
(6) ganaTlebis miRebis saSualebis TiToeulis sacxovrebel adgilTan
daaxloeba.
iuneskos ganaTlebis institutis organizebiT, 2003 wels bankokSi
Catarda momdevno saerTaSoriso konferencia (Midterm Review Meeting),
romlis mizani 1997 wlis konferenciis Semdgomi Sualeduri Sedegebis
gaanalizeba iyo52. konferenciis saboloo dokumentSi aRiniSna, rom
CONFINTEA V-is moTxovnebs, rogorc nacionaluri mTavrobebis, aseve
saerTaSoriso programebis doneze, arasaTanado yuradReba eqceva da sami
axali moTxovna wamoayena:
zrdasrulTa ganaTleba unda gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas ganviTarebis
yvela programaSi, radgan globalizaciis problemebis daZleva
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebisa da swavlebis gareSe warmoudgenelia;
zrdasrulTa ganaTleba unda iqces erovnuli saganmanaTleblo
politikis Semadgenel nawilad da ganxiluli iqnas, rogorc investicia
momavalSi da ara, rogorc socialuri xarji;
zrdasrulTa ganaTleba unda gaxdes prioritetuli, rogorc saTemo
doneze, aseve mosaxleobis socialurad daucvel jgufebTan muSaobisas.
2009 wels CONFINTEA VI konferenciam, braziliaSi, romelSic
saqarTvelomac miiRo monawileoba, zrdasrulTa ganTlebis mesveurebs
axali moTxovnebi wamouyena, rac momdevno TavebSi vrclad iqneba
ganxluli.
52
UNESKO Institute for Education –“Recommitting to Adult Education”. Synthesis Report of the CONFINTEA V
Midterm Review Meeting, Sptember 2003. Bangkok, Thailand
46
3.2. zrdasrulTa ganaTleba saqarTveloSi
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebas, garkveuli formiT, jer kidev Zvel
saqarTveloSi eweodnen. magaliTad, cnobili ritorikis skola kolxeTSi
qristianobis damkvidrebamde. petre iberis siriuli skola adre
qristianul xanaSi da sxv. Mme-4 saukunis berZeni filosofosis
Temistiosis (317-188 ww.) erT-erT werilSi weria, rom fazisis (dRevandeli
foTis) maxloblad ritorikis skola arsebobda, sadac Temistiosis mamas
da TviT masac “ritorikuli ganaTleba” miuRiaT. aRniSnuli
saswavleblidan imdenad ganaTlebuli da ganswavluli pirebi
gamodiodnen, rom Turme ritorikaSi daxelovnebul berZnebs ejibrebodnen
da jobnidnen kidec. samwuxarod, ar arsebobs cnobebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra
saxis programebiT mimdinareobda swavla an vin aswavlida kolxeTis
“rotorikul” saswavlebelSi.
imdroindeli msoflmxedvelobis Semcvelma cnobebma fragmentulad
moaRwia Cvenamde da mTlianobaSi maTi moZRvrebebis gaazrebis saSualebas
ar iZleva, magram TavisTavad oratoroba, aSkaraa, garkveul unarebis
codnas moiTxovda. cnobili romaeli oratorisa da politikuri moRvawis,
ciceronis SexedulebiT, oratori upirvelesad dauflebuli unda
yofiliyo filosofiur mecnierebebs. aRniSnul sakiTxze ciceronis
Sexeduleba gaiziara da Semdgom ganaviTara pirveli saukunis cnobilma
filosofosma kvintilianem, romelmac ritorikuli xelovnebis sakiTxebs
12 wignisagan Semdgari traqtati uZRvna. kvintilianes traqtati farTo
sarekomendacio literaturas warmoadgens (mxatvruls, filosofiurs da
iuridiuls), romelsac unda eyrdnobodes oratoris saerToO ganaTleba.
ritorikul skolamde, kvintilianes mixedviT, aRsazrdeli jer
gramatikul skolaSi unda swavlobdes, xolo ritorikul skolaSi
swavlebis vada gansazRvruli ara aris. es imazea damokidebuli, Tu
saamisod ramdenad momzadebuli iqneba moswavle. am SemTxvevisaTvis
moswavlis asaki ki araa aRebuli kriteriumad, aramed swavlaSi warmateba.
47
romis imperiaSi Cv.w.aR-mde II-I da Cv.w.aR-iT I-II saukuneebSi arsebuli
ritorikuli skolebis saswavlo programebi ZiriTadad ciceronisa da
kvintilianes moTxovnebis Sesabamisad xorcieldeboda. iswavleboda
berZnuli da romauli literatura, maTematikis elementebi, astronomia,
musika, samarTlis safuZvlebi da filosofiis vrceli kursi. Temistiosis
werilSi dacul cnobas Tu yuradRebiT CavukvirdebiT, gasagebi unda iyos,
rom kolxeTis ritorikuli skola Tavisi SinaarsiT da mizandasaxulobiT
bevrad ar gansxvavdeboda ZvelberZnuli da romauli ritorikuli
skolebisagan, sadac msgavsi programebiT xorcieldeboda swavleba.
Temistiosis gancxadebdan garkveviT Cans, rom aqac swavlebis ZiriTadi
mizani “ritorikul xelovnebaSi gawvrTna” yofila53. es ukanaskneli ki
codnis imave minimumis dauflebas moiTxovda, rac ciceronisa da
kvintilianes SexedulebebiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli. iseve rogorc romaul
ritorikul saswavlebelSi, kolxeTis ritorikul skolaSic saswavlo
programa literaturis, astronomiis, SesaZloa, musikis da maTematikis
elementebis ZiriTadad ki filosofiisa da samarTlis safuZvlebis
cikls Seicavda. swored aseTi ganaTleba iyo saWiro, rom orators
“elinTa dReobebze” gamoCenis ufleba miepovebina.
ritorikuli mecniereba imJamindel saqarTveloSi, ise, rogorc berZnul
da romaul samyaroSi, wminda praqtikuli miznebiTac iyo mowodebuli. aq
mxolod “elinTa dReobebze” oratoruli xelovnebiT Tavis gamoCena ar
igulisxmeboda. amis damadasturebeli sabuTebi bizantiel mwerlebTanac
gvxvdeba. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia agaTia sqolaqtikosis (536-582 ww.)
saistorio TxzulebaSi daculi cnoba bizantieli sardlebis mier gubaz
mefis veraguli mkvlelobis gamo kolxeTSi mowveul saxalxo krebaze
qarTveli oratorebis gamosvlis Taobaze. aRniSnul krebaze ori
politikuri orientacia (iranuli da bizantiuri) daupirispirda
erTmaneTs. agaTia sqolaqtikosi dawvrilebiT gadmogvcems sxvadasxva
53
s. gamsaxurdia. “swavla-ganaTleba Zvel saqarTveloSi” gamomcemloba “ganaTleba” 1984 w. M- 608 (08) - 84
48
orientaciis mqone qarTveli warCinebulebis _ aietisa da fartazis
sityvebs, romlebic Rrma politikuri alRoTi, logikuri daskvnebiT da
sityvakazmuladaa warmoTqmuli. saqme ise warimarTa, rom qveynis
politikuri bedi (saxeldobr, is, Tu ra gzas dasdgomodnen kolxebi da
ra orientacia aerCiaT) gamosul oratorTa sityvebis damarwmunebel Zalas
unda gadaewyvita.
ritorikul saswavlebelSi berZnuli enis mcodne axalgazrda unda
misuliyo, sadac am codnas Semdgom gaaRrmavebda da ganamtkicebda.
berZnul enas, iseve, rogorc sxva garkveul disciplinebs, warCinebulTa
Svilebi specialuri, gramatikuli swavlebiT Tu aiTvisebdnen. TviT is
faqti, rom 1-4 saukuneebis kolxeTSi umaRlesi safexuris ritorikuli
skola arsebobda (rac SesaZloa erTaderTi ar iyo), mosamzadebeli
safexuris skolebis arsebobazec migviTiTebs. aseTi skolebi im “ayvavebul
qalaqebSi” iqneboda mimobneuli, romlebzec pliniusi, straboni da sxva
berZeni istorikosebi mogviTxroben.
saqarTvelos nebiT Tu uneblieT uwevda aRmosavlur da dasavlur
kulturul mimdinareobebTan Sexeba da garkveuli wvlilis Setana maTi
kulturis ganviTarebaSi. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli roli wina aziisa da
saberZneTis teritoriebze aRmocenebulma qarTuli kulturis kerebma
Seasrules.
qarTveli filosofosebi cnobilni iyvnen saqarTvelos farglebs
gareTac, wina aziasa Tu saberZneTSi. magaliTad, cnobili iyo vinme
bakuri, romelic me-4 saukuneSi moRvaweobda da misi saxiT farTo
erudiciis mqone, neoplatonuri mimarTulebis filosofosi warmogvidgeba;
me-5 saukuneSi moRvewe petre iberi, romelmac garkveuli mimdinareobis
skola Seqmna siriaSi.
petre iberis siriul skolasTan iyvnen dakavSirebuli me-6 saukunis
saqarTveloSi Semosuli asureli mamebi, romlebic Teologiur-
filosofiuri codniT iyvnen aRWurvilni. saqarTveloSi maTi saqmianoba
49
qristianobis ganmtkicebasa da wina aziuri codnis Semotana-gavrcelebas
isaxavda miznad.
adreuli xanis qarTuli azrovnebiTi kulturis Seswavla rTuldeboda
garkveuli istoriuli viTarebisa da masalebis naklebobis gamo. yoveli
religiur-ideologiuri mimdinareoba xSirad politikur elfers iRebda.
aseTi rTuli politikuri viTarebis gamo garkveuli periodebisaTvis
zrdasrulTa swavala-ganaTlebis Sesaxeb cnobebis amokreba mxolod
gviandeli metafrasuli Txzulebebidan Tu SeiZleba (IX-Xs.s.).
ra Tqma unda, adrefeodaluri xanis filosofiuri da sazogadoebriv-
istoriuli azrovneba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, XI-XII saukuneebis
saqarTvelos kulturuli aRorZinebis momamzadebeli etapi iyo, garkveuli
tradiciuli gzis gagrZeleba unda yofiliyo am mimarTulebiT.
zrdasrulTa swavleba ZiriTadad eklesia-monastrebTan warmoebda da mas
upirveles yovlisa, praqtikuli saqmianoba hqonda miznad, kerZod,
mwignobari ber-monazvnis, eklesiis msaxuris aRzrda, iseve, rogorc es
xdeboda qristianul samyaroSi saerTod da, kerZod, nizibinis skolaSi.
magram am ukanasknelisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac saswavlo programa
ZiriTadad egzegetikasa da liturgikas moicavda, saqarTveloSi
Teologiur-filosofiuri mecnierebis Seswavlac xdeboda.
eklesia-monastrebTan arsebul skolebSi Ggarda filosofiisa da
Teologiisa, erT-erTi Sesaswavli sagani galoba iyo. amisaTvis
gamoyenebuli iyo himnografiuli nawarmoebebi. himnografias rom calke
aswavlidnen, amas grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis aRweriloba gvisuraTebs.
grigolis Sesaswavl sagnebSi dasaxelebulia “xmiTa saswavlo swavlai”.
prof. v. Wanturia miiCnevs, rom aq xmiT daswavlis meTodTan unda gvqondes
saqme. Cveni azriT, “xmiTa saswavlo swavlai” ufro himnografiis
Seswavlaze da saerTod, liturgikaze unda migviTiTebdes, vidre xmiT
daswavlis meTodze.
Satberdis krebulis erT-erTi “saswavlo wigni” ki erTgvar
warmodgenas gvaZlevs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra saxis saxelmZRvaneloebi
50
arsebobda XIX-XX saukuneebis saqarTveloSi. Satberdi kulturis erT-
erTi kera iyo, iseve, rogorc am drois saqarTveloSi arsebuli sxva
samonastro centrebi. rogorc Cans, aq saswavlo centric arsebobda. Tu
Satberdis krebulSi Setanili sxva SromebiTac vimsjelebT (kerZod,
grigol noselis adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb codnis Semcveli Txzuleba
_”kacisa SesaqmisaTvis”; saistorio matiane _ “moqcevai qarTlisai”54;
basili didis cxovelTa qcevebis Semcveli Txzuleba; ipolite romaelis
Zveli da axali saRmrTo werilebis Sesaxeb mocemuli ganmartebebi;
epifane kviprelis naSromi Tormeti Zvirfasi Tvlis Sesaxeb; amas emateba
daviTis fsalmunebis daCiseuli Targmani, qronologiuri cnobebi
gamoCenil ebraelTa, sparsTa, romaelTa da bizantiel mefeTa Sesaxeb da
bolos “saswavlo wigni”, sadac ebraul da berZnul anbanze da Zveli
aRTqmis wignTa Sesaxeb gvxvdeba msjeloba), maSin V-X saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi arsebuli saswavlo programebis Sesaxeb sakmaod naTeli
warmodgena gveqmneba. Aamis mixedviT, garda im sagnebisa, romlebzec zemoT
gvqonda saubari (Teologia, filosofia, galoba, ucxo enebi), iswavleboda
saqarTvelos istoria, romlisTvisac mokle cnobebis Semcveli
saxelmZRvanelo wigni “moqcevai qarTlisai” iyo gankuTvnili. aseve,
sazRvargareTis qveynebis (gamoCenil ebrael, sparsTa, romael da
bizantiel mefeTa) mokle qronologiuri cnobebis Semcveli istoriac.
zemoaRniSnuli Txzulebebi, rogorc saxelmZRvaneloebi, saSualo
ganaTlebis misaRebad iyo gankuTvnili. isini TavianTi SinaarsiT da
Txrobis meTodiT zrdasruli asakis moswavleTaTvis savsebiT gasagebia.
axasiaTebT Txrobis lakonuroba, sakiTxebis Sinaarss ZiriTadi arsis
warmoCeniT gadmoscemen. zrdasrulTaTvis saswavlod gankuTvnili
saxelmZRvanelo wignebi jer kidev asureli mamebis dros iwereboda. maT
Soris iyo, magaliTad, Sio mRvimelis originaluri saxelmZRvanelo.
54
s. gamsaxurdia. “swavla-ganaTleba Zvel saqarTveloSi” gamomcemloba “ganaTleba” 1984 w. M- 608 (08) - 84
51
unda gaviTvaliswinoT is garemoeba, rom IX-X s.s. saqarTveloSi
eklesias, rogorc Zlier feodalur instituts, metad mtkiced hqonda
qveynis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi fexi gadgmuli, risi mkafio
dadasturebacaa TviT merCules, an gindac basili zarzmelis Txzulebebi.
swavla-ganaTlebis saqmec am dros eklesiis xelSi iyo. savaraudoa, rom
zrdasruli adamianebic eklesiasTan msaxurobaSi iRebdnen ganaTlebas.
amave periodSi yalibdeba da gavrcelebul saxes iRebs xelosanTa
amqruli, profesionaluri gaerTianeba. xelosnobas saqarTveloSi
odiTganve misdevdnen. saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenili
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis masalebi, romelic Cvens welTaRricxvamde epoqas
miekuTvneba, imaze miuTiTebs, rom aq xelosnoba maRal doneze iyo
ganviTarebuli.
qarTvel xelosanTa nakeTobebi imdenad did mowonebas imsaxurebda, rom
Cveni welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi saberZneTSic ki gahqondaT.
Semdgom xanebSi is kidev ufro ganviTarda da XI-XII saukuneebSi
ganviTarebis umaRles dones miaRwia. akademikosi ivane javaxiSvili
adrefeodaluri xanis saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli xelosnobis ramdenime
saxes gamohyofs, romlebic moxsenebulia aRmoCenil warwerebsa da
sigelebSi. xelosnobis es saxeebia: xatwera, oqromWedloba, iaraRis
warmoeba, mWedloba da sxv. xelosnebi moxsenebuli arian XIV-XVII s.s.
dokumentebSi. magaliTad, “xelmwifis karis garigebaSi” naxsenebia
“mkervalTa uxucesi”, romelsac Segirdebad ostati mkeravebi hyavda. aseve
moxsenebulia “xabazi”, “metyaveni” da sxv. profesori giorgi gamyreliZe
samarTlianad aRniSnavs: “raki mefis karze xelosanTa imdenad
mniSvnelovani ricxvi moipoveboda, rom maT sagangebo “uxucesebi”
ganagebdnen, unda vifiqroT, rom calkeuli batonis mamulSic
imyofebodnen sxvadasxva xelobis adamianebi. magaliTad, XVI saukunis 40-
ian wlebSi zogierTi batonis mamulSi vxvdebiT garkveul fenas, e.w.
“msaxurebs”, romelTa Soris arian mewaReebi, mWedlebi, Tu xarazebi. aseTi
xelobis adamianebi msaxurobdnen, rogorc mefis karze, iseve Tavadebisa
52
da aznaurebis mamulebSic. xelosnebi, rogorc aRvniSneT, naxsenebi arian
XIV-XVII s.s. dokumentebSi da gansakuTrebiT xSirad gvxvdebian – XVII-XVIII
s.s. saqarTveloSi. kerZod, TbilisSi, romelic xelosnuri warmoebis
msxvil centrad iqca, imdroisaTvis arsebuli xelosnobis yvela saxeoba
yofila gavrcelebuli. amave periodSi yalibdeba da gavrcelebul saxes
iRebs xelosanTa amqruli, profesionaluri gaerTianeba. aseTi
gaerTianebebi XVI saukuneze gacilebiT adre unda Seqmniliyo
saqarTveloSi, razedac TviT termini “uxucesi” metyvelebs (magaliTad,
“mandaturTuxucesi”, “mxatvarTuxucesi”, aseve “ostati” - ufrosis
mniSvnelobiT). es terminebi X-XII saukuneebis wyaroebSic gvxvdeba.
aRniSnuli terminebi xelosanTa gaerTianebis ufrosis aRmniSvnelia. amave
dros, xelosanTa amqruli gaerTianeba gare mizezTa gavlenis Sedegad ki
ar warmoiSva, rogorc amas zogi mkvlevari miiCnevs, aramed saqarTveloSi
feodaluri urTierTobebis ganviTarebis, “mTeli qveynis feodaluri
organizaciis”, saqalaqo cxovrebis ganviTarebis, “qalaqsa da sofels
Soris dapirispirebisa da brZolis”, sasaqonlo warmoebis Sedegad55.
samwuxarod, imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor xdeboda xelosnobis Seswavla
adreuli xanis saqarTveloSi, wyaroebSi garkveviT araferia naTqvami. Aam
mxriv SedarebiT naTel warmodgenas gviani xanis amqarTa Sesaxeb arsebuli
dokumentebi gviqmnian. ise, rogorc saerTod gviani xanis saqarTveloSi,
adreuli xanis saqarTeloSic xelobas msaxurebis sanacvlod Segirdad
mibarebiT aswavlidnen. xelosani Segirds Sromis procesSi ganumartavda
da aswavlida xelobas. erT-erT dokumentSi avgaroz bandaisZe
mogviTxrobs, Tu rogor daeufla igi wignis gadawerasTan dakavSirebuli
xelobis zogierT saxeobas, magaliTad, tyavis kervas. aq wignis gadaweris
teqnikis Seswavlac ki xelosnobis Seswavladaa ganxiluli.
yuradRebas ipyrobs termini “Segirdi”. igi sparsuli warmoSobis sityvaa
da xelosnobis Semswavlel mowafes niSnavs. AaRniSnuli termini am
55
s. gamsaxurdia. “swavla-ganaTleba Zvel saqarTveloSi” gamomcemloba “ganaTleba” 1984 w. M- 608 (08) - 84
53
mniSvnelobiTaa moxsenebuli vaxtangis “dasturlamalSi”. Segirdad
iyenebdnen yma-glexTa Svilebs da msaxurebs. XVII-XVIII s.s. dokumentebis
SeswavliT aSkara xdeba, rom xelosnoba saqarTveloSi friad
gavrcelebuli iyo da dabali socialuri wris warmomadgenelebi
cdilobdnen am saqmianobaSi Cabmuliyvnen.
ra Tqma unda, xelosnuri aRzrda wminda praqtikuli miznebiT iyo
gapirobebuli da zneobrivi aRzrdis garkveul elementebsac Seicavda.
xelosanTa garkveul jgufs ki, romelic wignTan dakavSirebul
saqmianobas eweoda, gonebriv aRzrdasTanac hqonda saqme. es jgufi
ZiriTadad saeklesio wreSi mzaddeboda da xelosnobasTan erTad wera-
kiTxvas, gramatikas da saerTod, qarTul mwignobrobas swavlobda.
XVIII saukunis pirveli meoTxedi, e.i. periodi, rodesac vaxtang VI
“swavluli kacebTan” erTad kulturul saqmianobas eweoda, aRorZinebis
xanis yvelaze SemoqmedebiTi, kulminaciuri etapi iyo.
vaxtang VI-is, sulxan-saba orbelianis, vaxuStisa da sxva “swavlul
kacTa” saqmianoba pirvel rigSi miznad isaxavda im kultur uli
memkvidreobis gadarCenas, romelic monRolebis, yizilbaSebisa da
osmalebis mier Seiryvna da ganadgurda. agreTve am kulturuli
memkvidreobis axali msoflmxedvelobrivi miRwevebiT Sevsebas da
Tanadroulobis samsaxurSi Cayenebas.
vaxuStis dros swavla-ganaTlebis saqme imdenad dakninebuli iyo, rom
wignis kiTxva da wera Turme did codnad miiCneoda. im ubedurebis Semdeg,
rac saqarTvelom gadaitana, drogamoSvebiT marTlac SeiZleba yofiliyo
aseTi mdgomareoba. vaxtang VI da misi kulturuli dasi gansakuTrebuli
mondomebiT Seudga axal saxelmZRvaneloTa Sedgenas. vaxtang VI-is mier
dawyebuli saqmis gagrZeleba iyo Semdeg anton I-is TaosnobiT gaCaRebuli
muSaoba, romelic saqarTveloSi saxelmZRvaneloTa gamravlebas
emsaxureboda. vaxtang VI-is da anton I-is mizani iyo ara marto Zvelad
arsebuli saxelmZRvaneloebis AaRdgena, aramed sruliad axali
saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmna, rac xels Seuwyobda saqarTveloSi axali
54
dargebis gacnobasa da Seswavlas. ase, rom qarTuli mwignobrobis,
saqarTvelos istoriis, geografiis, Teologiis, astrologiisa da
astronomiis gverdiT Cven ukve vxvdebiT msoflio geografiis, qimiis,
kosmografiis da geodeziis dargSi Seqmnil Txzulebebs. antonis dros,
XVIII s. meore naxevarSi, kidev ufro gafarTovda interesTa are da
fizikis, fsiqologiis, filosofiisa da sxva dargebic moicva.
iTargmneboda saxelmZRvanelo wignebi sparsulidan, somxuridan, umetesad
ki rusuli enidan, radgan evropisaken mimaval gzaze TurqeTi kedeliviT
iyo aRmarTuli. mxolod ruseTis gavliT Tu SeiZleboda evropasTan
kulturuli kavSirebis damyareba.
aRniSnuli saqmianoba garkveul erudiciasa da intensiur Sromas
moiTxovda. qarTveli ganmanaTleblebi swored aseTi intensivobiT,
dauRalavi SromiTa da rudunebiT Seudgnen am droisaTvis metad rTuli
movaleobis Sesrulebas. TviT vaxtang VI-s imdenad aucilebel da
gadaudebel amocanad miaCnda saxelmZRvaneloTa Seqmnisa da gamravlebis
saqme, rom Tavadac Sesdgomia maT Sedgenas.
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebam, rogorc ganaTlebis calke sferom
saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis 60-80 w.w. iCina Tavi da TandaTan popularobac
moipova. amis winapirobebi iyo: batonymobis mospoba da kapitalizmis
pirveli Canasaxis gamoCena qveyanaSi; qarTuli intelegenciis mier evropaSi
miRebuli ganaTleba; rusi demokratebis zegavlena; da qveynis socialur-
ekonomiuri mdgomareoba.
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis idea aRiarebdnen demokratiuli
inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi, romelTac miznad daisaxes sakuTari
qveynis mosaxleobis ganaTlebis da kulturuli donis amaRleba. me-19
saukunis meore naxevarSi ilia WavWavaZem samocianelTa sxva gamoCenil
warmomadgenlebTan erTad, rogoric arian akaki wereTeli, niko nikolaZe
da sxvebi, daafuZna ramdenime saganmanaTleblo sazogadoeba, maT Soris,
wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba. am periodSi sazogadoebrivi
interesis gaRviveba saxalxo ganaTlebis institutebisadmi gamowveuli iyo
55
klsobrivi omisa da sistemis SecvliT, evropuli gamocdilebis
gaziarebiT. upiratesobas aniWebdnen zrdasrulTa saxalxo ganaTlebis im
aspeqts, rom SedarebiT mcire saxsrebiT SeiZleboda mosaxleobaSi
progresuli ideebis, elementaruli da sabazo codnis gavrceleba da amiT
kulturuli donis amaRleba.
qarTveli ganmanaTleblebi ar Semoifarglebodnen mxolod ruseTisa da
evropis qveynebis gamocdilebiT. maT zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
ganviTarebaSi SeqondaT sakuTari wvlilic regionebis Taviseburebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. am mxriv didi mniSvneloba hqonda ganaTlebisa da
kulturis iseTi moRvaweebis Sromebs, rogorebic arian: iakob
gogebaSvili, eqvTime TayaiSvili, dimitri yifiani, ivane maCabeli, iakob
nikolaZe, rafael erisTavi da sxv. maTi dauRalavi Sromis wyalobiT
ixsneboda damatebiTi ganaTlebis skolebi, biblioTekebi, saxalxo
universitetebi, eTnografiuli muzeumebi da sxv.
XIX saukunis bolos da XX saukunis dasawyisSi qarTuli gazeTebis
gverdebze Cndeboda statiebi da Canawerebi, romlebic zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebas eZRvneboda. am mxriv gamoirCeoda egnate ninoSvilis “rogori
ganaTleba gvWirdeba” (1893 w.) da iakob gogebaSvilis “rogor
gavaumjobesoT kavkasiuri saxalxo skola” (1903 w.). aq saubaria
auditoriis asakobriv Taviseburebebze, saswavlo procesebisadmi
SemoqmedebiT damokidebulebaze, sakvirao skolebze da a.S.
garda zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxebisa, qarTveli ganmanaTleblebi am
periodSi msjelobdnen zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis mecnierul xasiaTze da
mis xelmisawvdomobaze; saxalxo universitetebis organizaciul mxareze.
isini xazgasmiT aRniSnavdnen, rom saxalxo universitetebSi sagnis
swavlebis mkacrad gamokveTili samecniero-pedagogiuri mimarTuleba unda
hqondes.
XX saukunis 20-40-ian wlebSi, sabWoTa eris dasawyisSi, zrdasrulTa
ganaTleba ZiriTadad mSromelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis ucodinrobis
aRmofxvras emsaxureboda. 1921 wlis 4 ivliss gamoica saqarTvelos
56
“revkomis” dekreti “mosaxleobaSi wera-kiTxvis” likvidaciis Sesaxeb,
romlis mixedviT 14-dan 50 wlis asakis yvela is adamiani, romelmac wera-
kiTxva ar icoda, valdebuli iyo eswavla. am mizniT saxalxo
universitetebi gaixsna TbilisSi, baTumSi, quTaisSi, gorSi, WiaTuraSi,
foTSi, senakSi, zugdidSi, xonSi, TelavSi, siRnaRsa da axalcixeSi.
meore msoflio omis periodSi zrdasrulTa saganmanaTleblo
organizaciebi ZiriTadad farTo propaganduli da samxedro-patriotuli
swavlebis adgilad iqca.
omis Semdgom periodSi gaCnda kulturul-saganmnaTleblo da
mecnierul-politikuri ganaTlebis centrebis qseli, romelic SemdgomSi
sazogadoeba “codnad” Camoyalibda. es qseli saxelmwifo SekveTaze iyo
agebuli da ganaTlebisadmi individualur da SemoqmedebiT midgomas ar
iTvaliswinebda.
XX saukunis 60-80-ian wlebSi sazogadoeba “codnis” saxalxo
universitetebis raodenoba sagrZnoblad gaizarda (139-dan 502-mde) da aTi
aTasobiT adamiani gaxda maTi msmeneli. leqciebs gamudmebiT politikuri
elferi dahkravda da maTze daswreba savaldebulo xasiaTs atarebda.
sazogadoeba “codnas” propagandistuli mizani hqonda da msmenelTa
momzadebis xarisxi ar Seesabameboda drois moTxovnebs. sabWoTa periodis
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistema socialisturi Sromis principebze iyo
orientirebuli, sabazro ekonomikis Taviseburebebs ar iTvaliswinebda da
Tematikac xSirad meordeboda. mokled, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis sistema sabWoTa periodSi ar Sedga.
postsabWoTa sivrceSi qarTveli filosofosis merab mamardaSvilis
mier gavrcelda termini “akmeologia” zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
mimarTebaSi (“akme” Zvel berZnulad niSnavs “mwvervals”, “simwifes”), rac
Semdeg akdemikosma nina kuzminam sanqt-peterburgis gercenis saxelobis
saxelmwifo pedagogiur institutSi Seiqmnili akmeologiis kaTedris
wesdebis preambulaSi gamoiyena. merab mamardaSvilma yuradReba mimarTa
57
“adamianis survilsken, iswrafodes mwvervalisken”56, rac emTxveva
mocemuli kvlevis aqtualobis erT-erT maxasiaTebels - adamiani unda
gamudmebiT cdilobdes sakuTari Tavis srulyofas, raTa ar iqnes
socialurad izolirebuli.
mamardaSvilis Teoriuli naSromebis roli zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
ganviTarebaSi metad mniSvnelovania da mas saqarTveloSic gauCndnen
mimdevrebi. am sferoSi Tavisi namuSevrebi gamoqveynebuli aqvT
profesorebs k. ramiSvils, n. imedaZes, l. CikvaiZes e. daviTulians da sxv.
Tumca, gardamaval periodSi qveyanaSi mimdinare politikuri da
ekonomikuri cvlilebebis Tanmdevi kataklizmebis gamo, mkvlevarebs ar
miecaT praqtikuli nabijebis gakeTebis saSualeba ganaTlebis sistemaSi
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT.
mxolod 2000 wlidan, saerTaSoriso organizaciebis xelSewyobiT, gaxda
SesaZlebeli am mimarTulebiT garkveuli eqsperimentebis Catareba,
romelSic uSualod miiRo monawileoba axlad Seqmnilma saqarTvelos
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis organizaciebis asociaciam. am asociaciis
wevrebma moaxerxes da qarTuli saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis yuradReba
miapyres zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis mniSvnelobisken57.
2002 wlis oqtomberSi IIZ/DVV-is (axla ukve dvv international)
warmomadgenlobis iniciativiT, saqarTveloSi pirvelad gaimarTa
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis dReebi deviziT „swavla siberemde“. momdevno 2003
wels RonisZieba festivalSi gadaizarda, romlis centraluri RonisZieba
zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebis organizaciaTa pirveli gamofena
iyo. gamofenis farglebSi moewyo Ria gakveTilebi, seminarebi da
mravalricxovani prezentaciebi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sxvadasxva
Temebze. didi interesi gamoiwvia festivalis kulturulma programamac.
mTlianobaSi, festivalSi monawile pirTa ricxvma 3.000-s miaRwia.
56
Мамардашвили М.К. «Необходимость себя». Лекции. Статьи.Философские заметки.Под общей редакцией
Ю.П.Сенокосова.-Издательство «Лабиринт», Москва.-1996г.-432. 57
l. CikvaiZe, “pedagogikis sakiTxebi ufrosebis ganaTlebaSi”. moamzada da gamosca organizaciam IZZ-DVV, 2004 wels. BBK 88.5 /78
58
festivalSi monawileoba miiRes agreTve zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
organizatorebma azerbaijanidan, germaniidan da somxeTidan. 2004 wels
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebisadmi miZRvnili mTavari RonisZieba iyo ivnisSi
gamarTuli saerTaSoriso konferencia Temaze: „zrdasrulTa ganaTleba da
swavla mTeli sicocxlis manZilze samxreT kavkasiaSi - arsebuli
viTareba da ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi“. konferenciaSi, romelic iuneskos
ganaTlebis institutisa (hamburgi) da fond „Ria sazogadoeba -
saqarTvelos“ (OSGF) finansuri mxardaWeriT Catarda, 12 qveynis 120-ze
metma specialistma miiRo monawileoba. aRniSnuli konferencia
saqarTvelos zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis organizaciebisaTvis iqca
seriozul impulsad da maT 2004 wlis noemberSi daafuZnes saqarTvelos
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis asociacia (AEAG) da pirvelad saqarTveloSi
gamoaqveynes monacemTa baza zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis msurvelTaTvis58. 2005
wlidan asociacia IIZ/DVV-is mTavari partniori da kvireulis
sruluflebiani Tanaorganizatoria.
amave wels germaniis saxalxo universitetebis saerTaSoriso
asociaciis kavkasiis filialma saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministros
dawyebiTi profesiuli ganaTlebis departamentTan da profesiuli
ganaTlebis muSakTa asociacia “piramidasTan” erTad gaxsna damatebiTi
profesiuli momzadebisa da gadamzadebis centri. aseve, qalTa
organizaciebis koaliciis ganaTlebis samuSao jgufma germanul
organizacias IZZ/DVV mxardaWeriT gamoaqveyna saqarTveloSi dRes
arsebuli saganmanaTleblo fasiani kursebis sainformacio baza
zrdasrulTaTvis.
2006 wlis noemberSi saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da evrokomisias Soris
Sedga saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris evropuli samezoblo politikis samoqmedo
gegmis SeTanxmeba, romelic TanamSromlobis strategiuli miznebisa da
58
“saqarTvelos zrdasruli mosaxleobis ganaTlebisa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebis kursebi” – monacemTa baza. moamzada da gamosca organizaciam IZZ-DVV, 2004 wels. ISBN 99928- 995- 4- 9
59
Sesabamisi politikuri da ekonomikuri prioritetebis ganxorcielebas
uwyobs xels. gaCnda e.w. evrodireqtivebi ganaTlebis sferoSi reformebis
gatarebis dros gasaTvaliswineblad evropul da evroatlantikur
struqturebSi integraciis mizniT59. Sesabamis uwyebebTan TanamSromlobiT,
yovelwliurad xorcieldeba evropuli samezoblo politikis samezoblo
gegmis (ENP AP) ganxorcielebis angariSis momzadeba. gamomdinare aqedan,
2009 wels, rogorc SesavalSi aRvniSneT, saqarTvelom pirvelad miiRo
monawileoba zrdasrulTa ganTlebisadmi miZRvnil saerTaSoriso
konferenciaze braziliaSi, CONFINTEA VI. erTi wliT adre
konferenciisTvis mzadebis procesSi saqarTveloSi Seiqmna zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis problematikisadmi miZRvnili interseqtolaruli dialogi.
masSi monawileobdnen rogorc samTavrobo, ise arasamTavrobo seqtorebis
wamomadgeneli dainteresebuli pirebi (maT Soris, mocemuli naSromis
avtoric) da misi mizani iyo qveyanaSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb angariSis momzadeba. konferenciaze saqarTvelom
sxva monawile qveynebTan erTad miiRo mniSvnelovani mowodeba
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis mimarTulebiT efeqturi moqmedebebisken. Tu
rogor unda ganxorcieldes es mowodeba, amaze momdevno TavebSi gveqneba
saubari.
59
ENP Country Progress Report 2009 – Georgia, Brussels, 12/05/2010, SEC(2010) 518
60
3.3. saerTaSoriso gamocdileba zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis instituciuri
mowyobis Sesaxeb, misi sakanonmdeblo da finansuri safuZvlebi
boloniis 1998 wlisa da praRis 2001 wlis deklaraciebSi evropis
qveynebma gamoacxades ganaTlebis sistemis erTiani evropuli sivrcis
Seqmnis aucilebloba, rasac saqarTveloc uerTdeba da Tavisi
kanonmdeblobis evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizaciis mizniT,
erovnuli programis ganxorcielebis ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis
saministros 2004 wlis individualur samoqmedo gegmaSi wers:
“evrokavSiris qveynebis bolo aTwelulis aqtivoba ganaTlebis sferoSi
mimarTulia saerTo saganmanaTleblo sivrcis Seqmnisaken. am mizniT
saWiroa struqturuli, Sinaarsobrivi da sakanonmdeblo gardaqmnebi . . .
maT Soris:
unda dainergos dasavleT evropaSi bolo dros metad popularuli
strategia “swavla sicocxlis manZilze”, rac pirovnebas saSualebas
aZlevs konkurentunariani gaxdes axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebaSi,
gaiadvilos socialuri urTierTobebi, Seiqmnas Tanaswori
SesaZleblobebi da gaiumjobesos cxovrebis xarisxi.
saqarTvelo aqtiurad unda CaerTos saerTaSoriso programaSi
“ganaTleba yvelasaTvis”, rac saSualebas miscems mas SeinarCunos is
miRwevebi, romelic mas aqamde hqonda da saswrafod daZlios is
uaryofiTi tendenciebi, romlebmac iCines Tavi bolo dros.
unda Seiqmnas distanciuri ganaTlebis centrebi da saqarTvelom
aqtiuri monawileoba unda miiRos am swavlebaSi sakuTari kursebisa da
modulebis SeTavazebis gziT60”.
saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministros aqtiuri CarTva zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi qmnis axal SesaZleblobebs da am
mimarTulebis finansuri mxardaWeris perspeqtivebs saxavs. qarTuli
60
ixileT saqarTvelo ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros vebgverdi: www.mes.gov.ge
61
pedagogikis mecnierebma Tavisi wvlili unda Seitanon ganaTlebis
saministros samoqmedo gegmaSi dasaxuli struqturuli da Sinarsobrivi
cvlilebebis ganxorcielebaSi, maT Soris zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
ganviTarebis saqmeSi. saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis kvleva am mimarTulebiT
migviTiTebs mraval magaliTze, rogor unda moxdes zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis instituciuri mowyoba, rogori unda iyos misi sakanonmdeblo
da finansuri safuZvlebi da, bolos, rogor warimarTos zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis saswavlo procesebi.
CvenSi naklebad cnobili zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis iseTi formebi,
rogoric aris zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTleba (Adult Non-formal
Education), distanciuri swavleba (Distant Learning), ganaTleba yvelasaTvis
(Learning for All), ganaTleba sicocxlis manZilze (Learning for Life), damatebiTi
ganaTleba (Additional Education) da sxv. Tanamedrove msoflioSi farTod
gavrcelebuli praqtikuli saqmianobaa da uamravi mkvlevari muSaobs
Tanamedrove etapze maTi ganviTarebisTvis.
saxalxo universitetebi da sxva zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis centrebi
evropaSi sami tipis programaze arian koncentrirebuli:
zogadi ganaTlebis saskolo programa, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia
maTTvis, visac mxolod dawyebiTi ganaTleba aqvT miRebuli.
istoriis, iuridiuli, sabunebismetyvelo da socialuri
mecnierebebis saswavlo programa, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia
maTTvis, visac miRebuli aqvs zogadi ganaTleba.
profesiul-teqnikur ganaTlebis programa yvelasaTvis, sadac
aswavlian, magaliTad: mSeneblobis teqnologiebs, saremonto
teqnologiebs, buRalterias, wigniT vaWrobis saqmes da sxv.
amasTan erTad, gaizarda moTxovna Temaze orientirebul saswavlo
sagnebze, ris safuZvelzec gaixsna saswavlo kursebi sabunebismetyvelo,
ekonomikuri da fsigologiuri mecnerebebis Sesaswavlad, janmrTelobisa
da higienis sakiTxebis Sesaswavlad, xelovnebisa da kulturis
62
Sesaswavlad. gaizarda zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis miRebis msurvelTa asakic.
evropis qveynebSi sapensio asakis adamianebi xSirad swavloben axal
unarebs da saWiroebis an survilis SemTxvevaSi momsaxurebis sferoSi
iwyeben muSaobas.
Camoyalibda mecnieruli mimdinareobac, romelic muSaobs
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis kvlevaze da romlis mTavari amocanaa ufro
detalurad daazustos zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis miznebi. magaliTad,
mimdinare mecnierulma kvlevam evropaSi Camoayaliba saxalxo
universitetebis oTxi mTavari mizani:
moamzadon msmenelebi saTanado doneze, raTa maT SeZlon
cxovrebasTan adaptireba;
aswavlon msmenelebs damoukidebeli inteleqtualuri saqmianoba;
daexmaron msmenelebs moaxdinon TviTrealizacia, gaerkvnen sakuTar
inteleqtualur moTxovnebSi;
moamzados msmenelebi imisTvis, rom maT aqtiuri monawileoba miiRon
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis meqanizmebis muSaobaSi.
amerikuli Jurnalis “umaRlesi ganaTlebis gamocemebi”61 mixedviT aSS-
Si saTemo organizaciebis bazaze arsebuli zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
skolebs nawilobriv afinansebs adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis biujeti,
teqnikur mxardaWeras uwevs adgilobrivi da saxelmwifo ganaTlebis
saagentoebi (maT Soris universitetebi) da nawil Tanxas gaiRebs kerZo
struqturebi. aqve aRniSnulia, rom aseTi skolis pedagogebi
sertificirebas amerikis universitetebSi iReben.
amerikeli mkvlevarebi kostas metaqsiotisi da jon psarasi62
mkvlevarebi umaRles saswavleblebs sTavazoben, Tavad Seqmnan
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis aseTi centrebi da Tavad awarmoon codnis
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Black Issues in Higher Education (authors are not indicated). 1/29/2004, Vol 20 Issue 25; p.7 ½ p. Project Surveys
Community Based Schools Article <ephost@epnet.com> Database: Academic Search Premier. 62
Kostas Metaxiotis and John Psarras 2003, Applying Knowledege Management in Higher Education: The Creation of
a Lerning Organizations. Journal of Information and Knowledge Management. Vol. 2 No 4 353-359
63
menejmenti, anu gamoiyenon sakuTari resursebi im mizniT, raTa Seqmnan
saTanado saswavlo masalebi da moamzadon zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
specialistebi. isini gvTavazoben codnis menejmentis aseT midgomas:
movipovoT da gadavaqcioT informacia codnad (1), anu vawarmooT
gamokiTxva, SeviswvloT moTxovnebi adgilze, aRvweroT adgilobrivi
Sromis bazari da miRebuli informacia vaqcioT codnad.
ganvsazRvroT da SevamowmoT codna (2), anu analizi gavukeToT
gamokiTxvis Sedegebs da miRebul informacias da ganvsazRvroT
saswavlo porfilebi;
SevinaxoT codna (3), anu miRebuli Sedegebi SevitanoT Sesabamis
monacemTa bazaSi, sainformaciao bankSi da vaqcioT informaciis
wyarod;
gavukeToT organizeba codnas (4), anu CamovayaliboT Sesabamisi
socialur-pedagogiuri principebi, SevimuSaoT meTodika
fsiqologiuri aspeqtebis da regionaluri Taviseburebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT;
CamovayaliboT codna (5), anu SevarCioT da movamzadoT Sesabamisi
saswavlo-meToduri masala;
kombinireba gavukeToT codnas (6) anu davakompleqtoT masalebi
konkretuli profilebisTvis, SevqmnaT saswavlo modulebi;
SevqmnaT codna (7), anu davgegmoT saswavlo procesi, ganvsazRvroT
swavlebis moculoba da struqtura;
gavecnoT codnas (8), anu movamzadoT specialisti: pedagogi, treneri
an instruqtori;
gavceT codna (9), anu vaswavloT.
64
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis instituciuri mowyoba Tanamedrove sakandinaviis
qveynebSi
2003 wels daniaSi kopenhagenis zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis centris, AOF-
is stumrobis dros, mogveca saSualaeba gavcnobodiT skandinaviis
qveynebis zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistemas. miviReT informacia am
sistemis ganviTarebis, sakanonmdeblo da finansuri bazis Sesaxeb.
danielma kolegebma mogvawodes literatura, dagvaswres mecadineobis
process da gagvacnes saswavlo centris monawileebi. iq warmoebuli
kvlevis Sedegad CaverTeT zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis centrebis qselSi da
internetis saSualebiT movipoveT Semdgomi kvlevisTvis saWiro masalebi
mocemul TemasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze.
daniaSi 1991 wels miiRes zrdasruleTaA ganaTlebis xelSewyobis
aqti63, romelic momzadebuli iqna arasamTavrobo organizaciebis da
saTemo organizaciebis mier da daefuZna maT mier gaweuli kvelvebis da
ganviTarebisTvis warmoebuli muSaobis Sedegebs.
fineTSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis centrebis marTva regulirdeba
maTive wesdebiT64, Tumca mzaddeba reforma sakanonmdeblo bazaSi
zrdasruleTa ganaTlebis sferos gaTvaliswinebis mizniT. arsebuli
kanoni ganaTlebis Sesaxeb moicavs ramdenime muxls zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis regulirebis Sesaxeb, romelic gansazRvravs sad da vis mier
SeiZleba zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis organizeba.
zrdasrulTa ganaTleba fineTSi 1000-mde dawesebulebaSi imarTeba.
aqedan nawili dakavebulia uSualod zrdasrulTa ganaTlebiT, xolo
nawili eweva orive mimarTulebiT ganaTlebas, rogorc zrdasrulTaTvis,
aseve mozardebisTvisac. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis centrebi funqcionireben
universitetebSi, profesiul saswavleblebSi, specialur centrebSi, im
63
FOVU, a steering group under the Nordic Council of Ministers Action Plan 2000-2004 Nordic “Folkeopplysning”
and Adult Education 2000-2004 64
Blomqvist, I.; Niemi, H.; Ruuskanen, T. Participation in adult education and training in Finland. Helsinki:
Statistics Finland, 1998. (Adult education survey 1995)
65
saSualo skolebSi, sadac maRali klasebi swavloben, saxalxo da
sazafxulo universitetebSi, sportul da musikalur dawesebulebebSi.
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis specialur formas warmoadgens “zrdasrulTa
dasaqmebis trening centrebi”, sadac am centris mesveurebi uzrunvelyofen
dausaqmebel, an Semcirebis saSiSroebis winaSe mdgar mosaxleobas
universitetebidan da specialuri institutebidan samuSoze
orientirebuli nayidi kursebiT.
sabazo ganaTleba zrdasrulTaTvis fineTSi ufasoa65. mas
uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis biujeti.
rac Seexeba zrdasrulTa profesionalur treningebs, maT sxvadasxva
sistema afinansebs erTdroulad. damqiraveblebi, ganaTlebis da treningis
mimwodeblebi, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba da kerZo struqtura.
fineTSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis kategoriebi maT mizanzea
damokidebuli: (a) sabazo ganaTleba, (b) TviTmotivirebuli ganaTleba da
treningi, (g) Sromis bazarze orientirebuli treningi, da sxv.
SvedeTSi regulaciebi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Sesaxeb Tavmoyrilia
kanonSi skolis Sesaxeb (UFB SOS 1996) da miznobriv jgufebSi
gaTvaliswinebuli yavs 19 wlidan zemoT asakis adamianebi. zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis mTliani sistema Sedgeba municipaluri zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis da emigranTTa ganaTlebis sistemebisgan66. e.w SFI, KOMVUX
programebSi monawile ucxoelebi da emigrantebi swavlis sfasurisgan
gaTavisuflebulni arian. adgilobrivi mosaxleobas nawilobriv
municipaliteti afinansebs, nawilobriv Tavad ixdian swavlebis safasurs.
SvedeTSi aseve arsebobs am mizniT grantis miRebis praqtika kerZo
struqturebisgan.
winamdebare naSromis avtors zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis instituciuri
ganviTarebis ufro vrclad Seswavlis SesaZlebloba poloneTis
65
The financing of lifelong learning. Finland's country report for the OECD. Helsinki: Ministry of Education,
1998. 66
OECD. Thematic review of the transition from initial education to working life: Sweden country note. Paris:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1999.
66
magaliTze mieca qalaq krakovis egilenonis universitetis zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis mimarTulebebis menejmentis gacnobis dros. es qveyana
kvlevisTvis bevrad ufro saintereso aRmoCnda, radgan yofili
socialisturi qveynis SigniT momxdari istoriuli kataklizmebi analogad
gamodgeboda saqarTvelosTvis. mopovebuli masalebi detalurad gvacnobs
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistemis ganviTarebis, misi sakanonmdeblo da
finansuri bazis Sesaxeb poloneTSi. mocemul paragrafSi swored am
qveynis zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Tanamedrove statusia detalurad
aRwerili.
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis instituciuri mowyoba Tanamedrve poloneTSi67
poloneTSi oci wlis win dawyebuli reorientaciis Semdeg jer
sakmarisi dro ar gasula imisaTvis, rom davaskvnaT, myarad damkvidrda Tu
ara qveyanaSi uwyveti ganaTlebis struqturebi, romelTac SeuZliaT
qveyanaSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis funqciis Sesruleba. Tumca SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom arasamTavrobo zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis organizaciebi,
gansakuTrebiT ki is organizaciebi, romlebic ar arian mogebaze
orientirebulni, cdiloben, TavianTi saqmianoba mdgradi gaxadon da
SeZlebisdagvarad gaafarToon igi. am mxriv Zalze sasargebloa
liberaluli, saSualo da umaRlesi ganaTlebis politikis gatareba,
vinaidan es iZleva kerZo, saxelmwifos mier akreditirebul saSualo da
umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaTa Camoyalibebis saSualebas.
kerZo saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi, romlebic nawilobriv
dafinansebas Rebuloben saxelmwifosgan (administrirebisTvis), xolo
saswavlo programebs afinanseben swavlebis gadasaxadebiT, finansur bazas
sponsorebis saSualebiT ivseben.
67
Norbert F.B., Ewa Przylska. Adult Education in Poland – Copyright: 2001 IIZ-DVV
67
politikurma, ekonomikurma da socialurma situaciam poloneTSi
Zirfesviani cvlilebebi ganicada 1989 wels. cvlilebebi ganxorcielda
yvela sferoSi, ganaTlebis CaTvliT. Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikuri
sistemis danergvis Sedegad uwyveti ganaTlebis seqtors saxelmwifo
dafinanseba umeteswilad Seuwyda. vinaidan uwyveti ganaTlebis
dawesebulebebi TiTqmis aRar Rebulobdnen dafinansebas saxelmwifosagan,
isini iZulebulni gaxdnen, Cabmuliyvnen Tavisufal konkurenciaSi da
moexdinaT sakuTari resursebis sruli mobilizacia TviTgadarCenis
mizniT. bevri maTgani daixura, zogma ki uwyveti profesiuli momzadebis
kuTxiT gaaZliera muSaoba; ZiriTadad yuradRebas amaxvilebdnen ucxo
enebis, gansakuTrebiT inglisurisa da germanulis swavlebaze.
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistemisaTvis Zalze rTuli aRmoCnda
gardamavali periodis SokTan gamklaveba, axal da ufro Tanamedrove
codnaze moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofileba, zrdasrul adamianTaTvis
profesionalizmis da kvalifikaciis, aseve SromiT bazarze
konkurentunarianobis amaRlebaSi daxmarebis gaweva. ganaTlebis
saministroSi xelmZRvanel pirTa xSiri Secvla uaryofiTad moqmedebda
uwyveti ganaTlebis ganviTarebaze. 1990 wlidan moyolebuli ganaTlebis
ministri rvajer Seicvala da TiToeulma sakuTari prioritetebi
warmoadgina. ukanaskneli aTi wlis gamocdilebam aCvena, rom miuxedavad
garkveuli progresisa, saWiro iqneba mniSvnelovani Zalisxmeva uwyveti
ganaTlebis struqturebis gansaviTareblad, romlebic problemas
gadawyveten regionalur doneze.
praqtikulad, zrdasrulTa ganaTleba kvlav Tavisufali bazris
meqanizmebis xelSia. marTalia, ganaTlebis saministrom 90-iani wlebis
SuaSi garkveuli nabijebi gadadga zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Sesaxeb
sakanonmdeblo bazis Sesaqmnelad, magram es ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi. Tumca
amasobaSi warmomadgenelTa jgufma seimSi waradgina kanonproeqti, romlis
safuZvelzec am sakiTxis irgvliv politikuri debatebi gaimarTa. imis
miuxedavad, Tu ra bedi eweva kanonproeqts, ukve cxadia, rom dafinansebis
68
sakiTxi ZiriTadad ucvleli darCeba. kanonproeqtiT gaTvaliswinebulia
mxolod ganaTlebis saministros mier wardgenili uwyveti ganaTlebis
proeqtebis dafinanseba da dafinansebis tradiciuli wyaroebi (SromiTi
organizaciebi, dafinanseba SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone
adamianTaTvis, damsaqmeblis finansebi da swavlebis gadasaxadebi, rac
uwyveti ganaTlebis dafinansebis ZiriTad nawils warmoadgens).
marTalia, poloneTis ganaTlebis saministrom Zalian adre gaacnobiera
zrdasrulTa da uwyveti ganaTlebis ganviTarebis saWiroeba, magram
mTavrobis mxridan dafinansebis SesaZlebloba sakmaod SezRuduli iyo.
1992 wels ganaTlebis saministros iniciativis Tanaxmad, parlamentma
miiRo ramdenime dadgenileba, romelSic gansazRvruli iyo uwyveti
ganaTlebis ZiriTadi principebi da amocanebi. am dadgenilebebSi aRwerili
swavlebis formebi Seicavs instruqtaJs da ZiriTad da Semdgom swavlebas
dRis da saRamos kursebis, damatebiTi da distanciuri swavlebis da
kombinirebuli swavlebis formebis CaTvliT. swavlebis kursebis
organizebas axorcielebs mTavroba da zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, magaliTad, “distanciuri ganaTlebis
erovnuli centri” da uwyveti swavlebis centrebi, aseve arasaskolo
dawesebulebebi saxalxo universitetebis CaTvliT. dadgenilebis Tanaxmad,
zrdasrulTa ganaTleba moicavs Semdegi saxis RonisZiebebs:
profesiuli saRamo skolebi da distanciuri swavleba;
saSualo saRamo skolebi da saSualo distanciuri ganaTleba;
umaRlesi ganaTlebis saRamo da distanciuri skolebi;
diplomis Semdgomi swavleba;
sxvadasxva kursebi codnis asamaRleblad da Sesavsebad, axali
codnisa da unar-Cvevebis SesaZenad da Semdgomi profesiuli
swavleba.
miiRes specialuri dadgenileba distanciuri swavlebis Sedegad
saskolo diplomebisa da profesiuli kvalifikaciebis miniWebis
69
proceduraTa dasaregulireblad. “distanciuri swavlebis erovnul
centrs” daevala:
distanciuri swavlebisaTvis axal teqnologiaTa SemuSaveba da
popularizacia;
leqtorebisa da saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaTa pedagogebisaTvis
ZiriTadi da uwyveti ganaTlebis organizeba da koordinireba
poloneTis da sxva qveynebis warmomadgenelTa monawileobiT;
meTodologiisa da didaqtikis Sesaxeb saswavlo masalis mowodeba;
distanciuri swavlebis meTodologiasTan dakavSirebiT kvlevis
Catareba;
ucxouri swavlebis programebis da masalebis adaptireba;
audio-vizualuri saswavlo masalebis momzadeba;
distanciuri swavlebis sainformacio sistemaTa SemuSaveba.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi poloneTis saganmanaTleblo
sistemaSi 1999 wlis reformis dros ganxorcielda. 1998 wlamde
saxelmwifo politika uwyvet ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebiT ZiriTadad
orientirebuli iyo uwyveti ganaTlebis centrebis administraciis
finanasur mxardaWeraze da distanciuri swavlebis sistemis
Camoyalibebaze. regionaluri reformis danergvasTan erTad, axalma
mTavrobam skolebi da maT ganviTarebaze pasuxismgebloba adgilobriv da
regionalur TviTmmarTvelobebs gadaabara. SesaZlebelia am cvlilebebma
dadebiTi Sedegebi gamoiRos uwyveti ganaTlebisTvis. adgilobrivi da
regionaluri TviTmmarTvelobis organoebs SeuZliaT saministroze ukeT
Seafason sazogadoebrivi an sazogadoebis mxardaWeriT Seqmnili uwyveti
ganaTlebis dawesebulebebis saWiroeba. ra Tqma unda, Sesabamis
municipalitetebs, olqebs da provinciebs TavianT gankargulebaSi unda
hqondeT amisaTvis saTanado finansuri resursebi. magram ganaTlebis
biujeti kvlavindeburad deficits ganicdis da jer kidev gasarkvevia, Tu
70
rogor ganviTardeba ganaTlebis sistema TviTmmarTvelobis organoTa mier
marTvis SemTxvevaSi.
1994 wlidan 1998 wlamde ganaTlebis saministro gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas aqcevda distanciuri swavlebis sistemis Camoyalibebas. es
garkveulwilad finansuri mosazrebebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, vinaidan
distanciuri swavlebis programebis Rirebuleba Sesabamisi sauniversiteto
programebis Rirebulebis mxolod 30 procents Seadgens. ganaTlebis
saministros SexedulebiT, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis umniSvnelovanes
amocanas warmoadgens dainergos ZiriTadi da uwyveti ganaTlebis axali
formebi, gansakuTrebiT ki distanciuri swavlebisa, raTa codnisa da
profesiuli kvalifikaciis asamaRlebeli programebi yvelasTvis
xelmisawvdomi iyos; gaumjobesdes am programebis xarisxi da amaRldes
dargis specialistTa profesionalizmi.
1998 wels axalma mTavrobam miiRo dadgenileba, romelic ZalaSi
Sevida 1999 wlis ianvarSi, da romelic miznad isaxavda “distanciuri
ganaTlebis erovnuli centris” maswavlebelTa swavlebis erovnul
institutad transformirebas. centris umTavres amocanad iqca
programebis SemuSaveba zogadi ganaTlebisaTvis da saxelmZRvaneloebis
momzadeba. centris erT-erT mTavar amocanad kvlavac rCeba distanciuri
ganaTlebis ganviTareba. es gulisxmobs, upirveles yovlisa,
konferenciebisa da seminarebis organizebas avtorTa da distanciuri
ganaTlebis programis dizainerTaTvis; distanciuri ganaTlebis
programaTa miwodebas distanciuri ganaTlebis dawesebulebebisTvis.
1992 wels miRebuli dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, daiwyo “uwyveti swavlebis
centrebis” Seqmna. 2001 wlisaTvis poloneTSi 51 aseTi centri moqmedebda.
1999 wels gatarebuli administraciuli da ganaTlebis sistemis reformis
Tanaxmad, municipalitetebma, olqebma da zog SemTxvevaSi provinciebma
miiRes skolebis marTvis ufleba, rac adre mTavrobis kompetenciaSi
Sedioda. am reformaTa gatarebis Sedegad uwyveti ganaTlebis centrebis
71
saqmianobaze pasuxismgebeloba axla saolqo donis TviTmmarTvelobis
centrebs daekisra. am centrTa ufleba-movaleobaSi ki Sedis:
zrdasrulTa ZiriTadi da Semdgomi ganaTleba oficialuri da
araoficialuri programebis farglebSi;
saswavlo masalebis SemuSaveba da gamocema;
ama Tu im regionSi moqmed uwyveti ganaTlebis sxva
organizaciebTan TanamSromloba da maTi mxardaWera.
samTavrobo skolebis wesdeba warmoadgens uwyveti ganaTlebis
centrebis moqmedebis safuZvels, romelTac SeuZliaT yvela saxis
saskolo programebis ganxorcieleba yvela doneze. garda amisa, es
centrebi gvTavazoben farTo speqtris arasaskolo programebs. xSirad
isini mWidrod TanamSromloben SromiT dawesebulebebTan da biznes
organizaciebTan.
ZiriTad problemas warmoadgens is, rom bevr centrs ar gaaCnia
sakuTari aRWurviloba. provinciebSi, sadac am centrebs sakuTari ofisebi
aqvT, cdiloben, danergon infrastruqtura, romelic daexmarebaT uwyveti
ganaTlebis Tanamedrove tipis organizaciebad CamoyalibebaSi.
adre uwyveti ganaTlebis centrebi kontroldeboda pirdapir
ganaTlebis saministros mier. oficialuri saskolo programebi
finansdeboda saxelmwifo resursebiT, xolo kerZo programebi gadaxdili
swavlis safasuriT. ganaTlebis sferoSi gatarebuli reformis Sedegad
uwyveti ganaTlebis centrebi saolqo adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
organoTa kompetenciaSi gadavida da Sesabamisad subsidiebic ukve saolqo
biujetebSia gaTvaliswinebuli.
praqtikuli unar-Cvevebis swavlebaze orientirebuli profesiuli
momzadebis centrebi, e.w. “praqtikuli swavlebis centrebi”, ukve 1996
wlidan Cndeba “uwyveti ganaTlebis centrebTan” erTad. maTi raodenoba
ufro mcirea imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ufro Zvirad Rirebuli saswavlo
masala esaWiroebaT. ganaTlebis reformis Semdeg garda “uwyveti
72
ganaTlebis centrebisa”, umaRlesi ganaTlebis yvela samTavrobo skolas
aqvs uwyveti ganaTlebis programebis Catarebis ufleba. amasTanave,
TviTmmarTvelobis organoebs aqvT Sesabamisi uflebamosileba am sferoSi
saTanado pirobebis Sesaqmnelad. imdenad, ramdenadac centralizebulidan
decentralizebul sistemaze garadamaval periodSi finansuri situacia
jer kidev sakmaod gaurkvevelia, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
organoebs jer ar gaaCniaT saTanado finansuri saxsrebi TavianT
gankargulebaSi da, Sesabamisad, municipalur da saolqo administraciebs
mxolod SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi aqvT ganaTlebis seqtoris
ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli investiciebis gansaxorcieleblad.
“sabazo da uwyveti swavlebis centri” mdebareobs radomSi da igi
warmoadgens saxelmwifo samecniero instituts, romelic 1986 wels
daarsda. centri dakavebulia sabazo da uwyveti profesiuli swavlebis
programebis momzadebiT. misi saqmianobaa profesiuli swavlebis
programebis momzadeba saxelmwifo dawesebulebebisaTvis; uwyveti
ganaTlebis sferoSi samecniero kvlevis warmoeba; ganaTlebis
efeqturobis kvleva; samecniero publikaciebis gamocema. centrSi tardeba
kvlevebi profesiuli swavlebis Sesaxeb da muSavdeba profesiuli
momzadebis modelebi evropuli kvalifikaciebis sistemisa da xarisxis
standartebis gaTvaliswinebiT. 1994 wlidan 1998 wlamde centrSi
ganxorcielda samecniero kvlevaTa centris mier dafinansebuli ori
proeqti. erTi maTgani moicavda profesiuli swavlebis kursebis
SemuSavebas, meore ki multimediuri profesiuli swavlebisaTvis sanimuSo
saxelmZRvanelos momzadebas. amJamad centri muSaobs saxelmwifo
profesiuli swavlebis sistemis Camoyalibebaze, profesiuli ganaTlebis
standartizaciasa da profesiuli ganaTlebis xarisxis uzrunvelyofis
sistemaze. centri aseve daxmarebas uwevs ganaTlebis saministros kursebis
Sinaarsisa da Sefasebis pedagogiuri eqsperimentebis CatarebaSi. centrma
mniSvnelovanwilad SeiTavsa im profesiuli swavlebis saxelmwifo
institutis funqcia, romelic 1992 wels daixura. centris saqmianobaSi
73
gansakuTrebuli roli uWiravs publikaciebs. arsebobis manZilze Mman
daaxloebiT 400 dokumenti gamosca.
arasamTavrobo saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebs poloneTSi
saxelmwifo ar afinansebs. isini iReben samTavrobo saxsrebs mxolod
specialuri proeqtebisaTvis. statistikis centraluri biuros mier
gamoqveynebuli monacemebis Tanaxmad, 1998 wels arsebobda 2151
registrirebuli zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis instituti, romelic 17
kategoriad iyofoda. 1466 msxvili saganmanaTleblo centri, sadac 41068
sxvadasxva kursi tardeba, kerZo dawesebulebebs warmoadgens. es centrebi
saganmanaTleblo organizaciaTa saerTo raodenobis 70 procents Seadgens.
maTgan mxolod 15 procenti ar aris mogebaze orientirebuli. danarCenebi
ki finansdeba eklesiis, administraciuli da kooperaciuli
organizaciebis mier. yvela ver akmayofilebs xarisxis standartebs. ufro
metic, bevr maTgans ara hyavs kvalificirebuli maswavleblebi, garda
ufro msxvili arasamTavrobo, aramomgebiani organizaciebisa, rogoric
aris “zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis polonuri asociacia”, “Semdgomi
profesiuli ganaTlebis sazogadoeba”, “saxalxo universitetebis
sazogadoeba”, “umaRlesi ganaTlebis Tavisufali polonuri skolebis
sazogadoeba”, “ekonomikis sazogadoeba” da “teqnologiis centraluri
asociacia”, arsebobs aseve mcire zomis kerZo institutebi. 1989 wlis
Semdeg, postsocialistur periodSi, SesaZlebeli gaxda saeklesio
saxalxo universitetebis xelaxla gaxsna. aseTebia:
1. “saxalxo universitetebis sazogadoeba”. sazogadoebas aqvs 20-ze
meti filiali, romlebic TavianT regionebSi saxalxo skolebs
uweven administrirebas. skolebi xalxs sTavazoben swavlebis
mravalmxriv programas iseTi kursebis CaTvliT, rogoric aris
tradiciuli xeloba, sasoflo meurneoba, garemos dacva, sasoflo
da ekoturizmi, monacemTa damuSaveba da kulturuli da jandacvis
ganaTleba. aseve arsebobs specialuri programebi TviTon am
skolebis maswavleblebisaTvis.
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2. vielkopolskis saxalxo universitetebis sazogadoeba. es
sazogadoeba, emsaxureba qveynis dasavleT nawils, romelic
seminarebs atarebs ZiriTadad SabaT-kviras regionis sxvadasxva
nawilSi. seminarebis mTavar Temas warmoadgens soflis meurneoba,
ekonomika da garemos dacva.
3. masoviis saxalxo universitetebis asociaciis plokis saxalxo
universiteti. es dawesebuleba emsaxureba qalaq plokSi da mis
maxloblad mcxovreb mosaxleobas. garda amisa igi awyobs
sazafxulo ardadegebs sazRvargareT mcxovrebi polonelebisTvis.
4. prJevorskas kooperaciuli saxalxo universiteti. rogorc
sacxovrebeli centri, es instituti atarebs kursebs
axalgazrdebisaTvis soflis meurneobis konkretuli sakiTxebis
Sesaxeb. igi awyobs sakvirao seminarebsa da sazogadoebriv
RonisZiebebs soflis mosaxleobisaTvis. programaSi CarTulia
zogadi ganaTlebis sakiTxebi, gansakuTrebiT ki saojaxo
ganaTlebaze maxvildeba yuradReba.
5. vieJica/starbieninoSi mdebare kaSubis saxalxo unievrsiteti. kaSubis
saxalxo universitets marTavs kaSubisa da pomeraniis asociacia. aq
tardeba kursebi regionaluri kulturisa da xalxuri xelovnebis,
ekologiisa da biznesis marTvis Sesaxeb.
6. wminda jvris saxalxo universiteti ameliovkaSi. wminda jvris
saxalxo unievrsiteti ar warmoadgens kaTolikur universitets.
saxeli aRniSnavs im regions, romelsac igi emsaxureba. institutis
specializacias warmoadgens garemos dacvis sakiTxebi da igi
regionSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani organizaciaa ekologiis sferoSi.
meore msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg poloneTis zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis institutebma swrafad ganaaxles da ganavrces TavianTi
saqmianoba. msgavsi institutebi gaixsna yofil germanul qalaqebSic,
magaliTad, SCecinsa (germanulad Steteni) da olJtinSi (germanulad
75
alenStaini). instituts saxeli Seecvala da Tavdapirvelad daerqva
“xelobis swavlebis asociacia”, xolo 1962 wels ewoda “Semdgomi
profesiuli swavlebis asociacia”.
saxelis SecvlasTan erTad Seicvala institutebis specializaciac.
institutebma yuradReba gaamaxviles daostatebuli muSebis Semdgom
daxelovnebaze. socialistur periodSi swavlebis centrTa ricxvi
Cvidmetamde gaizarda. isini sakmaod Zlier saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebebad Camoyalibdnen. hqondaT sakuTari Senobebi da
saxelosnoebi da sakmaod farTo profilis ZiriTadi da Semdgomi
ganaTlebis programebs sTavazobdnen adgilobriv mosaxleobas. amis gamo
ufro gauadvildaT sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvla, radgan SesaZlebloba
miecaT SromiTi bazris cvalebadi moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad SeecvalaT
sakuTari saqmianobis profili. 1989 wlis Semdeg institutTa raodenoba
ocdaxuTamde gaizarda. dResdReobiT isini mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben
im SromiT organizaciebTan partniorobaSi, romlebic dausaqmebeli
mosaxleobis profesiul gadamzadebaze zrunaven.
“polonel ganmanaTlebelTa asociacia” warmoadgens saxalxo
ganmanaTlebelTa interesebs am sityvis farTo mniSvnelobiT. am
organizaciis arsi da funqcia xelaxla iqna gadaazrebuli komunizmis
dacemis Semdeg. 1991 wels asociaciam miiRo deklaracia, romlis
Tanaxmadac igi Sors iyo yovelgvari ideologiisagan. asociaciis miznebi
Semdegnairad iqna Camoyalibebuli: “polonel ganmanaTlebelTa asociacia”
warmoadgens nebayoflobiT organizacias kerZo da iuridiul pirTaTvis,
romlebic iswrafvian uwyveti swavlebis ideis danergvisaken
saganmanaTleblo, kulturuli da ekonomikuri saqmianobis gziT. asociacia
yvelasaTvis Riaa miuxedavad erovnebisa, an mrwamsisa. igi aRiarebs
evropuli da msoflio kulturis maradiul Rirebulebebs. cdilobs,
Seqmnas saTanado pirobebi pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebisaTvis.
uwyveti ganaTlebis idea Tanamedroved orientirebuli saganmanaTleblo
sistemis safuZvels warmoadgens.
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ukve 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi naTeli gaxda, rom transformacia,
romelsac poloneTSi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sfero ganicdida,
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis specialistebisagan inteleqtualuri
orientaciis axleburad mimarTvasa da azrovnebis axali garemoebebisaTvis
morgebas moiTxovda. swored am mosazrebis safuZvelze asociaciam
specializebuli seminarebis Catareba daiwyo zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
organizatorTa da maswavlebelTaTvis. seminarebis pirvel kurss “luna”
ewoda. amas moyva sazafxulo skolis kursebi andragogikis sferoSi.
asociaciis saqmianoba Zalze efeqturi da nayofieri iyo im TvalsazrisiT,
rom is maswavleblebi, romlebic am kursebs eswrebodnen, Semdgom TviTon
atarebdnen seminarebs zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Sesaxeb. am tipis
saqmianoba amJamadac asociaciis saqmianobis ZiriTad nawils warmoadgens.
varSavaSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sferoSi Zalze mniSvnelovani roli
iTamaSa zrdasrul ganmanaTlebelTa klubma, saxelwodebiT “ali”. am
klubma, romelic skandinaviuri, amerikuli da britanuli gamocdilebebis,
aseve saxalxo universitetebis praqtikis safuZvelze Camoyalibda, didi
xani ver iarseba da maleve daiSala. Tumca klubis idea jer kidev
cocxalia da aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi, oRond modificirebuli formiT,
albaT sakmaod sasargeblo gaxdeba asociaciis wevrTaTvis. asociaciam
warmatebulad gamoiyena axali kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, gaCenili
SesaZlebloba da gaxsna kerZo skolebi da umaRlesi ganaTlebis
dawesebulebebi. mas aqvs uwyveti ganaTlebis 48 skola da umaRlesi
ganaTlebis sami instituti.
1994 wels poloneTSi daarsda saxalxo universitetebis erovnuli
sabWo sxvadasxva tipis saxalxo unievrsitetebis organizaciaTa
gasaerTianeblad. sabWos aqvs konsultaciebis Catarebis uflebamosileba
da faqtiurad gamocdilebaTa da ideaTa gacvla-gamocvlis adgils
warmoadgens.
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poloneTSi specialur universitetebs asakovanTaTvis “mesame Taobis
universitetebi” ewodeba. isini ZiriTadad umaRlesi ganaTlebis
institutebis farglebSi arseboben, magram zogierT maTgans moqmedebis
avtonomia aqvs. pirveli “mesame Taobis universiteti” fizikuri ganaTlebis
universitetSi daarsda varSavaSi 1975 wels. SemdgomSi gaixsna TerTmeti
aseTi universiteti. leqciebi da seminarebi tardeba yvela akademiur
disciplinaSi. programis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgens prevenciuli
jandacvis, medicinisa da gerontologiis kursebi. tardeba fizikuri
gamajansaRebeli varjiSebi, aseve gasarTobi RonisZiebebi da saswavlo
eqskursiebi.
“mesame Taobis universitetebi” uwyveti ganaTlebis Zalze mniSvnelovan
nawils warmoadgens. aseT universitetebSi swavlis msurvelTa raodenoba
wlidan wlamde izrdeba. studentTa 80 procentze meti qalia. saSualod
70% 60-dan 70 wlamde asakisaa. garda sauniversiteto kursebisa,
monawileebi xSirad awyoben RonisZiebebs sakuTari iniciativiT da
exmarebian xalxs saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobaSi.
“zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis polonuri asociacia” 1950 wlis 5 maiss
daarsda ministrTa sabWos mier miRebuli dadgenilebis safuZvelze. mis
mizans wesdebis Tanaxmad, ganaTlebis, teqnologiisa da xelovnebis
gavrceleba, aseve ganaTlebisa da xelovnebis popularizacia
warmoadgenda. sazogadoebis saqmianobas Rrma safuZvlebi hqonda –
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis tradicia modioda jer kidev poloneTis
dayofis, msoflio omebisa da poloneTis okupaciis droidan.
sazogadoebaSi gaerTiandnen zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis organizaciebi da
igi Camoyalibda memarcxene muSaTa da radikalur fermerTa moZraobis
memkvidred, romlis mizansac zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis komunisturi
ideologiis Sesabamisad adaptireba warmoadgenda.
arsebobis pirvel wlebSi sazogadoeba aqtiurad atarebda leqciebs.
publikaciebSi gamoqveynebuli monacemebis Tanaxmad, 1950-51 wlebSi sul
27000 leqcia Catarda. sainteresoa, rom am leqciebis Temebs warmoadgenda:
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“rogor iwyeba cxovreba”, “adamianuri sawyisis Sesaxeb”, “samyaros
struqturis Sesaxeb”, “ra aris elva”, an “klimatis cvlileba, miwisZvrebi
da maTi zegavlena”. leqciebi imarTeboda aseve mimdinare aqtualuri
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb da iseTi social-politikuri Temebis Sesaxeb, rogoric
aris eqvswliani rekonstruqciis gegma da omisSemdgomi politikuri
transformacia.
garda leqciebis Catarebisa, sazogadoeba aseve gamoscemda farTo
profilis publikaciebs. ukve 1950 wels sazogadoebam daiwyo iseTi
perioduli gamocemebis gamoSveba, rogoric iyo “problemebi” da “codna
da cxovreba”. sazogadoebam aseve daiwyo e.w. mcire sabiblioTeko seriis
gamocema, romelSic ganxiluli iyo inteleqtualuri da kulturuli
cxovrebis yvela sfero: sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi, teqnologia,
geografia, istoria, socialuri politika, ekonomika, literatura da
kultura. 1958 wlisaTvis TiToeul am sferoSi daibeWda tomebi
daaxloebiT aTiaTasiani tiraJiT. 1957 wels aRdga e.w. “xalxuri skolebi”,
rogorc uwyveti ganaTlebis adgilobrivi centrebi. daarsda orasi aseTi
centri da maTi raodenoba sul ufro da ufro izrdeboda. centrebis
saqmianoba ZiriTadad leqciebis CatarebiT Semoifargleboda da Zalze
cota hqonda saerTo saxalxo universitetebis adre arsebul
tradiciasTan. dadebiT gamonakliss warmoadgenda ucxo enis kursebi. es
skolebi zogjer swavlis dasrulebis saSualebas aZlevda im adamianebs,
romlebmac Tavis droze skolaSi swavlas daanebes Tavi.
70-ian wlebSi sazogadoeba ufro Ria gaxda da daiwyo kavSirebis
damyareba dasavleT evropis arasocialistur qveynebTan da msoflio
organizaciebTan. aman gamoiwvia misi saqmianobis profilis gafarToeba,
kerZod ki, saskolo diplomebis mosamzadebeli, aseve ZiriTadi da Semgomi
profesiuli ganaTlebis kursebis CarTva programaSi.
1989 wels komunizmis dacemis Semdeg axali garemoebeba sistemis
restruqturizacias moiTxovda. yofili provinciuli filialebi
gadakeTda damoukidebel iuridiul erTeulebad, romlebic ama Tu im
79
konkretul regions emsaxureboda. dResdReobiT erovnuli aRmasrulebeli
komiteti mxolod sazogadoebis warmomadgenlobiT funqcias asrulebs.
gasuli aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi “sazogadoebis” transformaciis procesi
didi siswrafiT mimdinareobda da misi profili Zirfesvianad Seicvala,
rogorc Sinaarsobrivi, aseve stuqturuli TvalsazrisiT. 1989 wels
mxolod ormocdacxra provinciuli filiali arsebobda. 1995 wels es
ricxvi jer ocdaerTamde Semcirda, Semdgom ki gaizarda da ocdaTerTmeti
gaxda. filialebis umetesoba amJamad regionalur safuZvelze muSaobs. aTi
maTgani damoukidebeli iuridiuli erTeuli gaxda da amJamad aqvT
sakuTari Senobebi, an administraciuli ofisebi da saklaso oTaxebi.
institutis midgoma da meTodebi Zirfesvianad gadaisinja. adre aqtualuri
e.w. “saleqcio” meTodi dRes aRar gamoiyeneba. amis nacvlad im adamianebs,
vinc adreul asakSi miatova skola, ufro meti saSualeba eZlevaT,
daasrulon swavla. yuradReba eqceva teqnikuri kolejebisa da umaRlesi
ganaTlebis skolebis Seqmnas da ucxo enebis arasaskolo kursebisa da
profesiuli swavlebis kursebis Catarebas. gansakuTrebiT gaizarda
konkurencia ucxo enebis swavlebis bazarze da am fonze asociaciis mier
Catarebuli ucxo enebis kursebis raodenoba 30 %-iT Semcirda. amis gamo
asociaciisaTvis kidev ufro mniSvnelovani gaxda programaSi axali
kursebis CarTva – seminarebi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
organoebisaTvis, kompiuteruli dizainis kursebi, swavleba uZravi qonebis
agentTaTvis, ekonomikis kursebi specialur sferoebSi, rogoric aris
importi, eqsporti, sabaJo da sagadasaxado regulireba da auditi.
1999/2000 akademiuri wlis ganmavlobaSi asociaciis oTx institutSi
oci aTasi studenti swavlobda (institutebs saxelmwifo aRmasrulebeli
komiteti da aseve SCecinis, vroclavisa da olJinis regionaluri
filialebi marTavs); ucxo enebis kursebze eqvsasi studenti swavlobda
inglisur da germanul enebs; sxvadasxva regionaluri filialebis 266
saSualo skolaSi ki, 17 aTasi moswavle swavlobda.
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reorganizaciis Tanmimdevrulma procesma “sazogadoebas” saSualeba
misca sakuTari adgili daemkvidrebina ganaTlebis bazarze da
mniSvnelovani wvlili Seetana kerZo ganaTlebis sferoSi.
wesdebis Tanaxmad, “umaRlesi ganaTlebis Tavisufali polonuri
skolebis sazogadoeba” samecniero da socialur organizaciaa, romlis
mizansac mecnierebis popularizacia warmoadgens. gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba eqceva uwyvet ganaTlebas iseT sferoebSi, rogoric aris
socialuri politika, kultura da garemos dacva. misi saqmianoba
“umaRlesi ganaTlebis Tavisufali polonuri skolebis” tradiciebs
efuZneba. am sazogadoebis wevrebi gansxvavebuli samecniero sferoebidan
modiodnen. wesdebis mixedviT sazogadoebis mizans warmoadgens:
humanisturi xasiaTis progresuli idealebis mxardaWera; samecniero
codnis gavrceleba da misi gamoyeneba praqtikaSi; agreTve swavlebis
motivaciis amaRleba mosaxleobaSi.
sazogadoeba Tavisi miznebis miRwevas cdilobs kvleviTi proeqtebis
ganxorcielebis, samecniero seminarebis Catarebis, publikaciebis
gamocemis da socialur-kulturuli programebis Catarebis gziT.
sazogadoebas TerTmet provinciaSi Tormeti centri aqvs.
1996 wels uwyveti ganaTlebis aTma organizaciam poloneTSi xeli
moawera “Tanxmobis qartias zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis organizaciaTa
Soris”. ganaTlebis saministroSi xelmZRvaneli Tanamdebobis pirebis
xSiri cvlis gamo uwyveti ganaTlebis seqtori xSirad yuradRebis
naklebobas ganicdida. qartia ki miznad isaxavda zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
samoqalaqo organizaciaTa Zalisxmevis gaerTianebas am problemis
gadasaWrelad. qartiis mizans warmoadgens zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
organizaciaTa erToblivi qmedebebis mxardaWera saerTo miznebis
misaRwevad. es iTvaliswinebs miznebisa da prioritetebis gansazRvras,
aseve am miznebis miRwevisaTvis saWiro meTodebis SemuSavebas. gaerTianebas
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Sesaxeb TavianTi interesebis warsadgenad
samTavrobo organoebis winaSe saxelmwifo da adgilobriv doneze da aseve
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sxva sazogadoebrivi dajgufebebis winaSe. Sesabamisad qartiis
xelismomweri organizaciebi erTad atareben kvlevebs, erTad amzadeben da
avrceleben publikaciebs, awyoben konferenciebs, simpoziumebs, seminarebsa
da saerTaSoriso kongresebs. regularuli konsultaciebi, romlebic,
rogorc wesi, weliwadSi orjer tardeba, TanamSromlobis erT-erT
umTavres formas warmoadgens. qartiis xelismomweri organizaciebi arian:
“polonel ganmanaTlebelTa sazogadoeba”, “muSaTa universitetebis
sazogadoeba”, “umaRlesi ganaTlebis Tavisufali polonuri skolebis
sazogadoeba”, “saxalxo universitetebis sazogadoeba”, “zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis polonuri asociacia”, “Semdgomi profesiuli ganaTlebis
centri”, “uwyveti ganaTlebis centrTa direqtorebis erovnuli asociacia”,
“aRmasrulebel pirTa ganaTlebisa da uwyveti ganaTlebis centri”,
“samecniero organizaciaTa asociacia” da “polonuri xelobis asociacia”.
qartiis wevrebi kvartalurad gamoscemen Jurnals, romelic ZiriTadad
profesiuli swavlebis sakiTxebs Seexeba. pirvelad Jurnali gamovida
saxelwodebiT “zrdasrulTa ganaTleba”. amJamad ki mas “mozardTa uwyveti
ganaTleba” ewodeba.
1998 wels qartiis gavleniT parlamentma ganaTlebis aqtSi
mniSvnelovani cvlileba Seitana. kerZod, aqtSi Seitanes Semdegi sityvebi:
“sazogadoebebi da fondebi, romelTa mizans warmoadgens mozrdilTa
ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofa, ganaTlebis sistemis mniSvnelovan nawils
Seadgenen.” es debuleba cnobs zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis kanonirebas da
uzrunvelyofs misTvis iuridiul safuZvels poloneTis ganaTlebis
sistemaSi. amdenad, es udavod progresis maCvenebelia. qartiis
xelismomwerTa mier dasaxul amocanebs Soris aris saparlamento aqtis
miReba uwyveti ganaTlebis marTvisa da Sesabamisi institutis daarsebis
Sesaxeb.
“zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis aramomgebiani organizaciebis kategoria”
aseve moicavs profesiuli swavlebis organizaciebs, rogoric aris
“polonel buRalterTa asociacia”. Aam asociaciis ZiriTad amocanas
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wesdebis Tanaxmad, warmoadgens buRalterTa ZiriTadi da Semdgomi
swavleba. asociaciam daaarsa “profesiuli swavlebis centri, romelic
mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi atarebda distanciuri swavlebis kurss
buRalteriasa da sabuRaltro aRricxvaSi sxvadasxva doneze saolqo
organizaciaTa bazaze.
komunizmis dacemis Semdeg asociacias mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis
gatareba mouxda, rogorc kursebis Sinaarsis, aseve maTi struqturisa da
organizebis TvalsazrisiT. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Tanamedrove
Teoriebisa da meTodebis aTvisebis Sedegad asociaciam SeimuSava axali
koncefciebi da teqnologiebi. asociacia atarebs grZelvadian kursebs
buRalterTa profesionalur doneze momzadebis uzrunvelsayofad. garda
aramomgebiani asociaciebisa da organizaciebisa, arsebobs aseve ramdenime
fondi, romelic ganaTlebis sferoSi eweva saqmianobas. aseTia, magaliTad,
“sasoflo kulturuli fondi”. am fondis xedviT, soflis fermerTa
kultura erovnuli kulturisa da identurobis ganuyofel nawils
warmoadgens.
fondis muSaobis umTavres princips warmoadgens soflis RirebulebaTa
kultivireba, Senaxva da gavrceleba. Sesabamisad igi gansakuTrebiT uWers
mxars iseTi Tanamedrove mxatvrebis, Teatraluri da musikaluri jgufebis
saqmianobas, romelic soflis tradiciebTanaa dakavSirebuli. igi Tavis
saqmianobas warmarTavs semianrebis, leqciebis, prezentaciebisa da sxva
RonisZiebebis saSualebiT. fondi aseve gamoscems enciklopediebs, video
da audio Canawerebs. fonds aqvs kvartaluri Jurnali “regionebi”, sadac
qveyndeba soflis cxovrebis kulturis amsaxveli eseebi, poezia da proza.
fondi Tavis saqmianobas afinansebs kerZo pirebisa da dawesebulebebisgan
miRebuli SemowirulobebiTa da daxmarebiT.
krakovSi mdebare iagielonianis universitets uwyveti ganaTlebis,
rogorc damoukidebeli disciplinis, Seswavlis sakmaod xangrZlivi
gamocdileba aqvs. 1945 wlis Semdeg es tradicia maswavlebelTa swavlebis
kolejTan erTad gagrZelda. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis pirveli kaTedra
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daarsda krakovis universitetSi. swored aq tardeboda yvelaze
mniSvnelovani samecniero kvlevebi da maTi Sedegebic aq qveyndeboda.
maqsimilian siemenskim gansazRvra is ZiriTadi Taviseburebebi, romlebic
andragogikas ganasxvavebs sxva pedagogiuri da humanitaruli
mecnierebebisagan. aseT Taviseburebebs warmoadgens Sinaarsis da formebis
analizi, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis meTodebi da ganaTlebis procesis
zegavlena zrdasrulTa moralur da inteleqtualur ganviTarebaze da
maT TviTrealizaciaze sazogadoebaSi. siemienski miiCnevda, rom termini
“zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Teoriebi” ufro mravlismomcveli iyo, radganac
andragogika gulisxmobs ufro konkretul sakiTxebs, rogorebic aris
programebi, meTodebi da formebi, romlebic xels uwyoben zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis process. franCisek urbanCikis kvlevebi ZiriTadad
zrdasrulTa swavlebis fsiqiur da motivaciur faqtorebs Seexeboda. man
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis socialuri funqcia gansazRvra, rogorc
adaptaciuri, integraciuli, kompensaciuri, ekonomikuri, revoluciuri da
politikuri.
umaRlesi ganaTlebis meore universiteti, romelmac zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis, rogorc damoukidebeli samecniero disciplinis Seswavla
daiwyo, iyo loZis universiteti. am universitetSi aswvlidnen
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis cnobili eqspertebi Helena radlinska da
aleqsandre Kaminski. Helena radlinskam gamoikvlia zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis socialuri aspeqti da is socialuri garemoebebi, romlebic
xels uwyobs, an piriqiT, aferxebs im zrdasrul adamianebs, romlebsac
surT TviTrealizacia moaxdinon. Helena radlinskas studenti,
aleqsandre kaminski ki garTobis saSualebiT ganaTlebisa da xandazmulTa
ganaTlebis fuZemdeblad iTvleba.
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sferoSi samecniero kvleva varSavis
universitetSi SedarebiT mogvianebiT Catarda. kerZod, 1960 wels. kvlevebi
tardeboda sxva mniSvnelovan centrebSic, magaliTad, poznanis
universitetSi, vroclavSi, torunsa da liublinSi. socialisturi epoqis
84
dros zrdasrulTa ganaTleba, rogorc samecniero sfero ar warmoadgenda
prioritets, radganac individebis kvleva ver Tavsdeboda socialistur
ideologiasTan.
kvlevebi ZiriTadad Seexeboda wera-kiTxvis swavlebas, zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis Teoriul safuZvlebs, zrdasrulTa skolebs, meTodologiasa
da didaqtikas, aseve damoukidebel, TviTmotivirebul swavlebas da
zrdasrulTa swavlebis istoriasa da SedarebiT kvlevas.
maSin, roca sxva qveynebSi zrdasrulTa swavlebis axali akademiuri
formebi viTardeboda, poloneTSi Ria universitetis gaxsna sul ufro da
ufro rTuldeboda. ufro metic, distanciuri swavlebis studentTa
raodenoba 100000-iT Semcirda. ar tardeboda aranairi RonisZieba uwyveti
ganaTlebis, rogorc samecniero sferos axali formis gansaviTareblad da
saxalxo samecniero leqciebis Catareba izRudeboda. ar arsebobda
saswavlo kursebi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis eqspertTaTvis, arc swavlebis
kursebi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis, rogorc damoukidebeli disciplinis
Sesaxeb da am sferoSi leqciebis, kvlevebisa da publikaciebis raodenoba
SezRuduli iyo. es niSnavda ara mxolod uwyveti ganaTlebis samecniero
Seswavlis kargad organizebuli sistemis moSlas, romelic omamde
viTardeboda, aramed miuTiTebda zogadad ganaTlebis stagnaciaze,
radganac ar xdeboda Teoriuli da didaqtikuri masalis ganaxleba da
arsebuli saerTaSoriso kavSirebic gawyda. sauniversiteto zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis aRdgena moxda mxolod 1989 wlis Semdeg. amjerad kvleva ukve
axal Temebze iyo orientirebuli. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda
socialur transformacias da mis zegavlenas individebze. dResdReobiT
mniSvnelovan sakiTxTa siaSi Sedis socialuri sistemebis kvleva,
gasatarebeli cvlilebebi da ganaTlebis roli gardamavali periodis
problemaTa gadaWraSi. garda amisa, mniSvnelovan amocanas warmoadgens im
gzebis moZieba, romelsac ekonomikis stimulireba, regionaluri kulturis
ganviTareba da demokratiuli procesebis mxardaWera SeuZlia. poloneTis
ganaTlebis sistema debatebisa da kamaTis sagnad iqca da meti yuradReba
85
mieqca arasaskolo ganaTlebis ganviTarebas. saxalxo universitetebis
funqciebis gadaazrebasTan, programebisa da kursebis Sinaarsis
SecvlasTan erTad xdeboda axali koncefciebis danergva. mimdinareobda
ganxilvebi da msjelobebi omebs Soris periodSi warmoqmnili
saganmanaTleblo tradiciebis aRdgenasTan dakavSirebiT.
ganxilvis kidev erT sagans warmoadgenda “profesionalizacia”.
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis specialistebs utardebodaT ZiriTadi da
Semdgomi akademiuri swavleba, xdeboda samecniero koncefciebis
damuSaveba da sxvadasxva profilis mqone specialistebis swavleba.
amasTan dakavSirebiT moxda zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis specialistTa
rolisa da idealuri piradi Tvisebebis gadafaseba. uwyveti ganaTlebis
sistemis stabilizirebis mizniT xdeba axali winadadebebis SemuSaveba da
wardgena.
poloneli zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis specialistebi gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas aqceven saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis Seswavlas, kerZod ki,
ganaTlebis sistemaTa sxvadasxva tipebis da evropis sxvadasxva qveynebis
praqtikas, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis gansakuTrebul tipebs da konkretuli
jgufebisaTvis arsebul gansakuTrebul koncefciebs, rogoric aris,
magaliTad, qalTa ganaTleba germaniaSi.
uwyveti ganaTlebis sferoSi gaCnda axali Temebis Seswavlis interesi.
magaliTad, sul ufro meti da meti kvleva tardeba jandacvisa da
ekologiuri ganaTlebis sferoSi. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba
mesame Taobis ganaTlebas, aseve konkretuli fokus-jgufebis kvlevas.
bevri samecniero kvleva gamoqveynda andragogikis statusiT. es sfero ar
eqvemdebareba mTavrobis gavlenas, magram kvleva am sferoSi
dafinansebulia saxelmwifo seqtoris mier. saWiroa Semdgomi kvlevisa da
analizis Catareba adgilobriv SromiT bazrebze situaciisa da
profesiul swavlebaze moTxovnis dasadgenad. gasarkvevia zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis specialistTa kvalifikaciisa da statusis sakiTxi, aseve
SesamuSavebelia saswavlo programaTa modelebi. Casatarebelia kvleva
86
arasaskolo ganaTlebis sferoSi, aseve axal aqtualur sferoebSi,
rogoric aris jandacvis ganaTleba, axali teqnologiebi, an ojaxuri
ganaTleba.
“andragogikis akademiuri sazogadoeba”, romelic 1993 wels daarsda,
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistemis reorganizaciis procesSi mniSvnelovan
organizacias warmoadgens. sazogadoebis wevrebi arian, rogorc
mecnierebi, aseve am sferos praqtikosebi. sazogadoebis mizans warmoadgens
andragogikis akademiuri formebis institucionalizacia, zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis specialistTa swavleba, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Teoriis
SemuSaveba da am sferos popularizacia publikaciebisa da sxvadasxva
gamocemebis saSualebiT. garda amisa, sazogadoeba TanamSromlobs
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis organizaciebTan, saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan
da saxelmwifo seqtorSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis interesebs warmoadgens.
sazogadoeba awyobs yovelwliur seminarebs da 1993 wlidan aqveynebs
kvartalur Jurnals saxelwodebiT “zrdasrulTa ganaTleba”. gamocemaTa
seriaSi “zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis biblioTeka” sazogadoeba aqveynebs
sakonferencio masalebsa da samecniero kvlevebis Sedegebs. sul
gamocemulia am seriis 22 tomi. 1994-1998 wlebSi sazogadoeba aseve
xelmZRvanelobda erTwlian diplomis Semdgom kurss zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebaSi torunis universitetSi. sazogadoebam daiwyo sazafxulo
seminarebis Catareba am sferos axalgazrda profesionalTaTvis. es
seminari mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
specialistTa swavlebaSi. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Sesaxeb konferenciebi
ewyoba ara mxolod am sazogadoebis, aramed poloneTis sxvadasxva
universitetebisa da umaRlesi saswavleblebis profesorTa mier. loZisa
da hanoveris universitetebma, aseve varSavisa da humboldtis
universitetebma TanamSromloba 80-ian wlebSi daiwyes da igi kvlavac
grZeldeba. sagrZnoblad gafarTovda saerTaSoriso kontaqtebi.
ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi polonuri universitetebi Caebnen
evropisa da msoflios universitetebis iniciativebsa da kvleviT
87
proeqtebSi. erT-erTi aseTi proeqti, romelic torunis universitetisa da
berlinis humboldtis universitetis mier ganxorcielda, Seexeboda qalTa
ganaTlebis sakiTxebs poloneTsa da germaniaSi.
poloneTis ganaTlebis seqtorSi SeiniSneba erTi mniSvnelovani
tendencia: mcirdeba im programebSi monawileobis msurvelTa ricxvi,
romlebic imaTTvis aris gankuTvnili, vinc adreul asakSi miatova
skolaSi swavla. sanacvlod, izrdeba profesiuli momzadebis, uwyveti
ganaTlebisa da profesiuli gadamzadebis programebSi monawileobis
msurvelTa ricxvi. Zireuli cvlilebebi adasturebs, rom zrdasrulTa
ganaTleba ukve aRar warmoadgens oficialuri saswavlo procesis
alternativas, aramed sruliad damoukidebeli sferoa ganaTlebis
sistemaSi. am monacemebis mixedviT poloneTSi jer kidev bevria
gasakeTebeli imisaTvis, rom aqauri zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistema
evropul standartebs gauTanabrdes. miuxedavad imisa, rom didi
cvlilebebi gatarda ukanaskneli wlebis ganmaaaavlobaSi, uwyveti
ganaTleba jer kidev meorexarisxovan rols TamaSobs. samTavrobo
politikis gamtareblebs jer kidev ar gaucnobierebiaT zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis didi potenciali, rogorc sazogadoebis momavlis erT-erTi
ganmsazRvreli faqtorisa. saWiroa xalxs mieces saSualeba, gamoxatos
TavianTi interesebi, izrunos sakuTar profesiul karieraze da aqtiuri
monawileoba miiRos sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. aucilebelia mTavrobam
garkveuli zomebi miiRos. qveyanaSi saswrafod unda SemuSavdes saTanado
sakanonmdeblo baza uwyveti ganaTlebisaTvis. uwyveti ganaTlebis
programebze xeli unda miuwvdebodes sazogadoebis yvela fenis
warmomadgenels, gansakuTrebiT ki Rarib da daucvel mosaxleobas.
aucilebelia Sesabamisi zomebis miReba uwyveti ganaTlebis
komercializaciis mzardi tendenciis sapasuxod.
saganmanaTleblo programebze mosaxleobis sayovelTao
xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelsayofad saWiroa sruliad axali
struqturebis Camoyalibeba, gansakuTrebiT es Seexeba soflebsa da patara
88
qalaqebs. regionalizaciis tendencia da saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebebze pasuxismgeblobis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
organoebisaTvis gadacema am process sagrZnoblad Seuwyobs xels. Tumca
aseve mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis samoqalaqo
organoebs. miznis misaRwevad aseve saWiroa zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
specialistTa kvalifikaciisa da profesionalizmis amaRleba.
ramdenadac zrdasrulTa ganaTleba zemoT aRwerili procesis nawils
warmoadgens, man aseve unda moaxdinos daucveli jgufebis – fizikuri
naklis mqone pirebis, socialurad daucveli pirebis, qalTa, soflis
mosaxleobis, aseve patara qalaqebis mosaxleobis integracia sistemaSi.
saWiroa saxalxo universitetebis infrastruqturis ganviTareba da maT
Soris kavSirebis damyareba. es iTvaliswinebs am universitetebisa da maTi
programebis reorganizebas SromiTi bazris moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.
saubedurod, distanciuri ganaTlebis sistemaSi didi progresi ar
SeiniSneba. arada es is dargia, romelsac didi potenciali aqvs ZiriTadi
da Semdgomi profesiuli swavlebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi.
uwyveti ganaTlebis wamyvan organizaciebs Soris aris “Secenis
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis polonuri asociacia”, romelmac 1993 wels
miiRo “regionaluri filialis” iuridiuli statusi da daiwyo Tavisi
saqmianobis gavrceleba regionSi. asociaciis saxeliT gadawyvetilebebs
iRebs misi generaluri asamblea da aRmasrulebeli sabWo. sazogadoebas
hyavs direqtori da xuTi mudmivi TanamSromeli. 1999 wels asociaciaSi
gawevrianebuli iyo sxvadasxva profesiisa da kvalifikaciis mqone 471
wevri. asociaciis saqmianobas afinansebs ocze meti sawarmo. maT aqvT
“mxardamWeri wevrebis” statusi. generaluri asamblea ikribeba weliwadSi
erTxel. aRmasrulebeli sabWos sxdoma, romelic 7 wevrisagan Sedgeba,
Cveulebriv weliwadSi eqvsjer imarTeba. asociaciis mniSvnelovan organos
warmoadgens mrCevelTa sabWo, romelic 17 wevrisagan Sedgeba, TiToeuli
maTgani pasuxismgebelia saqmianobis ama Tu im konkretul sferoze,
89
rogoric aris, magaliTad, sawarmoebTan urTierToba, koncefciis dizaini,
an socialuri da kulturuli ganaTleba.
garda diplomis Semdgomi ganaTlebisa da ucxo enis kursebisa,
asociacia aseve atarebs programebs sxvadasxva specifikur sakiTxebze.
1998/1999 wlebSi Catarda sul 509 aseTi programa, romelSic monawileoba
miiRo 10 949 adamianma. aqedan 373 Catarda ucxo enebis programis saxiT.
asociacia cdilobs, ganaTlebis dasrulebis saSualeba misces im
adamianebs, vinc es adre ver SeZlo da miatova skola. amisaTvis
asociacias aqvs saRamo skolebi da distanciuri saSualo ganaTlebis
programebi. asociacia aseve atarebs profesiuli swavlebis programas
zrdasrulTaTvis. am programis farglebSi sul 58-ma adamianma miiRo
diplomi. garda amisa, igi atarebs profesiuli swavlebis programebs
saSualo skoladamTavrebulTaTvis monacemTa damuSavebaSi, aseve samuSao
usafrTxoebasa da higienaSi. 1999 wels am ori programis farglebSi 64-ma
adamianma miiRo diplomi. garda amisa, asociacia sxva programebsac
axorcielebs.
rac Seexeba uwyveti ganaTlebis programebs da Taviseburebebs, 1996
wels SJeCinis regionalur filialSi daarsda humanitaruli koleji,
romelSic gaerTianebulia 4 fakulteti: samuSao adgilis pedagogika,
dawyebiTi skolis pedagogika, socialuri pedagogika da ganaTlebis
Teoria. 1998-1999 akademiur wels kolejSi 1026 studenti swavlobda.
instituti aseve awyobs saswavlo mivlinebebs. kolejs aqvs sakmaod kargi
adgilmdebareoba germanuli dawesebulebebis warmomadgenlebTan
Sexvedrebis Casatareblad. aseTi programebi xSirad tardeba
gansakuTrebiT geografiis, kulturisa da ucxo enebis swavlebis dargSi.
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos kolejsa da germanul sazogadoebrivi
uwyveti ganaTlebis centrebs Soris arsebuli mWidro TanamSromloba.
arsebul saxalxo universitetebs Soris sanimuSo uwyveti ganaTlebis
dawesebulebas warmoadgens “rezidentuli saxalxo universiteti
lubievoSi”. universiteti mdebareobs varSavis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT
90
mdebare provinciaSi. igi ganTavsebulia yofili sasoflo sameurneo
institutis SenobaSi. skolas aqvs eqvsi saklaso oTaxi da sacxovrebeli
adgili 40 studentisaTvis. universiteti 1993 gaixsna da igi efuZneba
ekologiuri saxalxo universitetis ideas. universitetSi tardeba
seminarebi da sakvirao RonisZiebebi ekologiur sakiTxebze, rogoric aris
ekologiuri humanizmi, soflis meurneobis ekologiuri da biodinamikuri
koncefciebi, mSeneblobis ekologiurad gamarTlebuli meTodebi, saSinao
meurneoba, aqtiuri garemos dabinZureba, miwis damuSavebis Sedegad
niadagis dabinZureba da ganaxlebadi resursebi. saklaso oTaxebi
aRWurvilia ekologiuri sakiTxebis Sesaswavlad da saSinao meurneobis
kursebis Casatareblad. garda amisa, ramdenime mcire zomis ekologiuri
sakanalizacio sistema, romelic sxvadasxva adgilas damontaJda, iZleva
narCeni wylebis dasufTavebis procesis Seswavlis saSualebas.
rezidentuli saxalxo umaRlesi skola aseve atarebs enis kursebs da
sxvadasxva RonisZiebebs soflis cxovrebisa da kulturis Sesaxeb. am
kursebsa da programebSi daaxloebiT 700 studenti iRebs monawileobas.
“torunis uwyveti ganaTlebis centri” 1978 wels daarsda ramdenime
skolis gaerTianebis Sedegad. centrs hyavs sakuTari pedagogiuri da
administraciuli personali, aseve aRWurviloba, maT Soris sagamomcemlo
danadgarebi. mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi instituti umniSvnelo rols
TamaSobda ganaTlebis sistemaSi. mxolod 1990-ian wlebSi aRiara centri
ganaTlebis saministrom uwyveti ganaTlebis dawesebulebad mier da moxda
misi funqciebis xelaxali gansazRvra. 1992 wlis Semdeg centrma TandaTan
daiwyo ganviTareba. amJamad mis gankargulebaSi aris sami Senoba 54
saklaso oTaxiT, eqvsi Tanamedrove kompiuteruli laboratoriiT, sabeWdi
saklaso oTaxiT, praqtikuli mecadineobis kabinetiT, ori biblioTekiT
(romelSic 40 aTasi wignia), aseve administraciuli oTaxebiTa da
Tanamedrove sagamomcemlo danadgarebiT. aq ibeWdeba saswavlo masala ara
mxolod centris Sida gamoyenebisaTvis, aramed poloneTis uwyveti
ganaTlebis sxva dawesebulebebisTvisac. garda amisa, centrs aqvs
91
studentTa saerTo sacxovrebeli. dagegmilia sastumro oTaxebis mowyobac
mowveuli eqspertebisTvis. es oTaxebi ise unda iyos mowyobili, rom
saWiro SemTxvevaSi maTi gamoyeneba saswavlo procesisTvisac SeiZlebodes.
120 kacisgan Semdgari TanamSromlebis StatiT torunis uwyveti
ganaTlebis centri emsaxureba ramdenime jgufs. garda 13 sxvadasxva
dasaxelebis xelobisa, aq iswavleba ekonomika, biznesi, sxvadasxva
teqnologiebi da agreTve SesaZloa zogadi ganaTlebis skolis programis
Seswavlac. centrSi moqmedebs 16 sxvadasxva profesiis Semswavleli
orwliani kursi skoladamTavrebulTaTvis da kursebi swavlis
gagrZelebis nebismieri asakis msurvelTaTvis. es ukanasknelni or
kategorias miekuTvnebian: isini, visac damoukideblad surT rame
specialobis Seswavla, an isini, vinc damqiraveblebis mier arian
mivlinebulni samsaxurebidan garkveuli unarebis gasaviTareblad. centrSi
aswavlian kompiuterul programebs, monacemTa bazis Sedgenas,
buRalterias, marketings da TviTon zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis pedagogikas.
amasTan erTad, centrs gaaCnia aTi sakonsultacio centri sxvadasxva
provinciaSi, romlebic Tavis mxriv amzadeben msurvelebs misaRebi
gamocdebis Casabareblad.
imis gamo, rom zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis mniSvneloba sul ufro da
ufro izrdeba umaRlesi ganaTlebis dasavlur saxelmwifo
dawesebulebebSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebam moaxerxa, rom damoukidebel
disciplinad Camoyalibebuliyo, rasac jer-jerobiT ver vityviT Cvens
qveyanaze.
92
III Tavis daskvna
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis istoria antikuri xanidan iRebs saTaves,
magram instituciur saxes me-18 saukuneSi iRebs. pirveli saxalxo
universitetebi gaCnda skandinaviis qveynebSi, germaniaSi, poloneTsa da
evropis sxva qveynebSi. xSirad am mimarTulebis ganviTareba qveyanaSi
mosaxleobis erovnuli an socialuri Tavisuflebis mopovebasTan iyo
dakavSirebuli. didi roli ekava zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis ganviTarebis
saqmeSi eklesia-monastrebs. ganaTlebis am sistemis degradacia ki, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, qveynis okupaciasTan, an komunisturi sistemis
damkvidrebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli.
zrdasrulTa ganaTleba me-20 saukunis saqarTveloSi, sabWoTa kavSiris
SemadgenlobaSi yofnis dros saxelmwifos dakveTaze aages da mimarTaves
mxolod profesiuli kvalifikaciis amRlebisken. gardaqmnis periodSi
gaCnda saqarTveloSi moRvawe mkvlevarTa pirveli Teoriuli publikaciebi
dasavleTSi gavrcelebuli zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis mimarTulebebis
Sesaxeb, magram qveyanaSi mimdinare politikuri da ekonomikuri
cvlilebebis Tanmdevi kataklizmebis gamo, maT ar miecaT saSualeba
praqtikulad SeesxaT xorci Teoriulad Camoyalibebuli ideebisTvis.
mxolod meore aTaswleulis dasawyisSi gaxda SesaZlebeli saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis mxardaWeriT gadagmuliyo pirveli praqtikuli nabijebi.
21-e saukunis mijnaze am evropis samezoblo politikis farglebSi,
saqarTvelo evropisa da evroatlantikur struqturebTan integraciis
mizniT, ganaTlebis mimarTulebiT samoqmedo gegmaSi zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis mimarTulebis ganviTarebis sakiTxebis CarTva da
gaTvaliswineba mouwevs.
mocemul TavSi detalurad aris aRwerili zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
institutebis ganviTarebis etapebi evropaSi me-20 saukuneSi, Tumca am
mimarTulebam, axali Sromis bazris moTxovnebis sapasuxod, axali
Rirebulebebi SeiZina, razec saubari iqneba momdevno TavebSi.
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IV Tavi: zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis socialur-pedagogiuri
rolis Sefaseba Sromis bazris axali moTxovnebis sapasuxod
(statistikuri mimoxilva da diskusia)
4.1. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis roli Sromis bazris axali moTxovnebis
dakmayofilebaSi
statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis 2010 wlis monacemebiT
saqarTveloSi umuSevroba daaxloebiT 17% Seadgens. eqspertTa SefasebiT
umuSevrobis realuri done qveyanaSi sul cota 30-35%-ia68, radgan
oficialur monacemebs daemata bolo wlebis reformebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli sajaro institutebis profesiuli da struqturuli
reorganizacia-restruqturizaciis Sedegad samuSaos gareSe darCenil
mosamsaxureTa ricxvi, romelTa erTi nawili SeTavsebiT eweoda garkveul
saqmianobas (TviTdasaqmebis mimarTulebiT) da agrZelebs kvlav, magram
meore nawili darCa absoluturad umuSevari (maTi raodenoba jer
aRricxuli ar aris, mimdinareobs xelaxali atestaciebi da konkursebi
sajaro samsaxurebSi gamocxadebul vakansiebze) da TviTdasaqmebas eweva.
qvemoT mocemulia ori cxrili, romelic adasturebs oficialur da
araoficialur monacemebs umuSevrobis Sesaxeb.
cxrili 1: umuSevarTa da dasaqmebelTa raodenoba 2004-2010
დასაქმება და უმუშევრობა
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
ეკონომიკურად აქტიური მოსახლეობა (სამუშაო ძალა), ათასი კაცი 2041.0 2023.9 2021.8 1965.3 1917.8 1991.8 1944.9
დასაქმებული, ათასი კაცი 1783.3 1744.6 1747.3 1704.3 1601.9 1656.1 1628.1
უმუშევარი, ათასი კაცი 257.6 279.3 274.5 261.0 315.8 335.6 316.9
უმუშევრობის დონე, პროცენტებში 12.6 13.8 13.6 13.3 16.5 16.9 16.3
წყარო: საქართველოს სტატისტიკის ეროვნული სამსახური
68
ekonomikis ganviTarebis saministros statistikis departamentis 2003 w. angariSi
94
gardamaval periodSi myof qveynebSi asakovani adamianebi (45-65),
rogorc wesi umuSevrobis saSiSroebis winaSe mdgari adamianebis did
segments warmoadgenen. socialuri kvlevis statistikur monacemTa
analitikurma kvlevam aseTi suraTi gviCvena:
cxrili 2: socialuri kvelvis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebi dasaqmebis
Sesaxeb 2011 wlisTvis
27% dasaqmebulia (srul an naxevar ganakveTze)
31% dausaqmebelia, an eZebs samsaxurs (aq Sedian rogorc umuSevrebi, aseve gadamdgari pirebi, romlebic isev eZeben samsaxurs)
5% dausaqmebelia da ar eZebs samsaxurs (aq Sedian rogorc umuSevrebi, aseve gadamdgari pirebi, romlebic dainteresebuli arian dasaqmebiT, magram ar eZeben samsaxurs)
36% ara-aqtiuri samuSao Zala (aq Sedian studentebi, diasaxlisebi, pensionerebi, romlebic ar arian dainteresebuli samsaxuriT, umuSevrebi, romlebic ar arian dainteresebuli dasaqmebiT)
wyaro: NDI-is kvleva, dafinansebuli SvedeTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis da TanamSrolobis saagentos (Sida), evraziis partnioruli fondis (Eurasia Foundation) da didi britaneTis gaerTianebyli samefos saelCos mier, 2011 wlis marti.
95
dasaqmebis statistikis maCvneblebSi zemoaniSnuli asakobrivi
jgufebi ZiriTadad TviTdasaqmebulTa ricxvSi xvdebian.
cxrili 3: umuSevarTa da dausaqmebelTa raodenoba asakis mixedviT 2010
wlis maCveneblebi69
dasaqmebis done (procentebSi) 9.6 33.5 51.1 58.3 67.0 70.7 71.7 71.8 70.3 62.9 39.7 52.9
2010
aTasi kaci
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65+ sul sul aqtiuri mosaxleoba (samuSao Zala) 44.1 162.2 182.1 184.3 193.3 195.3 232.1 212.7 179.4 135.4 224.2 1944.9 dasaqmebuli 31.4 100.0 131.6 139.7 156.3 169.8 204.4 188.7 158.6 124.9 222.6 1628.1 daqiravebuli 5.3 45.1 70.2 72.1 74.0 71.9 82.0 73.6 60.6 38.5 25.3 618.6 TviTdasaqmebuli 26.0 54.5 61.1 67.5 82.0 97.8 121.9 114.9 97.9 86.4 197.2 1007.1 gaurkveveli 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 2.4
umuSevari 12.8 62.2 50.6 44.5 36.9 25.5 27.8 23.9 20.8 10.4 1.6 316.9 mosaxleoba samuSao Zalis gareT 227.7 108.2 64.6 49.5 37.5 36.0 46.0 44.1 51.4 60.9 357.3 1083.3 umuSevrobis done (procentebSi) 28.9 38.3 27.8 24.2 19.1 13.0 12.0 11.2 11.6 7.7 0.7 16.3 aqtiurobis done (procentebSi) 16.2 60.0 73.8 78.8 83.7 84.4 83.4 82.8 77.7 69.0 38.6 64.2 dasaqmebis done (procentebSi) 11.5 37.0 53.3 59.8 67.7 73.4 73.5 73.5 68.7 63.7 38.3 53.8
wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri (cxrilebSi mocemuli maCveneblebi miRebulia Sinameurneobebis integrirebuli gamokvlevidan)
erTi sistemidan meore sistemaze gadasvlis gamo, Sromis bazris
sferoSi gaCnda disbalansi. miuxedavad imisa, rom dasaqmebis maCvenebeli
mkveTrad daeca, garkveul wilad gaCnda profesionalurad momzadebuli
kadrebis deficitic; mosaxleobis did nawils ar gaaCnda saTanado unar-
Cvevebi imisTvis, rom konkurentunariani yofiliyo; Tavisufal sabazro
69
ixileT “socaluri mimarTulebebi saqarTveloSi 2004 wlisTvis”. gv. 24. Sifri: saqarTvelos ekonomikis saministros statistikis departamenti. Tbilisi, 2004 weli
96
ekonomikaze gadasvlam gamoiwvia xelfasebis mzardi diferenciacia, xolo
Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobis uqonlobis gamo samuSao adgilebi daucveli
aRmoCnda; mniSvnelovnad zrdis dausaqmebeli adamianebis raodenobas
zogadsaganmanaTleblo da umaRlesi saswavleblebis kursdamTavrebulTa
ricxvi da is faqti, rom 1989 wlidan moyolebuli qveyana yovelwliurad
saSualod 2.2-2.6 procentiT mcirdebada mosaxleobis sazRvargareT
migraciis gamo. da bolos, 2008 wlis movlenebma daRi daasva ganviTarebis
procesebs qveyanaSi, razec metyvelebs qvemoT mocemuli cxrili:
cxrili 4: rogor Seicvala situacia saqarTveloSi 2008 wlis ianvris mdgomarobasTan SedarebiT, ukeTesobisken, uaresobisken Tu igivea.
dasaqmeba fasebis mateba teritoriebi siRaribe pensiebi janmrTeloba xelfasebi natos wevroba ganaTleba ruseT.damok. adam.uflebebi samarTl.arCevn. sakuTr. ufl. sasamrTlo sist. sityv. Tavisuf. korufcia evrokavS. wevr. mediis Tavisuf.
mwvane: ukeTesia yviTeli: igivea wiTeli: uaresia nacrisferi: ar vici
wyaro: NDI-is kvleva, dafinansebuli SvedeTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis da TanamSrolobis saagentos (Sida), evraziis partnioruli fondis (Eurasia Foundation) da didi britaneTis gaerTianebyli samefos saelCos mier, 2011 wlis marti.
97
saqarTvelos konstituciis me-16 muxli ambobs: "yvelas aqvs sakuTari
pirovnebis Tavisuflad ganviTarebis ufleba"70. Cveni sazogadoebis didi
nawili ki dRes moklebulia am uflebas, radgan xeli ar miuwvdeba
damatebiT ganaTlebaze. mimdinare periodSi irRveva adamianis Sromis
uflebac. qvemoT mocemuli statistikuri monacemebiT Tu vimsjelebT,
mimdinare reformebis Tanmdevi kataklizmebis, ekonomikis sxvadasxva
sferoebis profilis Secvlis, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobisa da sxva sajaro
institutebis restruqturizaciis Sedegad erovnul meurneobaSi
dasaqmebulTa ricxvi erT milionze meti kaciT Semcirda, rac qveynisTvis
umwvaves socalur-ekonomikur gamowvevad iqca. yovelive zemoTqmuls
emateba teqnologiuri da komunikaciuri revoluciis Sedegad Secvlili
Sromis bazris moTxovnebi.
adgili aqvs seriozul disbalanss samuSao Zalaze moTxovnasa da
mis miwodebas Soris, rogorc raodenobrivi, ise struqturuli da
xarisxobrivi TvalsazrisiT. umuSevrobas kidev ufro amwvavebs
profesiebis, kvalifikaciis da asakis mixedviT samuSao Zalaze moTxovna-
miwodebas Soris arsebuli disbalansi. Sromis bazarze moTxovna Warbobs
SedarebiT dabalkvalificiur da arakvalificiur Sromaze, rogoric aris:
realizatori, mimtani, mZRoli, mSenebeli muSa, mcxobeli, mzareuli,
momvleli, damsufTavebeli da sxv., xolo miwodebaSi Warbobs umaRlesi
ganaTlebis mqone specialistebi, romelTa didi procenti cudad an
saerTod ar icnobs Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi danergil axal
teqnologiebs, romelic saqarTveloSic ikidebs fexs. Aar arsebobs
adamianuri resursebis gamoyenebis samsaxurebi, Tu ar CavTvliT Sromis,
janmrTelobisa da socaluri dacvis saministrosTan arsebul dasaqmebis
departaments, romelsac limitirebuli monacemTa baza gaaCnia da isic
mxolod dedaqalaqiT Semoifargleba. saqarTvelos mosaxleobas ar gaaCnia
dabali kvalifikaciis profesiebis aTvisebis arc saSualeba da jer-
70
saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tavi II, muxli 16, gv. 5
98
jerobiT naklebia maTi msurvelTa raodenobac garkveuli fsiqologiuri
barieris gadaulaxaobis gamo.
sazogadoeba axali socialuri gamowvevis winaSe dgas. socialuri foni
gansxvavdeba asakobriv kategoriebSi. sWarbobs dausaqmebelTa raodenoba
teqnikuri da umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqoneTa Soris. imavdroulad gaCnda
kadrebis deficiti, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom arsebul kvalifikaciaze
moTxovna aRar aris da saWiroa axeli unarebis da codnis SeZena, raTa
dakmayofildes Sromis bazris axali moTxovnebi. bevri ganaTlebuli da
Sromismoyvare adamiani darCa umuSevari da dResac dgas am saSiSroebis
winaSe. qveynis xelisufleba iniciativebiT gamodis, raTa pirdapiri Tu
iribi gzebiT izrunos zrdasrulTa am asakobrivi segmentis adamianebis
axal Sromis bazarTan dakavSirebaze. asakovani specialistebis dasaqmebis
mimarTulebiT, isini kerZo bizness garkveuli stimulebis paketis da
SeRavaTebis (garkveuli periodiT saSemosavlo gadasaxdidan
gaTavisufleba, kadrebis gadamzadeba da sxv.) sanacvlod asakovani (45-60
wlis) adamianebis dasaqmebas sTavazoben, raTa garkveul socialur efeqts
miaRwion. am mizniT ixarjeba garkveuli Tanxebi sxvadasxva saxelisuflo
organizaciebis mierac. saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministroSi Camoyalibda
konkretuli meTodologia, Tu rogor daexmaros skolis maswavleblebs
maTi Sromis axal bazarTan morgebaSi (reformirebuli ganaTlebis
sistemis mimarTulebiT). sxva sakiTxia, ramdenad efeqturia Sedegi da
sworad aris Tu ara es xarjebi gaRebuli. unda Seiqmnas iseTi
meTodologia, rom ar iyos tyuilad daxarjuli Tanxebi. garda amisa,
saqarTveloSi iseve, rogorc sxva dasavleT da aRmosavleT evropis da
aseve, aziis ganviTarebul qveynebSi, yvela asakis adamians unda hqondes
saSualeba, mudmivad iRebdes ganaTlebas da ergebodes Tanamedrove bazris
moTxovnebs.
ganaTlebis saministros mier organizebuli maswavlebelTa profesiuli
ganviTarebis vauCeruli dafinansebis programa, romelic sajaro skolis
maswavleblebis sasertifikacio gamocdebisTvis mosamzadeblad 2009
99
wlidan tardeba, yvela asakis pedagogs ver gauCina am gamocdebis
Cabarebis motivacia. Tu SevadarebT qvemoT mocemul cxrilSi naCveneb
pedagogebis raodenobas sajaro skolebSi 2009-2010 da 2010-2011 saswvlo
wlebs Soris, dainaxavT sajaro skloebSi dasaqmebuli maswavleblebis
raodenobis klebis tendencias, rac, savaraudod 2010-2014 wlebSi
dagegmili maswavlebelTa sasertifikacio gamocdebisadmi asakovani
maswavleblebis damokidebulebis Sedegi unda iyos (ixileT qvemoT me-4
Tavi, kvelvis meTodologia).
cxrili 5: pedagogebis raodenoba sajaro skolebSi
saswavlo wlis dasawyisisaTvis, kaci 2006/2007 2007/2008 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011*
pedagogebi, sul 69718 68779 69444 79891 63512 aqedan qalebi 61344 58649 59202 68587 54962
maT Soris I-VI klasSi: 47171 45724 45941 52010 …
aqedan qalebi 40274 40217 39478 46405 …
VII-XII klasSi 49755 67909 48131 54956 …
aqedan qalebi 39478 56257 39354 46058 …
wyaro: saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministro * 2011 wlis 5 aprilis mdgomareobiT
zemoT mocemuli cxrilebi maCveneblebi metyvelebs imaze, rom
asakobriv kategoriebs Soris umuSevrobis done asakovan adamianebSi
bevrad maRalia. es iwvevs socialur-ekonomikuri uTanasworobis
gaRrmavebas, rac Tavis mxriv safrTxes uqmnis mosaxleobis keTildReobas.
amasTan, mosaxleobis didi nawili ver axerxebs TviTrealizacias. zogi
maTgani adre miRebuli ganaTlebasa da kvalifikacias veraferSi iyenebs.
zogic arCeul (an izulebiT arCeul) saqmianobaSi ver xedavs Tavis Tavs.
SeSfoTebas iwvevs is faqtic, rom globalizacia da axali
teqnologiebi udides gavlenas axdens mosaxleobis piradi da
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela aspeqtze. axali teqnologiebi iTxovs
100
nakleb muSaxels da maRal profesionalizms, xolo am teqnologiebis
aTvisebisTvis saWiro gadamzadebis kursebi an ar arsebobs, an Znelad
xelmisawvdomia.
informaciul vakuumSi moqceuli regioniebis mosaxleoba socalur
izolaciaSi eqceva da ganicdis frustracias. globalizaciis procesebis
da teqnologiebis ganviTarebiT gamowveuli axali unar-Cvevebis
ganviTarebis saWiroeba da adamianis cxovrebis manZilze mimdinare mudmiv
cvalebad pirobebTan aucilebeli adaptacia iTxovs xelmisawvdomobas
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sxvadasxva formebze.
yvelas unda axsovdes, rom socialur izolaciaSi moqcevis saSiSroebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, adamiani gamudmebiT unda iyos movlenaTa epicentrSi da
TviTrealizaciis mizniT, man gamudmebiT unda srulyos sakuTari
SesaZleblobebi, orientacia, kariera da partniorTa qseli, anu daicvas
sakuTari Tavi socialurad, gadalaxos inovaciuri barierebi da dasZlios
siRaribe. man unda daikavos Tavisi adgili Sromis bazarze zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis “umniSvnelovanesi funqcia aris da yovelTvis iqneba aswavlos
adamians, icxovros janmrTeli da aqtiuri cxovrebiT, raTa ipovos
sakuTari biliki cxovrebis gzaze, raTa SeZlos sakuTari Tavis
sazogadoebasTan integrireba, TviTon aimaRlos TviTSegneba, radgan
TiToeuli adamiani kacobriobis istoriis umniSvnelovanesi nawilia”71.
rogorc aRvniSneT, umuSevrobis erT-erTi mizezi isic aris, rom
profesiul saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT, damqiraveblebs gauCndaT axali
moTxovnebi. qveyanaSi gaCnda axali specialobebi, romelTa Seswavlis
SesaZlebloba saTanado saxsrebisa Tu Sesabamisi ganaTlebis uqonlobis
gamo saqarTvelos regionebis mosaxleobas ar gaaCnia. damqiravebelsa da
daqiravebulTa Soris arsebuli vakuumis amovseba zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis erT-erTi amocanaa.
71
norber f.b. gregeri da eva prJibilska “zrdasrulTa ganaTleba poloneTSi”
101
amerikeli mkvlevarebis linda delpis da miranda auTmen-krameris72
azriT, 21-e saukunis dasawyisSi Crdilo amerikel mSromelebs pesimizmis
sakmao mizezi aqvT, radgan globaluri ekonomikis, teqnologiuri da
sakomunikacio revoluciis miRwevebi da sargebeli sulac ar aris
samrTlianad ganawilebuli da gaziarebuli mosaxleobas Soris.
maSin, roca Crdilo amerikis mosaxleobas da ganaTlebis mesveurebs
aqvT Relvis sababi, warmoidgineT, raoden Rrmad dgas igive problema
saqarTveloSi, iq, sadac ufskruli ubralo admaianebsa da “e.w.
ganaTlebul elitas” (igulisxmeba adamianebis priviligirebuli fena,
romlesac finansuri SesaZlebloba gaaCnia Svilebs ganaTleba
sazRvargareT miscen) Soris mizezTa da mizezTa gamo isedac didia.
amerikeli mkvlevarebis azriT, es sakiTxi pirvel rigSi
ganmanaTleblebs unda aRelvebdeT, maT, visac miaCnia, rom ganaTleba erT-
erTi umTavresi iaraRia socialuri samarTlianobis aRdgenis saqmeSi73.
termini “ganaTlebuli elita”74 danieli mRvdlis, nikolai grudtvigis
miewereba. igi, rogorc SesavalSi aRvniSneT, saxalxo universitetebis
erT-erT damfuZneblad iTvleboda da misi mizani iyo ganaTlebis gziT im
“xidis” aSeneba, romelic ubralo adamianebsa da “ganaTlebul elitas”
Soris arsebuli ufskrulis gadalaxvaSi moexmareboda qveyanas.
ekonomikuri cvlilebebiT gamowveuli umuSevroba, migracia,
ganaTlebis krizisi da sxv. metwilad aisaxa 30-60 wlis adamianebze75,
romelTac mouwiaT saqmianobis sferos, samuSao koleqtivisa da
teqnologiebis cvla.
72
Linda Delp, Miranda Outman-Kramer, S.J. Schruman and K. Wong Teaching for Change: Popular Education and
the Labor Movement. Los Angeles, UCLA Center for Labor Research and Education, 2002, 253 p. Journal Adult
Education Quarterly 2004, Vol 54 No 2. 73
Kwang Kim Westat, Sean Creighton Education Statistics Services Institute, National Center for Education Statistics,
November 1999 Participation in Adult Education in the United States: 1998-1999. 74
Nordic “folkeopplysing” and Adult Education – gamoqveynebulia skandinaviis qveynebis nordiuli ministrTa sabWos mier. 1997 w. AKA-PRINT A/S 75
zrdasrulTa asakobrivi gradaciis sakiTxi ganxilulia mocemuli disertaciis mesame Tavis meore paragrafSi.
102
amerikeli mkvlevarebi lin kelneri da david hedadi76 TavianT kvlevaSi
weren, rom gamokiTxuli respondentebi, romlebic warmoadgenen programa
“keTildReoba da samsaxuris” monawileebs, moicaven 25-dan 65 da zeviT
asakis adamianebi da isini aRniSnaven, rom keTildReobis misaRwevad 12
sferodan erT-erTi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebaa. gamokiTxulidan 20%
aRniSnavs, rom maT keTildReobas zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis programebSi
monawileobiT miaRwies. unda iTqvas, rom es maCvenebeli kidev ufro
gaizrdeba grZelvadiani kvlevis SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan am mimarTulebidan
miRebuli miRwevebis Sedegebi ufro grZel vadazea gaTvlili.
amerikis ganaTlebis departamentis77 statistikuri monacemebiT
(satelefono gamokiTxvebis Sedegad) zrdasrulTa ganaTlebaSi
monawileTa raodenoba bolo 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi 46%-iT gaizarda.
zogierTi maTganis mizania ZiriTadi unarebis SeZena; zogis - Sromis
bazris SesabamisobaSi mosvla, zogis – keTildReobis miRweva da zogis –
karieris gakeTeba.
1989 wels komunizmis dacemis Semdeg poloneTSi sazogadoeba sakmaod
rTul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. vinaidan mTavrobis mxridan dafinanseba
Sewyda, sazogadoeba iZulebuli gaxda, Cabmuliyo Tavisufal
konkurenciaSi Tavisufal bazarze gamosul sxva organizaciebTan.
mdgomareoba imanac gaarTula, rom sazogadoeba sakuTari Senoba-
nagebobebisa da oTaxebis naklebobas ganicdida. Sesabamisad bevri
provinciuli filiali daixura. mxolod im filialebma gaagrZeles
saqmianoba, romelTa mmarTvelebmac SesZles da saxelmwifo, kerZo da
arasamTavrobo organizaciebs konkurencia gauwies. am institutTa
sabednierod, uwyvet ganaTlebaze moTxovna sakmaod maRali iyo da xalxi
survils iCenda, TviTon gadaexada swavlis safasuri. moxda zogadi,
76
Lynne A. Keller and David Haddad with Ann G. Forcier, Sept. 2001, Volume 6 Number 3. “She Even Walked the
Dog” The Roles of Relational Context and Goal Setting in a Welfare to Work Program. The Qualitative Report
<www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR6-3/kellner.html 77
National Hosehold Education Survey of 1999. Adult Education Interview Data File. User's Manual 2000. U.S.
Department of Education. Office of Educational Research and Improvement. NCES 2000-077
103
socialuri da kulturuli Temebis ugulebelyofa saswavlo programaSi.
humanitaruli da kulturuli sferoebidan swavlebis koncentracia
gadavida praqtikul da gamoyenebiT sferoebsa da unar-Cvevebze.
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis umniSvnelovanesi amocana, ra Tqma unda,
Tanamedrove sazogadoebisa da SromiTi bazris moTxovnebze saTanadod
reagirebaa. statistikuri monacemebiT poloneTSi saSualo
skoladamTavrebulTa 24 % iyenebs uwyveti ganaTlebis SesaZleblobebs. am
adamianTa erTi nawili aris soflis macxovrebeli da meore –
dausaqmebeli mosaxleoba.
1999 wels poloneTSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sertifikati miiRo 279
msmenelma, romelTac sxvadasxva profesiebi Seiswavles; 419 studentma,
romelTac Seiswavles zogadi ganaTlebis kursi, rac saSualo skolis
daumTavreblobis gamo ver gaiares Tavis droze; 223 studentma,
romelTac hqondaT prof-teqnikuri ganaTlebis miRebis survili skolis
damTavrebis Semdeg. sertifikatebi gaica aseve daaxloebiT 1000 msmenelze,
romelTac gaiares trening-programebi sxvadasxva unarebis
gasaumjobeseblad da 580 msmenelze, romelTac survili hqondaT
eqsternad daesrulebinaT swavla saSualo skolebsa Tu sxvadasxva
profesiul-teqnikur saswavleblebSi.
rogorc SesavalSi aRvniSneT, 1997 wels hamburgSi (germania) gaimarTa
UNESCO-s ganaTlebis institutis mier organizebuli saerTaSoriso
konferencia CONFINTEA-s, romelSic monawileobas iRebda afrikis, aziis,
evropis da laTinuri amerikis qveynebis warmomadgenlobebi. angariSi
zemoRniSnul konferenciaze daibeWda inglisur, frangul. espanur, Cinur,
rusul da arabul enebze (mogvianebiT daniur, estonur, finur, latviur
da sxv. enebzec), daegzavna monawile qveynebs da gamoqveynda institutis
vebgverdze78. konferenciaze miRebuli deklaracia mogviwodebs, rom unda
moxdes:
78
www.unesco.org/education/uie
104
yvelasaTvis muSaobis da mdgrad saarsebo saSualebebze uflebebis
aRiareba.
samsaxurze orientirebuli zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofa
konkretuli codniTa da unar-CvevebiT da amiT Sromis bazarze
SeRwevadobisa da profesiuli mobilurobis xelSewyoba.
damqiravebelsa da daqiravebulebs Soris partnioruli
TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba.
araformalur safuZvelze miRebuli codnisa da unar-Cvevebis sruli
aRiarebis xelSewyoba.
sxadasxva miznobrivi jgufebisTvis orientirebul samsaxurze
SeRwevis mizniT zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistemaSi Sesabamisi
RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba.
samuSaoze orientirebuli zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistemis iseTi
ganviTareba, romelic ganxorcieldeba iseTi RonisZiebebis
meSveobiT, rogoricaa saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofa
moqalaqeTa uflebebis, saorganizacio mSeneblobis, bunebrivi
resursebis racionaluri gamoyenebis, sasursaTo usafrTxoebis da
reproduqtiuli jandacvis sferoebSi.
konferenciis deklaraciis mTavari mowodeba (mesiji) mdgomarobda
SemdegSi: “aqtiuri da informirebuli (ganaTlebuli) moqalaqeebis yolis
gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba msoflioSi arsebuli globaluri riskebis,
ekologiuri riskebis, janmrTelobisTvis saSiSi gavrcelebuli
daavadebebis, kulturisTvis saSiSi movlenebis (rasizmi, qsenofobia)
Tavidan arideba. moqalaqeebs axlave, gadaudeblad sWirdebaT SeiZinion, an
gaiZlieron unari sakuTari iniciativebis gamosavlenad. ver davelodebiT
im dros, roca bavSvebi wamoizrdebian. amas 30 weli dasWirdeba, es ki
Zalian didi droa. aucilebelia Semdgomi ganaTlebis saSualeba mieces
amJamindel zrdasrul adamianebs, kacebs da qalebs. zrdasrulTa
ganaTleba dReisTvis centraluri sakiTxia. yvelasaTvis naTelia, rom
105
adamianebis SesaZlebloba, potencia da unari, iswavlos sicocxlis
manZilze axali saukunis da axali mileniumis sworad formirebis
amocanis Sesasruleblad centraluri sakiTxebia. TiToeuli moqalaqis
avtonomiurobis, SemoqmedebiTobis da TviTgamoxatulebis unari
demokratiisTvis ara marto mizania, aramed pirobac”79.
qveyanaSi krizisis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi xSirad dakavSirebulia
kulturul-saganmanaTleblo memkvidreobisa da Rirebulebebis globalur
cvlilebasTan. xdeba Semobruneba principulad axali socialur-
kulturuli tipis sazogadoebisken, romelic dafuZnebulia garkveuli
codnis sistemaze. am codnis mobilizaciis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes
saSualebad, ganaTlebis sxva sferoebTan erTad, zrdasrulTa ganaTleba
unda iqnes miCneuli. mTavari roli ki am codnis mobilizaciaSi
saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis sistemam, kerZod ki, umaRlesma saswavleblebma
unda Sesrulon
amerikeli mkvlevarebi kostas metaqsiotisi da jon psarasi80
gvTavazoben mivmarToT codnis menejments umaRles ganaTlebaSi. maTi
mizania sazogadoebis yuradReba miapyron Sromis bazarze arsebul wnexze,
romlis daZlevis gzad miaCniaT adamianis inteleqtualuri kapitalis da
teqnologiebis gamoyeneba.
sxvadsxva evropuli qveynis magaliTze kargad Cans, rom dasavleTSi
araformaluri ganaTlebis sistemebi iqmneboda, raTa umuSevarTaTavis
gaewiaT daxmareba, gadaelaxaT axali teqnologiebis SemotaniT Seqmnili
inovaciuri barierebi, daecvaT mosaxleoba socialuri izolaciisgan da
sxv. amasTan, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebas eweodnen im mizniTac, rom
adamianebs, visac dro gamouTavisufldaT pensiaze gasvlisa Tu sxva
mizazis gamo da maT, visac surT Zalebi mosinjon sxva dargSic, damatebiT
im samuSao adgilisa, saidanac ZiriTad saarsebo saSualebas iReben,
mieceT saSualeba moaxdinon TviTrealizacia. 79
Declaration para. 1-2, Agenda for the Future para. 2,4,5,9,11,12,14. CONFITEA Meetings. 80
Kostas Metaxiotis and John Psarras 2003, Applying Knowledege Management in Higher Education: The Creation of
a Lerning Organizations. Journal of Information and Knowledge Management. Vol. 2 No 4 353-359
106
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis centrebi gansakuTrebiT popularulia patara
qalaqebsa da soflebSi, iq, sadac mosaxleoba mowyvetilia zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis centrebs Sori manZilisa da drois ukmarisobis gamo, sadac
dasaqmebis da socialuri izolaciis problema ufro mwvaved dgas. Tumca
Tanamedrove skandinaviuri qveynebis da avtonomiebis e.w. “Crdilouri”
ministrTa sabWos81 statistikuri kvlevebis avtorebis azriT, zrdasrulTa
ganaTleba ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre mxolod profesiuli, an saxelobo
momzadeba da am sferos ganxilvisas e.w. socialur-kulturul
ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebul terminebsac iyeneben (anu, maTi azriT,
zrdasrulTa ganaTleba ar unda Semoifarglebodes mxolod
profesiuli/saxelobo gadamzadebiT).
kanadeli mecnieris, keren braTvaitis82 mixedviT, zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis skolebis erT-erTi damsaxureba is aris, rom aq sxvadasxva
rasis, eTnosis da mrwamsis adamianebi erTad iReben ganaTlebas, rac xels
uwyobs mravalerovnul regionebSi mosaxleobis urTierTobebis
gaumjobesebas. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis socialur-pedagogiuri
principebis areali da mravalferovneba swored sxvadasxva warmoSobis
adamianebis gamocdilebis urTierTgaziarebis xarjze xdeba83.
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis axali xedva uaryofs arCevanis gakeTebas
adgilobriv kulturasa da globalur konteqsts Soris, identifikaciasa
da Tanasworobas Soris. Tanasworobis miRweva, sxvebTan dialogSi
Tanabaruflebiani CarTva SeuZlebelia moqalaqeebisaTvis sakuTari
fesvebis, warmoSobis da unarebis codnis SeTavazebis gareSe84.
ganviTarebuli da demokratiis gzas Semdgari ganviTarebadi qveynebis
mosaxleobas Segnebuli aqvs zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis, rogorc
centraluri sakiTxis mniSvneloba, amitom isini aqtiurad arian Cabmuli am
81
Nordic “folkeopplysing” and Adult Education – gamoqveynebulia skandinaviis qveynebis nordiuli ministrTa sabWos mier. 1997 w. AKA-PRINT A/S 82
Keren S. Brathwaite. Access and Equity in the University Toronto, Canada: Canadian Scholars' Press 2003, 435 pp.
Journal Adult Education Quarterly 2004, Vol 54 No 2 see the research paper 83
OECD and Statistics Canada. Literacy in the information age: Final report on the international adult literacy
survey. Paris and Ottawa: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development and Statistics Canada, 2000. 84
Agenda for Future. para 13, 16, 26, 32, 43-47 – CONFINTEA Meetings
107
sistemaSi da xels uwyoben mis ganviTarebas demokratiis formirebis,
mosaxleobis TviTrCenisa Tu TviTrealizaciis mizniT. am miznis
ganxorcielebis erTerTi saukeTeso gza ki, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna
zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebaa, romlis erTerTi saxeobac
zrdasrulTa treningebia.
maswavleblebis sasertifikaco gamocdebisTvis mosamzadebeli
treningebi, romelic maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli
dafinansebis programis farglebSia organizebuli TavisTavad warmoadgens
zrdasrulTa treningis magaliTs da misi erTerTi mizani asakovani
maswavlebelbis ganaTlebis Tanamedrove bazarze morgeba. magram erTia,
roca saxelmwifo umuSevrobis aRmofxvraze zrunavs da meore - roca
vsaubrobT treningis efeqturobaze, rom araferi vTqvaT ganaTlebis
xarisxze. Tu ganvixilavT 2009 wlis ganmavlobaSi Catarebuli treningebis
Sedegebs (ixileT qveTavi 3.2) da maswavlebelTa am treningebisadmi
damokidebulebis sakiTxebs (ixileT me-4 Tavi) mivalT daskvnamde, rom
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis praqtikosebis momzadeba da treningis
programebis dadgena samTavrobo da licenzirebul arasamTavrobo
saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi unda moxdes. rogorc aRmoCnda, aseTi
organizacia dRes mxolod erTia (ixileT Sesavali), sadac zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis praqtikosebs zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebs acnoben da
trenings utareben zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis unarebSi.
mocemuli kvlevis momdevno qveTavSi detalurad aris aRwerili
saqarTveloSi 2010-2014 wlebSi maswavlebelTa sertificirebisTvis saWiro
procesebi da ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros mier am
mimarTulebiT 2009 wlis mosamzadebeli treningebis Sefaseba, sadac
miTiTebulia Catarebuli treningebis pozitiuri da negatiuri mxareebi.
108
4.2. maswavleblTa profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli dafinansebis
programa - saqarTveloSi 2010-2014 w.w. maswavlebelTa sertificirebisTvis
2009 wlis mosamzadebili treningebis Sefaseba
reforma ganaTlebis sistemaSi sxva saganmanaTleblo sakiTxebis
mogvarebasTan erTad cdilobs upasuxos sabazro moTxovnebs evrokavSiris
dadgenili standartebis mixedviT. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, erTerTi
aseTi RonisZiebaa skolis maswavleblebi sertificireba.
ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrom ganaTlebis reformebis
farglebSi daiwyo maswavleblis sertificirebis procesi da
saserTifikacio gamocdebi 2010-2014 w.w. periodSi yovelwliurad Catardeba
ori mimarTulebiT: sagnobrivi testebi da pedagogiuri (profesiuli)
unarebis testebi. 2014 wlamde sasertifikacio gamocdebis Cabarebis
ufleba aqvs yvela moqmed maswavlebels, imis miuxedavad aqvs Tu ara mas
pedagogiuri ganaTleba, an pirs, romelic amJamad ar muSaobs skolaSi,
magram aqvs saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi pedagogiuri saqmianobis
minimum 1 wliani gamocdileba. aseve pirs, romelmac warmatebiT gaiara
maZieblobis 1 wliani periodi. 2014 wlamde sasertifikacio gamocdaze
gasvla nebayoflobiTia, 2014 wlidan ki yvelasTvis savaldebulo.
serTificirebis debulebi 24-e muxlis me-4 punqtiT gansazRvruli vadis
amowurvis Semdeg paedagogiuri saqmianobis gagrZelebisaTvis maswavlebeli
valdebulia, ganaaxlos maswavleblis ufleba da Caabaros saserifikacio
gamocda an gaiaros akreditebuli profesiuli ganviTarebis programebi da
daagrovos kreditebi.
pirveli sasertifikacio gamocda 2010 wels Catarda sabazo/sasualo
skolis maswavleblebisTvis qarTul enasa da literaturaSi, ucxo enebSi,
maTematikasa da pedagogiur unarebSi.
profesiuli unarebisa da sagnobrivi testebis Sinaars erovnuli
saswavlo gegmebisa da maswavleblis profesiuli standartis moTxovnebis
109
safuZvelze moamzada maswavlebeTa profesiuli ganviTarebis erovnulma
centrma.
maswavleblis sertificireba miznad isaxavs maswavleblis profesiis
statusis amaRlebas da pedagogis rolis gamokveTas sazogadoebis
formirebasa da ganviTarebaSi (TPDC)85
. is xels Seuwyobs maswavleblis
profesiis regulirebas, profesiul ganviTarebis mizanmimarTul dagegmvas
da swavlebis da swavlis xarisxis mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesebas.
sasertifikacio gamocda maswavlebels SesaZleblobas miscems
daadasturos Tavisi profesiuli codnisa da unar-Cvevebis Sesabamisoba
dadgenil standartTan. gamocdis warmatebiT Cabarebis SemTxvevaSi
maswavlebeli miiRebs kvalifikaciis Sesabamis sertifikats, xolo
warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi, maT miecemaT SesaZlebloba ganmeorebiT
Caabaron gamocdebi.
saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros maswavlebelTa
profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli dafinansebis programa -
maswavlebelTa treningebi
maswavleblTa profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli dafinansebis
programa (mosamzadebili treningebi) 2009 wels daiwyo. dafinansda
trening-programebi im sagnebSi, romlebiTac daiwyo maswavlebelTa
sertificirebis procesi. esenia: programebi ganaTlebis sabazo-saSualo
safexuris qarTulis, maTematikis da ucxo enebis maswavleblebisTvis.
maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis treningebi ganxorcielda
saqarTvelos masStabiT. saxelmwifos finansuri mxardaWeris iniciativis
farglebSi maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis programa gaiara
daaxloebiT 6500 maswavlebelma.
maswavlebelTa maRali aqtiurobis Sesabamisad 2010 wlis ianvarSi
daiwyo maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis finansuri mxardaWeris
85
http://www.tpdc.ge/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=15&Itemid=74
110
programis axali etapi, romlis samizne jgufi 2009 wlis programisgan
gansxvavebiT gafarTovda. garda sabazo-saSualo safexuris qarTuli,
maTematikisa da ucxo enebis maswavleblebisa, 2010 wlis vauCeris miReba
(mxolod profesiuli unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebis programis
dasafinanseblad) SeeZlo erovnuli saswavlo gegmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli
sagnebis sabazo da saSualo safexuris da dawyebiTi safexuris yvela
maswavlebels. 2010 wlis programis farglebSi mTeli saqarTvelos
masStabiT ukve 12 aTasze metma maswavlebelma miiRo vauCeri sagmobrivi da
profesiuli unarebis programis dasafinanseblad.
2009-2010 w.w. vauCeruli dafinansebis programaSi monawile
maswavleblebs profesiuli saWiroebidan gamomdinare, uflebamosili iyo
SeerCia sagnobrivi da profesiuli unar-Cvevebis, sul oTxi kreditis
odenobiT (mocemuli oTxi kreditidan, ori krediti gansazRvrulia
sagnobrivi da ori krediti – profesiuli unarCvevebis programebis
dafinansebisTvis), an dafinansebuli oTxive krediti gamoeyenebina mxolod
sagnobrivi, an mxolod profesiuli unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebisTvis.
maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis (mosamzadebeli treningebis)
vauCeruli dafinansebis programis mixedviT, orkreditiani programis
Rirebuleba Seadgens 80 lars. orkreditiani programis gavlis SemTxvevaSi
maswavlebeli finansdeba 160 lariT.
programis farglebSi treningebs atareben ganmaxorcielebeli
organizaciebi (e.w. provaiderebi), romelTac miiRes akreditacia Sesabamisi
programebis gansaxorcieleblad. maswavleblis profesiuli ganviTarebis
akreditebuli programebi emsaxureba maswavleblebis zogad profesiuli
unar-Cvevebis da sagnobrivi codnis, unar-Cvevebis ganivTarebas.
111
saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros maswavlebelTa
profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli dafinansebis programis monitoringis
samsaxuris dakvirvebis angariSi86
maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis centris vauCeruli
dafinansebis programis monitoringis angariSis periodi moicavs 2009 wlis
seqtembers, oqtombers, noembersa da dekembris pirvel naxevars.
monitoringi ganxorcielda saqarTvelos 11 regionSi.
monitoringis regionuli specialistebi imyofebodnen skolebSi,
resurscentrebsa da trening-provaider organizaciebSi. maT ganaxorcieles
CarTuli dakvirveba adgilze da, dakvirvebis Sedegad Segrovebuli
masalis gamoyenebiT, moamzades monitoringis Sualeduri angariSebi. aseve,
daeswrnen saganmanaTleblo organizaciebis mier Catarebul treningebs.
treningze myof maswavleblebsa da trenerebs Seavsebines Sefasebis
Sesabamisi kiTxvarebi.
maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis centris vauCeruli
dafinansebis programis monitoringis Sualeduri angariSi warmodgenilia
or nawilad: pirvel nawilSi mocemulia CarTuli dakvirvebis Sedegad
Segrovebuli monacemebis analizi, gamoyofilia monitoringis procesSi
saganmanaTleblo organizaciebSi, skolebsa da resurscentrebSi
aRmoCenili, programis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebuli pozitiuri da
negatiuri aspeqtebi, xolo angariSis meore nawilSi mocemulia
monitoringis procesSi ganxorcielebuli treningebis Sesafaseblad
Catarebuli maswavlebelTa Sefasebis raodenobrivi kvlevis Sedegebi.
monitoringis specialistebi imyofebodnen 132 skolasa da 69
resurscentrSi. resurscentrebi Seamowmes samjer, programis dawyebisas,
SuaSi da dasrulebis Semdeg. aseve Seafases yvela saganmanaTleblo
organizacia, romelmac Caatara treningi vauCeruli dafinansebis
programis farglebSi. dakvirvebis procesSi Segrovebuli masalis
86
www.tpdc.ge kvlevebi, 2009 w.
112
safuZvelze gakeTebul angariSebSi gamovlenili pozitiuri da negatiuri
mxareebi oTxi Tvis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnad ar Secvlila. oTxi Tve
ar aris drois is monakveTi, romelic saSualebas mogvcemda gvesaubra
raime tendenciis ganviTarebaze, an raime seriozul cvlilebaze.
vauCeruli dafinansebis programis ganxorcielebaze didi gavlena iqonia
qveyanaSi arsebulma urTierTobebis kulturam, socialur-ekonomiurma
pirobebma da pedagogebis ganwyobam. programis ganxorcielebisas
gamovlinda ramodenime saintereso tendencia.
dakvirvebis Sedegad Segrovebuli masalis analizi (skolebi)
monitoringis Sedegad aRmoCenili, programis ganxorcielebis
pozitiuri mxareebi:
1. programuli anotaciebis xelmisawvdomoba uzrunvelyofilia.
dakvirvebis procesSi gamokvleuli skolebis umravlesobaSi
saganmanaTleblo organizaciebis programuli anotaciebi xelmisawvdomi
iyo: cixisZiris skolis pedagogebis TqmiT: "direqtorma yvela maTgans
miawoda informacia vauCeruli dafinansebis programis Sesaxeb. rac
Seexeba programul anotaciebs, isini nebismieri pedagogisTvis
xelmisawvdomia da maSin SeuZliaT gaecnon, roca moisurveben” ; ananuris
sajaro skolaSi: "maswavleblebTan gasaubreba mSvid da Tbil garemoSi
moxda. davaskveni, rom isini sakmaod kargad arian informirebuli
vauCeruli dafinansebis programis Sesaxeb. anotaciebi xelmisawvdomia
yvela maswavleblisTvis”. anotaciebis xelmisawvdomobaze monitoringis
specialistebis Sefaseba gamokvleuli skolebis umravlesobaSi identuria.
2. maswavlebelTa maRali motivacia. vauCeruli dafinansebis programis
mimarT daintereseba oqtombris TveSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda, Sesabamisad,
gaizarda pedagogebis motivacia mieRoT vauCerebi da CarTuliyvnen
treningebSi. ”rac Seexeba maswavleblebis qcevasa da damokidebulebas
treningisadmi, Cans, rom isini Zalian mondomebulni da dainteresebulni
113
arian. jgufi sul 22 maswavleblisagan Sedgeba. Cemi vizitis dRes yvela
maTgani adgilze imyofeboda da, treneris TqmiT, jer seminari aravis
gaucdenia"; aseve: ”maswavleblebi metad aqtiurebi iyvnen da dainteresebiT
usmendnen trenings da yvela micemul davalebas xalisiT asrulebdnen, es
iyo jgufuri samuSaoebi, kiTxva-pasuxi rogorc trener-monawilesTan, ise
TviT pedagogebSi roluri TamaSebiT, da Tanac Sefaseba xdeboda
trenerebis mier yvela treningis bolos." msgavsi Sefasebebi qondaT
yvela regionis monitoringis specialistebs. savaraudod maswavlebelTa
motivacia 2010 wlis programis ganmavlobaSi ufro gaizrdeba, vinaidan am
droisaTvis ufro moaxloebuli iqneba sasertifikacio gamocdebi.
3. skolis direqtorebi ar Sevidnen romelime trening-provaider
organizaciasTan korufciul garigebaSi. gamokvleuli skolis
direqtorebidan yvelam Tavi Seikava saganmanaTleblo organizaciebTan
raime saxis molaparakebaze. magaliTad baTumis #1 sajaro skolis
direqtoris moadgilis gancxadebiT: ”skolas daukavSirda erT-erTi
provaideri (ilia WavWavaZis universiteti) da ganacxada, rom Tu direqcia
jgufs daakompleqtebs maTi skolis maswavleblebisgan, isini Caatareben
treningebs. – razec skolis direqciam uari ganacxada". am SemTxvevaSi
direqciam Tavidan aicila is safrTxe, romelic gulisxmobs, Tavs moaxvio
maswavleblebs romelime saganmanaTleblo organizacia, maTi arCevanis
gauTvaliswineblad;
monitoringis Sedegad aRmoCenili programis ganxorcielebis negatiuri
mxareebi:
1. programuli anotaciebis paketi skolebSi ar aris sakmarisi.
marTalia anotaciebis paketi yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomia, magram aris
SemTxvevebi, rodesac programuli anotaciebis paketis simwiris gamo,
pedagogebi ver axerxebdnen mis gamoyenebas. ase, magaliTad, rusTavis #2
skolaSi: "provaiderebis programebis anotaciebi skolaSi aris, magram sad
ar ician. samaswavlebloSi idoo da axla vis aqvs ar viciTo. Sesabamisad
114
maswavlebelTa nawili anotaciebs gacnobili ar aris"; aseve baTumis #1
skolaSi: "skolis direqtoris gancxadebiT. programul anotaciebis
gacnoba maswavleblebs SeuZliaT samaswavlebloSi. gadamowmebis procesSi
ki anotaciebi samaswavlebloSi ar aRmoCnda. erT-erTi maswavleblis
gancxadebiT, anotaciebi gasacnobad kaTedris gamgeebma waiRes". Jinvalis
sajaro skolaSi, am mxriv, mZime mdgomareoba aRmoCnda, pedagogebma ar
icodnen ra aris programuli anotacia: ”arcerT pedagogs ar hqonda
informacia programuli anotaciebis Sesaxeb. kiTxvarebis Sevsebisas
erTmaneTs ekiTxebodnen, vinmem xom ar icoda, Tu ras niSnavs programuli
anotacia”.
2. maswavleblebi programuli anotaciebis gacnobis gareSe irCevdnen
saganmanaTleblo organizaciebs: marTalia programul anotaciebze
xelmisawvdomoba uzrunvelyofilia, magram mTlianobaSi programulma
anotaciebma ar gaamarTla. yvela gamokvleuli skolis pedagogi aRniSnavs,
rom maTTvis umjobesia saganmanaTleblo organizaciebma maT skolebSi
Caataros programebis Sesaxeb prezentacia da uSualod miawodon
informacia pedagogebs programebis Sesaxeb. prezentaciebis naklebobis
Sedegad aRmoCndnen pedagogebi, romlebmac saganmanaTleblo
organizaciaSi registracia gaiares programuli anotaciebis gverdis
avliT: "pedagogebs ukve gavlili hqondaT registracia erT-erT
organizaciaSi, „skola-ojaxi-sazogadoeba“, da male treningic igegmeboda.
Cems SekiTxvaze, gaecnen Tu ara isini programul anotaciebs, sanam
aRniSnul organizaciaSi gaivlidnen registracias, maTi pasuxi iyo - ara.
maswavleblebma arc ki icodnen, ras niSnavs programuli anotacia da
arsebobs Tu ara is saerTod" .
3. gadaadgilebis sirTule: monitoringis ganmavlobaSi aRmoCenili
problemebidan yvelaze mkafiod gamoxatuli aris ”pedagogebis
gadaaadgilebis problema”. regionSi mcxovrebi pedagogebi ver axerxebdnen
treningebze daswrebas, usaxsrobisa da drois uqonlobis gamo.
„maswavleblebis gancxadebiT, maTTvis mouxerxebelia baTumSi Catarebul
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treningebSi monawileoba, Sesabamisad, mouwevT vauCerebis aReba im
provaiderebTan, romlebic maT regionSi moqmedeben, rac uzRudavs maT
arCevanis saSualebas da araTanabar pirobebSi ayenebs qalaqis
maswavleblebTan SedarebiT"; sofelSi mcxovreb maswavleblebs
transportirebis problema hqondaT raionul centrTan, rom araferi
vTqvaT sxva raionSi gadaadgilebaze. rogorc ananuris skolis pedagogebi
aRniSnaven: "maTTvis Znelia raionidan sxva regionSi gadaadgileba. Tu
iqneba SesaZlebeli, maswavlebelTa umetesobas surs, mTelma raionma
airCios erTi organizacia, romelic Camova maT raionSi da Caatarebs
treningebs”, igive problema aqvT stefanwmindis sajaro skolis
pedagogebs: “survili marTlac didia, magram arsebobs problema:
maswavleblebs ainteresebT - rogor moxerxdeba maTi gadaadgileba
yazbegidan im organizaciis adgilsamyofelSi, sadac treningi tardeba (Tu
maT mier arCeuli organizacia ar Cadis yazbegSi). iTqva, rom maT aqvT
meurneoba, romelsac movla Wirdeba da sacxovrebeli adgilebis datoveba
ar SeuZliaT. aseve Tu treningebis msvleloba daemTxveva zamTars,
didTovlianobis gamo gadaadgileba regionidan regionSi SeuZlebeli
gaxdeba. maswavleblebs ainteresebT SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom
saganmanaTleblo organizaciebma, romlebsac isini airCeven, yazbegSi
gamoagzavnon trenerebi da treningebi maT adgilze CautardeT. Tu es
SesaZlebelia, ra evalebaT am SemTxvevaSi pedagogebs (safasuris gadaxda,
kveba, sacxovrebeli adgili). Tu es ar iqneba SesaZlebeli, miuxedavad
didi survilisa maswavleblebis umetesoba vauCeris aRebas ar apirebs”.
igive problema daasaxeles, CoxataurSi, "didaqtikis" treningze: "sofelSi
moRvawe maswavleblebi aRniSnavdnen, rom treningis ganrigis gamo
(dasrulebis dro), maT eqmneboda problemebi transportrTan";
4. regionuli specifika da damatebiTi xarjebi kvebisa da
mgzavrobisaTvis: gamokvleuli maswavleblebis mosazrebiT programaSi
Cadebuli unda iyos konkretuli regionis specifika da damatebiT Tanxa
mgzavrobisa da kvebisaTvis. qedaSi, skola-ojaxi-sazogadoebis mier
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Catarebul treningze damswre pedagogebi aRniSnaven: "ganaTlebis
saministros unda gaeTvaliswinebina yoveli regionis reliefuri
Taviseburebani da vauCeris TanxaSi, soflis skolaSi momuSave
maswavleblebisTvis, damatebiT mgzavrobis da kvebis xarjebi Caedo";
5. regionul doneze, provaiderTa pasiurobis Sedegad, pedagogebs ara
aqvT treningebis mravalferovani arCevanis saSualeba: pedagogebi
ukmayofiloni arian saganmanaTleblo organizaciebis pasiurobiT, iTxoven
rom organizaciebma moawyon prezentaciebi da Caataron treningebi
regionalur doneze: "maswavleblebi gamoTqvamen ukmayofilebas imiT, rom
mxolod erTi provaideri moqmedebs maT raionSi, ris gamoc maT ar aqvT
arCevanis saSualeba" . aseve ozurgeTis raionis sofel WianeTis skolis
pedagogebis gancxadebiT: "sasurvelia, rom provaiderebma moaxdinon
skolaSi programebis prezentacia, vinaidan programul anotaciebze
dayrdnobiT Znelia arCevanis gakeTeba." zemoT CamoTvlili problemebis
gamo, pedagogebs uwevdaT Tavad morgebodnen vauCeruli dafinansebis
programas da ara piriqiT, programa morgeboda maT moTxovnebs da
gaeTvaliswinebina is xelisSemSleli faqtorebi, romelic zRudavs
pedagogebis arCevanis Tavisuflebas.
vauCeruli dafinansebis programis ganxorcielebisas skolebSi
gamovlenili tendenciebi:
1. TbilisTan axlos mcxovrebi pedagogebi amjobineben treningebis
gavlas TbilisSi: TbilisTan axlos mcxovrebi pedagogebi cdilobdnen
TbilisSi Catarebul treningebs daswrebodnen, aman kidev ufro SeuSala
xeli provaiderebis aqtiurobas regionalur doneze:"qvemo qarTlis sxva
raionebTan SedarebiT, aq ufro bevrma maswavlebelma aiRo vauCeri. es
TbilisTan soflebis siaxloviTac aixsneba. maswavleblebs saSualeba
aqvT, dedaqalaqSi gaiaron treningebi."
2. axalgazrda maswavleblebi gulisyuriT ekidebian vauCerizaciis
process, xolo SedarebiT asakovan pedagogebSi SeimCneva dainteresebis
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dabali done; rogorc baTumis #4 skolis direqtori aRniSnavs:
"vauCerizaciis procesi, ZiriTadad, ainteresebT axalgazrda pedagogebs,
xolo asakovani pedagogebi undoblobiT ekidebian vauCerizaciis
process." msgavsi informacia aqvT gamokvleuli skolis direqtorebis
umravlesobas; asakiani pedagogebis TqmiT serTificirebis gamovdisaTvis
isini aRar iqnebian moqmedi maswavleblebi, Sesabamisad ar qondaT survili
monawileoba mieRoT vauCeruli dafinansebis programaSi. vauCeruli
dafinansebis programis monawile pedagogebis raodenobrivi gamokvlevis
Sedegad dadginda, rom pedagogebis umravlesoba nawildeba 28-dan 60
wlamde asakobriv kategoriaSi. SedarebiT naklebia aqtivoba 17-27 da 60
wels gadacilebuli pedagogebis mxridan.
3. erT-erTi ZiriTadi tendencia, ris gamoc pedagogebi uars amboben
vauCerebis aRebaze, aris kavSiri vauCerizaciis procesis, sertificirebis
gamocdebTan. pedagogebs egonaT, rom vauCeruli dafinansebis gamoyenebis
SemTxvevaSi, aucileblad mouwevdaT sasertifikacio gamocdebis Cabareba.
am cru informaciis gamo programis ganxorcielebis sawyis etapze bevrma
pedagogma uari ganacxada monawileoba mieRo programaSi: "kurdRelauris
skolis maswavleblebi vauCerebis aRebas ar apireben imis gamo, rom
hgoniaT treningebis gavlis Semdeg valdebulni iqnebian Caabaron
sertificirebis gamocdebi. isini ki ar apireben saserTifikacio
gamocdebSi monawileobas da amitom treningebis gavlasac arideben Tavs".
Tu ratom ar apireben maswavleblebi sertificirebis gamocdis gavlas,
qvemo qarTlSi, kerZod rusTavSi, #2 skolaSi dafiqsirda saintereso
tendencia: "arc erTi cnoba skolas ar aqvs gacemuli. maswavleblebi
aRniSnaven, rom ar surT am etapze gaiaron sertificireba, radgan
gamocdaze ar gadian da gamocdaze ar gadian, radgan ar elian xelfasebis
momatebas". pedagogebis umravlesoba aRniSnavda, rom Tu xelfasi ar
gaezrdebaT ar miiReben monawileobas sasertifikacio gamocdebSi. es
mosazreba laitmotivad gasdevda vauCeruli dafinansebis programas.
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saintereso faqtebi
1. pedagogebi ganawyendnen vauCerebis arsebuli raodenobis gamo.
vauCeruli dafinansebis programis sawyis etapze pedagogebis umravlesobam
Tavi Seikava da ar aiRo vauCeri. Sesabamisad vauCerebi aiRes im
pedagogebma vinc Tavidanve gaiazra am programebis sargeblianoba da
daregistrirda saganmanaTleblo organizaciebSi. oqtombris meore
naxevarSi ukve iklo vauCerebis raodenobam da swored am dros warmoiqmna
ukmayofilo pedagogebis fena, romlebmac ar aiRes vauCeri an ver moaswres
vauCerebis aReba: "Cemi iq yofnis ganmavlobaSi movida 2 pedagogi vauCeris
administrirebisaTvis magram v.a.p.p.-ma ganumarta rom vauCerebi aRar aris
da 2010 wels daiwyeba vauCerebis gacema, ramac maTi gaRizianeba gamoiwvia".
aseve: "viyavi ist-is treningis monitoringze, romelSi monawile
maswavleblebic ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamdnen vauCerebis gacemis Sewyvetis
gamo."; Sida qarTlis magaliTi identuria sxva regionebTan. monitoringis
specialistebis mier warmodgenil angariSebSi vkiTxulobT, rom
pedagogebis mTavari ukmayofileba gamowveulia vauCerebis arasakmarisi
odenobiT.
2. vauCeruli dafinansebis programis dros Cndeboda sxvadasxva
mosazrebebi da Worebi programis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebiT.
monitoringis samsaxuri swrafad reagirebda msgavs faqtebze da amowmebda
maT simarTlesTan Sesabamisobas. qobuleTis raionis, leRvas skolis
pedagogebis azriT: ”provaider "ganaTlebis instituts" lobirebs
saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministro. (argumenti – mxolod es provaideri
aqtiurobs qobuleTSi)”. aseTi mosazrebebi mravlad iyo pedagogebis,
skolis direqtorebisa da resurscentrebis mxridan, magram es
informaciebi Worebi ufro iyo, vidre sinamdvile. Worebis garda
saintereso mosazrebebi qondaT pedagogebsa da direqtorebs: goris #7
sajaro skolis pedagogebi Tvlian, rom "sanam aseTi saxis treningebSi
CaerTvebian pedagogebi, unda arsebobdes sakanonmdeblo baza sadac
dafiqsirebuli iqneba, rom vauCeruli dafinansebiT gadamzadebul
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pedagogs aravin daaZalebs Tavisi survilis gareSe gaiaros
saserTifikacio gamocda". baTumis # 13 sajaro skolis direqtoris
gancxadebiT resurscentrma mas ar miawoda programuli anotaciebi.
resurscentrSi arsebuli miReba-Cabarebis aqtiT ki, skolis direqtors
xelmoweriT aqvs dadasturebuli anotaciebis miReba. maTxojis skolis
direqtori erkveoda vauCerizaciis procesSi, magram mainc ucxo iyo
misTvis es programa.
dakvirvebis Sedegad Segrovebuli masalis analizi -
trening-provaideri organizaciebi
monitoringis Sedegad aRmoCenili, programis ganxorcielebis pozitiuri
mxareebi:
1. treningis msvlelobisas monawileebi uzrunvelyofili iyvnen
masalebiT. gamokvluli pedagogebis umravlesoba kmayofili iyo
Catarebuli treningebis xarisxiT: "maswavleblebi kmayofili iyvnen
treningebiT, treningze darigebuli masalebiTa da TvalsaCinoebebiT"
(ganaTlebis instituti, treningi "rusuli enis swavlebis meTodika"-
treneri - lali lomTaTiZe. damswreTa raodenoba 30); aseve,
"maswavleblebi kmayofilebi iyvnen treningebiT da moqmedi provaideri
organizaciis saqmianobas dadebiTad afasebdnen". treningebis Sefaseba
yvela regionSi identuria. iyvnen ukmayofilo pedagogebic, romelTa
magaliTebi qvemoTaa aRwerili;
2. treningebs uZRvebodnen kvalificiuri trenerebi: pedagogebi
kmayofilebi iyvnen trenerebis kvalifikaciiT: "treneris Zlieri mxare
aris is, rom yvela sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi mas aqvs originaluri
situaciuri magaliTebi da Tu pedagogoebi ver asaxeleben nimuSebs
sakuTari praqtikidan, is awvdis aseTi tipis gansaxilvel sakiTxebs. aseve,
treners mohyavs situaciis Sesabamisi anekdotic, rac kargi gantvirTvis
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saSualebaa da jgufis monawileTa ganwyobac maRldeba" . aseve: "treningi
kargad aris organizebuli, - treneri metad pasuxismgeblobiT ekideba
masze dakisrebul saqmes, aqtiurad da energiulad atarebs trenings,
gasagebad xsnis, aqvs maRali xmis tembri da axerxebs maswavleblebis
dainteresebas. yovel maTgans saSualebas aZlevs, CaerTos mecadineobaSi,
iaqtiuros da Tavisi azri gamoTqvas axsnil sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT";
aseve: "treningis mimdinareobis procesSi treneris mxridan yvela dasmul
SekiTxvaze gacemul iqna amomwuravi pasuxi, ramac maswavlebelTa interesi
kidev ufro aamaRla. treningSi erTnairad aqtiurad iyo CarTuli orive
mxare: treneric da msmenelic, romlebic didi interesiT ismendnen da
aanalizebdnen miwodebul informacias. treningi mimdinareobda
sainteresod, gamoyenebuli iyo sxvadasxva meTodebi: kiTxva, pasuxi da
roluri TamaSebi." ;
3. raodenobrivad bevri jgufis Sekreba moaxerxes im trening-
provaiderma organizaciebma, romlebmac treningebi Caatares regionul
doneze. saganmanaTleblo organizaciebma, romelTac iaqtiures regionul
doneze ufro meti jgufebi daakompleqtes vidre im organizaciebma,
romelTac mxolod TbilisSi an regionul centrebSi Caatares treningebi:
"fondi "ganaTlebis instituti" erTaderTi provaideri organizaciaa
xobSi, amdenad maT ar gaWirvebiaT msmenelTa jgufebis Sekvra. es
organizacia gamoirCeva imiT, rom adgilze sTavazobs yvela regionis
warmomadgenlebs treningebis Catarebas, rac xelmisawvdomia adgilobrivi
maswavleblebisaTvis, aseve, aRsaniSnavia, rom treningebze msmeneli
maswavleblebis raodenoba maRalia >...< ".
4. treningprovaiderma organizaciebma Seasrules dadebiTi roli
vauCeruli dafinansebis programis reklamirebasa da maswavlebelTaTvis
informaciis miwodebaSi. trening-provaideri organizaciebi akeTebdnen
prezentaciebs pedagogebisaTvis, maT uwevdaT mraval SekiTxvaze pasuxis
gacema, romelic maswavleblebs uCndebodaT vauCeruli dafinansebis
programis Sesaxeb: "radgan skolis pedagogebi naklebad iyvnen
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informirebuebli mimdinare vauCerizaciis procesze, prezentatorebma
dawvrilebiT isaubres maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli
dafinansebis programis Sesaxeb" ("skola-ojaxi- sazogadoeba", prezentacia
baTumis #13 sajaro skolaSi);
5. treningprovaiderma organizaciebma nayofierad iTanamSromles
maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis centrTan. yoveli treningis
dawyebis win saganmanaTleblo organizaciebs moqondaT maswavlebelTa
aRricxvis forma da treningis Catarebis koordinatebi;
6. Catarebuli treningebis dros treningprovaiderma organizaciebma
daicves xelSekrulebiT da akreditaciiT gaTvaliswinebuli moTxovnebi.
saganmanaTleblo organizaciebi Seecadnen daecvaT is wesebi da
valdebulebebi, romelic gaTvaliswinebuli iyo xelSekrulebiT:
"provaideri organizacia iyenebs Sefasebis formebs, romlebsac avseben
monawile pedagogebi TiToeuli treningis dasrulebis Semdeg. treningis
dasrulebis Semdeg monawile maswavleblebi iReben serTifikats, magram
mxolod isini vinc daeswro kursis 70%-ze mets da warmatebiT Caabara
testi. ("didaqtika", sabazo da saSualo safexuris maTematikis
maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTareba, Tbilisi); aRniSnuli moTxovnebi
treningis ganxorcielebisas Seasrules inglisuri enis maswavlebelTa
asociaciam, ilia WavWavaZis saxelwifo universitetma, fondma "uwyveti
ganaTleba" quTaisSi Catarebul treningebze. aseve didaqtikis mier
qarelSi Catarebuli treningi: "treningi mimdinareobda mowesrigebul
garemoSi. daswrebis aRricxva mimdinareobda yovel treningze. treningis
msvlelobisas gamoyenebuli iyo jgufuri da individualuri aqtivobebi.
treneri cdilobda yvela monawilis erTnairad CarTvas treningSi. axlad
gavlili masalis gansamtkiceblad qondaT testi. pedagogebma Seajames
ganvlili masala". ("ganviTarebisa da swavlebis Teoriebi da maTi
gamoyenebis praqtika skolaSi", "didaqtika");
7. treningebis umravlsoba Catarda skolebSi. SerCeuli iyo samuSaod
vargisi saklaso oTaxebi, biblioTekebi da darbazebi. treningebisaTvis,
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SeZlebisdagvarad, saqarTveloSi arsebuli pirobebidan gamomdinare SeirCa
saukeTeso saklaso oTaxebi, biblioTekebi da sakonferencio darbazebi:
"treningi tardeboda 23-e sajaro skolis erT-erT saklaso oTaxSi,
Sesabamisad garemo iyo tipiuri gakveTilis Sesaferisi. didi da naTeli
oTaxi, ise rom yvela monawile kargad xedavda dafasac da iolad
urTierTobda trenerTan." ("didaqtika", sabazo da saSualo safexuris
maTematikis maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTareba, Tbilisi).
monitoringis specialistebis Sefaseba saklaso oTaxebTan dakavSirebiT
yvela regionSi identuria.
monitoringis Sedegad aRmoCenili, programis ganxorcielebis negatiuri
mxareebi:
1. treningprovaideri organizaciebis dabali aqtiuroba regionalur
doneze. gamokvleuli skolebis umravlesobaSi pedagogebisa da skolis
direqtorebis ukmayofileba ZiriTadad exeboda pasiur provaiderebs,
romelTac ar gamarTes prezentaciebi da ar Caatares treningebi regionul
doneze.
2. saganmanaTleblo treningebisa da saswavlo procesis damTxveva;
yvela gamokvleuli raionisa da skolis monacemebis gaanalizebis Sedegad,
dadginda, rom "pedagogebs, samuSao grafikebidan gamomdinare, uWirT
treningebze daswreba, rac moqmedebs maTi muSaobis xarisxze" , aseve:
"pedagogebi aRniSnaven, rom treningenisTvis gamoyofili saaTebi ar aris
sakmarisi saWiro masalis asaTviseblad. aRniSnaven, agreTve, rom Znelad
uTavsebdnen sagakveTilo processa da treningebs erTmaneTs".
3. SenobaSi, sadac treningebi mimdinareobda, ar iyo sasadilo.
4. saswavlo garemos araorganizebuloba. dakvirvebisas aRmoCnda
treningebi, sadac samuSao garemo ar iyo mowesrigebuli da Sesabamisi:
"saswavlo garemo ar Seesabameboda treneris mier micemul davalebebs,
radgan mikrojgufebSi muSaobisas, pedagogebs, magidebisa da skamebis
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ganlagebis gamo, ar hqondaT saSualeba, damsxdariyvnen moxerxebulad. am
mouxerxebeli garemoebis gamo pedagogebi ar icvlidnen samuSao adgils
da mikrojgufebSi xvdeboda araTanabari raodenobis monawile. aseve, iyo
instruqtaJis problema, radgan treneri mikrojgufebSi aZlevda
davalebebs da maT ar hqondaT informacia, rom bolos es unda gadaetanaT
furcelze da gaekeTebinaT prezentacia. maT ar hqondaT samuSao
furclebi da markerebi, werdnen kalmebiT patara rveulebSi, Sesabamisad,
prezentaciisas, an adgilidan kiTxulobdnen, an gamohqondaT patara
furcelze kalmiT Camowerili sakiTxebi, ris dafaze gakvrasac ar hqonda
mniSvneloba." aseve: "Sesvenebis Semdeg msmenelebi araorganizebulad
brundebodnen jgufSi, ar iyo erTi konkretuli dro SeTanxmebuli, amitom
trenerma treningi mcirericxovan jgufSi ganagrZo, rac ar iyo
gamarTlebuli, radgan instruqtaJis micema dagvianebuli pedagogebiaTvis
destruqciulad moqmedebda jgufis samuSao dinamikaze."
5. provaiderebma ufleba misces pedagogebs, treningebs vauCerebis
gareSe daswrebodnen da mere moetanaT vauCerebi. dafiqsirda SemTxveva,
rodesac saganmanaTleblo organizaciam uvauCero pedagogs ufleba misca
treningze daswrebis, im pirobiT rom pedagogebi SemdegSi miitandnen Tavis
kuTvnil vauCers: "trenings eswreba gldani-naZaladevis raionis 2
pedagogi, romlebmac gaiares registracia provaiderTan da aRar SexvdaT
vauCerebi. maTi sakiTxi Riad darCa, radgan jer ar ician, aiReben vauCerebs
Tu mouwevT, Tavad gadaixadon treningis Rirebuleba."
6. maswavleblebi ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamdnen treningebis ganrigis
gamo: "sofelSi moRvawe maswavleblebi aRniSnavdnen, rom treningis
ganrigis gamo (dasrulebis dro), maT eqmneboda problemebi
transportrTan". ("didaqtika", Coxatauris #1 skola, "qarTuli enisa da
literaturis swavleba sabazo da saSualo skolaSi".);
7. pedagogebi ukmayofilebas gamoxataven drois simciris gamo. i.
WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis maswavlebelTa profesiuli
mxardaWeris centris treningze damswre pedagogebi Tvlian, rom
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treningebis xangrZlivoba unda gaizardos sakiTxebis sirTulidan
gamomdinare. aseTive azri dafiqsirda uwyveti ganaTlebis mier quTaisSi
Catarebuli treningis ganmavlobaSi: "ZiriTad problemad aRiniSna drois
simcire, sakiTxebis sirTule da am mcire droSi ucxo teqstebis aRqma da
gaanalizeba. moTxovnebi iyo Semdegi: meti dro, meti kreditebi da
saxelmwifos dafinansebis gagrZeleba gamocdebis dawyebamde,
sasertifikacio gamocdebis gadavadeba, masalebis, testebis daxvewa da
gamartiveba".
8. trening-provaideri organizaciebis mcdeloba skolis direqtorebisa
da resurscentris pasuxismgebeli piris gamoyenebiT, moexdinaT
maswavlebelTa daregistrireba TavianT programebze, maswavlebelTa
survilis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe: axmetis resurscentris pasuxismgebel
pirs erT-erTma provaiderma, "skola-ojaxi-sazogadoeba", SesTavaza: "rom
isini (skola, ojaxi, sazogadoeba) wauReben maswavleblebs vauCerebs da
gauioleben saqmes. anu moxdeba maswavleblebis dauswreblad vauCerebis
gacema". aseve, baTumis #1 sajaro skolis direqtors: "daukavSirda erT-
erTi provaideri (ilia WavWavaZis universiteti) da ganacxada, rom Tu
direqcia jgufs daakompleqtebs maTi skolis maswavleblebisgan, isini
Caatareben treningebs".
vauCeruli dafinansebis programis ganxorcielebisas, treningebze
gamovlenili tendenciebi:
1. pedagogebi piradi nacnobobis safuZvelze irCevdnen provaiderebs:
pedagogebi saganmanaTleblo organizacias irCevdnen misi xelmZRvanelis
nacnobobis safuZvelze, magaliTad: "gardabnis resurscentris ufross
vauCerebis gacemis dasawyisSi eWvi Seepara provaiderisa (ganaTlebis
instituti) da pedagogebis urTierTobaSi, radgan sul erTsa da imave
organizaciaze mohqondaT moTxovna. magram mere gamoirkva, rom es,
ubralod, im provaideris muSaobisa da pedagogebTan misi nacnobobis
125
Sedegi iyo" . es zemoT naxseneb tendenciebsac exmianeba. pedagogTa arCevani
xSir SemTxvevaSi ganapiroba ara saintereso anotaciebma an prezentaciebma,
aramed piradma nacnobobam.
2. skolis maswavleblebi xSirad moiTxoven, rom treningebi Cautaron
Tbilisidan mowveulma trenerebma;
3. organizatorebs uWirT treningebisaTvis mkafio grafikebis
Camoyalibeba, radgan maswavleblebs aqvT sxvadasxvagavari moTxovnebi
saswavlo grafikebidan gamomdinare. xSirad pedagogebi treningis pirvel
dRes trenerTan erTad wyveten momdevno dReebis TariRebsa da sasurvel
saaTebs. Tumca es grafikic SeiZleba Seicvalos, romelime trening dRis
bolos, isev maswavlebelTa moTxovnidan gamomdinare;
4. raodenobrivad pedagogebis didi nawili daregistrirda im trening-
provaider organizaciebSi, romelTac iaqtiures regionalur doneze.
saintereso faqtebi:
1. ,,maswavlebelTa ganwyoba iyo pozitiuri, igrZnoboda kmayofileba
programis mimarT da pedagogebi madlierebas gamoxatavdnen trenerTan
dakavSirebiT. aseve, saubrobdnen momavali TanamSromlobis perspeqtivebze,
zogierTma pedagogma gamoTqva survili, TviTdafinansebiTac daeswros sxva
treningebs "
2. fondi "uwyveti ganaTlebis" direqtoris gancxadebiT: "kargi iqneba
Tu moewyoba provaiderebis erToblivi da koordinirebuli prezentaciebi
ama Tu im regionalur centrebSi, raTa Tanabar pirobebSi xdebodes
provaideri organizaciebis wardgena-gacnoba. saWiroa saxelmwifos
mxridan raime meqanizmis SemuSaveba am kuTxiT maT dasaxmareblad".
126
kvleva Catarebuli treningebSi monawile da aramonawile maswavleblebis
treningebisadmi damokidebulebis Sefasebis mizniT:
2009 wlis seqtembris, oqtombris, noembrisa da dekembris TveebSi
uSualod Catarebuli treningebis Sefasebis mizniT maswavlebelTa
profesiuli ganviTarebis centris monitoringis samsaxuris mier
Catarebul kvlevaSi monawileoba miiRes treningze damswre
maswavleblebma. monitoringis specialistebi daeswrnen 132 trenings da
gamokiTxes 2702 pedagogi. regionebis mixedviT gamokvleuli treningebi
Semdegnairad gadanawilda (ixileT pirveli danarTi, cxrili # 1) - aWara
da guria, kaxeTi, imereTi da raWa, Tbilisi, samegrelo, qvemo qarTli,
Sida qarTli, samcxe-javaxeTi, mcxeTa mTianeTi
pedagogTa umravlesoba, 2556 pedagogi (95%) mdedrobiTi sqesis
warmomadgenelia. treningze damswre maswavleblebi, asakobrivi
TvalsazrisiT, Semdegnairad gadanawildnen:
grafiki 1: treningze damswre maswavleblebis asakobrivi ranJireba
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
asakobrivi
ganawileba
17-27
28-38
39-49
50-60
60+
127
maswavleblebis yvelaze meti raodenoba (770 pedagogi (29%)) modis
"39-49" asakobriv jgufze, xolo yvelaze naklebi (200 pedagogi (8%)) - "22-
27" asakobriv jgufze (ixileT pirveli danarTi, cxrili # 2).
pedagogebma Seavses treningebis Sefasebis kiTxvarebi, romelic
Sedgeboda Ria, naxevrad Ria da daxuruli SekiTxvebisagan. angariSSi
warmodgenilia maswavlebelTa Sefasebis kiTxvaris yvela daxuruli da
naxevrad Ria SekiTxvis analizi. yoveli treningis calke Sefasebisas
gaanalizda Ria SekiTxvebi da maswavlebelTa rekomendaciebi, romelic
monitoringis dakvirvebis angariSSi aisaxa.
debulebaze: "maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli
dafinansebis programa xels Seuwyobs pedagogebs sertificirebis
gamocdis warmatebiT CabarebaSi", ZiriTadad dadebiTi pasuxebi dafiqsirda
pasuxebi dafiqsirda (icileT pirveli danarTi, cxrli 3).
monitoringis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli monacemebi ar Secvlila.
pedagogebi erTxmad aRniSnavdnen treningebis sargeblianobis,
organizebulobisa da trenerebis maRali kvalifikaciis Sesaxeb. iyo
ukmayofilebac. pedagogebis umetesoba kiTxvarSi arsebuli
rekomendaciebis blokSi saubrobda treningebis xangrZlivobisa da
sertifikaciis gamocdisaTvis mosamzadebeli drois simciris Sesaxeb.
pedagogebisaTvis problemas warmoadgenda gadaadgileba, sezonuri
samuSaoebi da kveba treningis ganmavlobaSi. maTi azriT, Semdeg etapze
saganmanaTleblo organizaciebma unda gaiTvaliswinon regionis
reliefuri, sasoflo-sameurneo da sezonuri maxasiaTeblebi. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi maRalmTiani da regionuli centrebidan daSorebiT mcxovrebi
pedagogebisaTvis azri ar eqneba msgavsi programebis ganxorcielebas.
debulebaze: "msgavsi programebi saWiroa da xels uwyobs
maswavlebelTa profesiuli donis amaRlebas", vauCeruli dafinansebis
programis msvlelobisas, yoveli Tvis SualedSi fiqsirdeboda msgavsi
procentuli maCvenebeli (ixileT pirveli danarTi, cxrili # 4)
128
rogorc dakvirvebam gamoavlina trening-provaideri organizaciebis
warmatebaze didi gavlena moaxdina aqtiurobam regionul doneze da
piradma nacnobobam. iyo ukmayofileba organizaciebs Soris Tumca es ar
gadazrdila seriozuli saxis dapirispirebaSi.
SekiTxvaze, Tu saidan miiRes treningze damswre maswavleblebma
vauCeruli dafinansebis programis Sesaxeb informacia, Semdegi pasuxebi
dafiqsirda: pedagogebis umravlesobam programis Sesaxeb informacia
miiRo sakuTari skolis direqtorisgan (80%), aseve satelevzio reklamidan
(41%), adgilobrivi resurscentrisa(28%) da skolis pedagogebis
saSualebiT (13%). es monacemebi kidev erTxel amyarebs mosazrebas, rom
skolis direqtorebma mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes vauCeruli
dafinansebis programis ganxorcielebaSi. magaliTad, pedagogebi ase
afiqsirebdnen, sad gaecnen programul anotaciebs:
grafiki 2: saidan miiRes treningze damswre maswavleblebma vauCeruli dafinansebis programis Sesaxeb informacia
wyaro: saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli dafinansebis programis monitoringis samsaxuri
129
rogorc dakvirvebam, aseve raodenobrivad miRebulma monacemebma aCvena,
rom pedagogebis umravlesobam programuli anotaciebis gacnoba moaxerxa
skolebSi da skolis direqtoris meSveobiT (ixileT pirveli danarTi,
cxrili #5).
debulebaze: ”sertificirebis gamocdisaTvis momzadebulad vgrZnob
Tavs”, sagnebis mixedviT raodenobrivi monacemebi ise gadanawilda, rom
ufro didi procenti (65%) nawilobriv eTanxmeba, dasmul SekiTxvas
(ixileT pirveli danarTi, cxrili # 6).
mTlianad miRebul monacemebze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom
treningze damswre pedagogebis 30% (766) mzadaa sertificirebis
gamocdisaTvis da Sesabamisad, es raodenoba miiRebs monawileobas
sertificirebis gamocdis pirvelive wlebSi. Tumca, SesaZloa
sertificirebis gamocdis pirvelive wels im maswavleblebis didi nawili
gavisuliyo, romelic gaivlida vauCeruli dafinansebis programis
farglebSi Catarebul treningebs. marTalia, garkveuli raodenoba
SeiZleba Tavs ver grZnobda sertifikaciis gamocdisaTvis momzadebulad,
magram sxva saSualeba an SesaZlebloba ar hqonda momzadebis da amitom
axlave scados gamocdaze gasvla, imis SiSiT, rom samomavlod gadadebis
SemTxvevaSi is masalac daaviwydeba, rac treningze aiTvisa.
kvlevis angariSi aseve moicavs maswavlebelTa profesiuli
ganviTarebis centris vauCeruli dafinansebis programis aramonawile
pedagogebis mier programis Sefasebasa da rekomendaciebs.
monitoringis specialistebis mier aramonawile pedagogebis moZieba
daiwyo 2009 wlis 1 noembris Semdeg, vauCerebis gacemis SewyvetisTanave.
monitoringis gegmaSi SerCeviT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo daaxloebiT 1000
aramonawile pedagogis gamokiTxva. saboolod monitoringis regionuli
specialistebis mier gamokiTxuli iqna 979 pedagogi. regionebis mixedviT
gamokiTxuli pedagogebis gadanawileba ix. pirveli danarTis, #7 cxrilSi.
130
regionebSi gamokiTxuli pedagogebi Tanabrad gadanawilda raionuli
centrebis sididis mixedviT. pedagogTa umravlesoba, 909 pedagogi (93%)
mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenelia. gamokiTxuli maswavleblebi,
asakobrivi TvalsazrisiT, Semdegnairad gadanawildnen (ixileT pirveli
danarTi, cxrili # 8): maswavleblebis yvelaze meti raodenoba (287
pedagogi (29%)) modis "50-60" asakobriv jgufze, xolo yvelaze naklebi (60
pedagogi (6%) - "22-27" asakobriv jgufze. 50 wels gadacilebuli
pedagogebis jamma sabolood 45% Seadgina. am maCvenebelma kidev erTxel
cxadyo, rom SedarebiT xnieri pedagogebma Tavi Seikaves treningebze
daswrebisagan.
pedagogebma Seavses vauCeruli dafinansebis Sefasebis kiTxvarebi,
romelic Sedgeboda Ria, naxevrad Ria da daxuruli SekiTxvebisagan.
angariSSi warmodgenilia aramonawile maswavlebelTa Sefasebis kiTxvaris
yvela daxuruli da naxevrad Ria SekiTxvis analizi. yoveli treninigis
calke Sefasebisas gaanalizda Ria SekiTxvebi da maswavlebelTa
rekomendaciebi. aramonawile pedagogebis mosazrebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi
TanxvedraSi movida monawile pedagogebis mosazrebebTan.
gamokiTxuli pedagogebidan yvelas smenia maswavlebelTa profesiuli
ganviTarebis vauCeruli dafinansebis programis Sesaxeb. es aris skolis
direqtorebis, resurscentrebis, trening-provaideri organizaciebis
muSaobisa da sareklamo kampaniis Sedegi, romlic mimdinareobda
programis msvlelobasTan erTad. qvemoT ganxilulia aramonawile
pedagogTa pasuxebi Sefasebis kiTxvarSi arsebul SekiTxvebze.
debulebaze: "maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli
dafinansebis programa xels Seuwyobs pedagogebs sertificirebis
gamocdis warmatebiT CabarebaSi" (ixileT pirveli danarTi, cxrili # 9),
sakmaod maRali monacemi (51%) dafiqsirda, rac saSualebas iZleva
davaskvnaT, rom qveyanaSi zogadad pedagogebi dadebiTad Sexvdnen
vauCeruli dafinansebis programis ganxorcielebas. am mosazrebas
cxadyofs debulebaze "msgavsi programebi saWiroa da xels uwyobs
131
maswavlebelTa profesiuli donis amaRlebas" da aseve debulebaze:
"msgavsi programebi xels Seuwyobs saganmanaTleblo organizaciebis
konkurentunariani bazris Seqmnas" miRebuli monacemebi (ixileT pirveli
danarTi, cxrilebi # 10, 11).
SekiTxvaze: ”apirebT Tu ara maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis
vauCeruli dafinansebis programis Semdeg etapze aiRoT vauCeri”, dadebiTi
pasuxis didi procenti dafiqsirda (ix. pirveli danarTi, cxrili # 12),
xolo asakis mixedviT, yvelaze didi raodenoba 39-60 wlis asakis
pedagogebze modis (ixileT pirveli danarTi, cxrili # 13)
rogorc Cans, pedagogebis umravlesoba elodeba vauCerizaciis Semdegi
etapis dawyebas da maTi umravlesoba apirebs monawileoba miiRos
programaSi. pedagogebis ricxvi, romelic saerTod ar apirebs
monawileobis miRebas maTi asakis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba.
Ria SekiTxvebis klasifikaciis Semdeg dadginda is ZiriTadi
problemebi, romlebmac xeli SeuSala pedagogebs vauCeruli dafinansebis
pirvel etapze aeRoT da gamoeyenebinaT vauCerebi. 979 pedagogidan
problema daasaxela 725 pedagogma. sul dasaxelda 12 problema. (ixileT
pirveli danarTi, cxrili # 14).
rogorc vxedavT yvelaze masStaburi problema, ramac xeli SeuSala
pedagogebs vauCerebis aRebaSi aris vauCerebis nakleboba.
rac Seexeba rekomendaciebs, kvlevis Sedegad pedagogebma daafiqsires
Semdegi rekomendaciebi:
treningebi Catardes regionebSi, raionul centrebsa da soflebSi;
treningebi Catardes ardadegebis periodSi;
iaqtiuron provaiderebma, Caataron regionul doneze prezentaciebi
da axlos gaecnon pedagogebs;
gaizardos dafinansebuli kreditebis raodenoba;
garkveul programebze Tanxis damateba aRar iyos saWiro;
Catardes ufro meti treningi profesiul unarCvevebSi.
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saganmanaTleblo organizaciebis warmomadgenelTa da trenerTa
treningebisadmi damokidebulebis Sefaseba:
kvlevis angariSi moicavs maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis
centris vauCeruli dafinansebis programis monitoringis farglebSi
gamokiTxuli saganmanaTleblo organizaciebis warmomadgenelTa da
trenerTa Sefasebas. vauCeruli dafinansebis programis msvlelobisas
monitoringis specialistebi daeswrnen 132 trenings da gamokiTxes 148
treneri. respondentebma Seavses maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis
vauCeruli dafinansebis programis monitoringis Sefasebis raodenobrivi
kiTxvarebi, romelic Sedgeboda Ria, naxevrad Ria da daxuruli
SekiTxvebisagan. damuSavda Ria SekiTxvebi da maswavlebelTa
rekomendaciebi, romelic monitoringis dakvirvebis angariSSi aisaxa da
gamoyenebuli iqna programaSi CarTuli mxareebisaTvis gaweril
rekomendaciebSi. trenerebis umravlesoba, 133 treneri (90%) mdedrobiTi
sqesis warmomadgenelia. trenerebis Sefaseba, problemebi da
rekomendaciebi gansxvavdeboda pedagogebisa da skolis direqtorebis mier
gakeTebuli Sefasebebisagan. SekiTxvaze: ”daeswro Tu ara Tqveni
treningis yvela sesias, yvela is maswavlebeli, romelic winaswar
daregistrirda Tqvens programaze”? pasuxebi Semdegnairad gadanawilda:
grafiki 3: trenerebis pasuxi kiTxvaze daeswro Tu ara yvela daregistritrebyli
maswavlebeli yvela sesias
48%
49%
49%
50%
50%
51%
51%
skolis direqtori
diax 51%
ara 49 %
133
uaryofiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi trenerebi asaxelebdnen ZiriTad
tendenciebs, ris gamoc winaswar daregistrirebulma pedagogebma aRar
gaiares maT mier ganxorcielebuli treningebi:
1. pedagogebis garkveulma nawilma moiTxova treningebze daswreba
vauCeris gareSe;
2. pedagogebi winaswari daregistrirebis Semdeg cvlidnen
gadawyvetilebas da registrirdebodnen sxva saganmanaTleblo
organizaciis treningze;
3. pedagogebs akliaT sabazo codna (aqtivobebi), mzad ar arian treningze
ganxiluli sakiTxebis asaTviseblad, amitom iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac
aRar modiodnen da aRar eswrebodnen treningebs;
4. pedagogebi srulad ar eswrebodnen treningebs.
garda amisa trenerebma CamoTvales problemebi romlebmac xeli
SeuSala pedagogebs vauCerebis aRebasa da gamoyenebaSi. yvelaze xSirad
dasaxelebuli problemebia:
1. vauCerebis arasakmarisi raodenoba;
2. araskmarisi dro vauCeris gamosayeneblad, xSirad iyo SemTxveva rom
pedagogebma aiRes vauCeri magram ver Caetivnen treningis
ganxorcielebis vadebSi;
3. maswavlebelTa arainformirebuloba; maswavleblebi ver erkveodnen
programasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebSi an erkveodnen arasworad;
4. maswavleblebs mcire dro hqondaT programebis gasacnobad;
5. maswavlebelTa gulgriloba, iyvnen maswavleblebi, romlebmac ver
moaswres wels vauCeris aReba, radgan Tavis droze ar dauTmes mas
saTanado yuradReba;
6. inglisuri enis codnis dabali done maswavlebelTa Soris.
134
trenerebma aseve Seafases zogadad pedagogebis damokidebuleba da
treningze damswre pedagogebis CarTuloba (ix. pirveli danarTi, cxrili
# 15).
saintereso gamodga trenerebis mier mocemuli rekomendaciebi,
programis ukeT ganxorcielebisaTvis:
1. maswavleblebisaTvis drouli da zusti informaciis miwodeba
programis ganxorcielebisa da vauCerebis administrirebis Sesaxeb.
ukeTesi sareklamo kampaniis dagegmva da ganxorcieleba;
2. soflad mcxovrebi maswavleblebisaTvis gadaadgilebis saSualebiT
uzrunvelyofa, treningis Catarebis grafikis mogvareba;
3. meti vauCerebis miwodeba resurscentrebisaTvis;
4. maswavleblebma ufro meti unda imuSaon damoukideblad;
5. kargi iqneboda maswavlebelTa sabazo momzadeba. momzadebuli
pedagogebi ukeT aiTviseben treningze ganxilul sakiTxebsa da
masalebs. skolaSi kaTedrebma unda imuSaon am mimarTulebiT;
6. sasurvelia treningi ufro xangrZlivi iyos, raTa srulad moicvas is
programa, romlis mixedviTac Catardeba maswavlebelTa sertificireba.
7. sasurvelia, yvelgan, sadac tardeba treningebi auditoriebi iyos
Sesabamisad aRWurvili da keTilmowyobili;
8. programa ukeTesad ganxorcieldeba, Tu skolebs, sadac treningi
tardeba, droulad miecema ufleba skolis garkveuli farTis
gaqiravebasTan dakavSirebiT.
winamdebare qveTavSi mocemul SefasebebSi araferia naTqvami
zrdasrulTa treningebis praqtikosTa winaswar momzadebis saWiroebis
Sesaxeb. garda amisa, calke sakiTxia, Tu ra meTodebs mimarTavan trenerebi
da provaideri organizaciebi maswavlebelTa swavlebis procesSi, aris Tu
ara efeqturi es meTodebi da rogoria calkeuli provaideri organizaciis
mier datreningebuli pedagogebis sagamocdo Sedegebi, risi kvlevac
135
dRemde ar ganxorcielebula. zogi maTgani warmatebulia, zogi naklebad.
ar aris Camoyalibebuli kriteriumebi, ris mixedviTac SeiZleboda
gvemsjela treningebis provaideri organizaciebis warmatebul
saqmianobaze. magaliTad, 2011 wels pedagogTa kavSiri „ganaTleba da
samyaros“ ofisma norvegiis ltolvilTa sabWos mxardaWeriT gadaamzada
20 pedagogi sasertifikacio gamocdebisTvis profesiul unarebSi, saidanac
9 maswavlebelma Caabara gamocda warmatebiT profesiul unarebSi87.
aRniSnuli Sedegi damakmayofilebelia Tu ara da ra aris ganaTlebisa
da mecnierebis da saministros mier Catarebuli monitoringis Sedegad
gamokveTili naklovanebebis aRmofxvris gzebi, amaSi momdevno qveTavSi
iqneba saubari, kerZod, gaanalizdeba zrdasrulTa treningebze
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebis gaTvaliswinebul modulirebuli
midgomis upiratesoba. xolo naSromis kvlevis meTodologiis nawilSi
vnaxavT, rogor unda gaizardos maswavlebelTa treningis potenciali,
raTa realurad gamarTldes zemoaRniSnuli erTerTi debuleba:
„maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli dafinansebis
programa xels Seuwyobs pedagogebis sasertifikacio gamocdebis
warmatebiT Cabarebas88“.
87
http://uteu.ge/news/masts'avlebelta_sasertipik'atsio_gamotsdis_shedegebi/2011-09-10-23 88
saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli dafinansebis programis monitoringis samsaxuris angariSi, 2009w.
136
4.3. zrdasrulTa swavlebis procesebSi zrdasrulTa ganTlebis
principebis gaTvaliswinebiT modulirebuli midgomis upiratesoba
mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT, rom msoflio sazogadoebaSi ukve
gavrcelebuli zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis formebis: „distanciuri
ganaTleba“, “ganaTleba sicocxlis manZilze”, “uwyveti ganaTleba”,
“ganaTleba yvelasaTvis”, “saxalxo skolebi Tu saxalxo universitetebi“
saerTo maxasiaTebeli zrdasrulTa ganaTlebaa.
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis procesSi yvela asakis zrdasruli adamiani
SeiZleba iyos CarTuli e.w. miznobriv jgufebSi konkretuli sagnis an
unaris Sesaswavlad. Tavad saganmanaTleblo RonisZieba SeiZleba iyos
sxvadasxva xangrZlivobis da ar aris aucilebeli, sruldebodes rame
saxis saganmanTleblo dokumentis gacemiT. TiToeuli miznobrivi jgufis
swavlebisTvis unda Seiqmnas Sesabamis socialur-pedagogiur principebze
agebuli saswavlo masalebi (magaliTad, samdonian midgomaze da erTgvar
programul-miznobriv meTodze agebuli saswavlo masalebi, warmodgenili
modulebis saxiT89).
rac Seexeba modulirebul swavlebas, mas xSirad mimarTaven axali
unarebis ganviTarebis mizniT da igi iTvaliswinebs zrdasrulTaTvis
Sesatyvis socialur-pedagogiur principebs. ganaTlebaSi modulirebuli
swavlebis midgoma niSnavs ama Tu im sagnis an unarebis swavlebis
gamartivebul meTods, rac gulisxmobs sagnis swavlebas saswavlo masalis
Sinaarsis dajgufebis safuZvelze, sagnis etapobriv aTvisebas miznobrivi
jgufis Taviseburebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis specialistma winaswar, swavlis dawyebamde
unda dagegmos swavlis procesis zogadi strategia; gansazRvros,
Camoweros da ganmartos konkretuli Temis an sagnis swavlebis miznebi da
Sedegebi; daasabuTos sakuTari mosazrebebi; moiZios is specifikuri 89
Numminen, U.; Blom, H. Yhteistoiminta - oppilaitosten uusi toimintatapa. Kaytannon kokemuksia ja
ratkaisumalleja. Kehittyva koulutus 6/1999. [Cooperation - new methods of action at educational institutions. Practical
experiences and solution models. Developing education 6/99]. Helsinki: National Board of Education, 1999.
137
aspeqtebi, romelzec msmenelebi gulisyuriT imuSaveben; gamoavlinos
msmenelis susti da Zlieri mxareebi; SesTavazos msmenels gamoTqmuli
mosazrebis alternativa; moaxdinos msmenelis pozitiuri gamowveva;
winaswar gaiTvaliswinos da ganWvritos mosalodneli Sedegebi.
Cven mier Seswavlili saswavlo modulebi da mecadineobebi isea
agebuli, rom msmeneli bihevioruli cvlilebis process ganicdis (lira
srinivasenis koncefcia). bihevioruli cvlilebis procesis pirveli etapi
individis problemasTan gacnobiT iwyeba, gadadis problemis ganxilvaSi,
Semdeg gadadis mocemul problemaze informaciis mopovebaSi da bolos –
im unarebis SeZenaSi, rac problemis mogvarebasa da gadalaxvaSi
daexmareba mas. Semdeg etapze individi SeZenil axal unars gamocdis, anu
gamoiyenebs praqtikuli savarjiSos keTebis dros, xolo bolo etapze
individi ukukavSiris procesSi sakuTar warmatebas afasebs, anu saubrobs
miRweul mizanze. yvela am etaps zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebis
specialisti/pedagogi da msmeneli zemoT aRwerili principebis
gamoyenebiT gaivlian. pedagogi valdebulia, ar Seitanos iseTi
cvlilebebi, romelic negatiur damokidebulebas gamoiwvevs msmenelSi,
piriqiT, yvela aqtivoba imisken unda mimarTos, rom Tvali adevnos, Tu
ramdenad efeqturad xorcieldeba sasargeblo cvlilebebi msmenelSi.
Sedegad gaizrdeba msmenelis yuradRebis moculoba sxvadasxva
sakiTxisadmi.
modulirebuli swavlebis midgomaSi Zalze mniSvnelovania pedagogma
gaiazros biheviorizmis, konstruqtivizmisa da socialuri
konstruqtivizmis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi saswavlo praqtikasTan
mimarTebaSi.
pozitiuri da negatiuri damokidebulebebis garda, romelzec ukve
zemoT visaubreT, biheviorizmSi aqtiuri, pasiuri da individualuri
damokidebulebac igulisxmeba. pedagogma usaTuod unda gansazRvros
TavisTvis msmenelTa kategoriebi am sami maxasiaTeblis mixedviT, raTa
SemdegSi specialuri midgomebi gamoiyenos maT mimarT.
138
konstruqtivizms rac Seexeba, Zalian mniSvnelovania, pedagogma xeli
Seuwyos msmenels, damoukideblad imoqmedos da aagos Tavisi codna da
unar-Cvevebi sakuTar gamocdilebaze; gamoiwvios masSi maRali donis
motivacia da, SeZlebisdagvarad, adgilzeve moaxdinos miRebuli codnis
praqtikuli realizacia.
socialur konstruqtivizmSi igulisxmeba urTierTdamokidebuleba
msmenelsa da pedagogs Soris. interaqtivis meSveobiT unda ganviTardes
urTierTTanamSromloba saswavlo garemoSi. es orive mxarisgan maRali
donis mzadyofnas moiTxovs, Tumca bevri ram aris damokidebuli
pedagogze. didi qarTveli ganmanaTlebeli ilia WavWavaZe Tavis droze
werda:
“wurTvna mimarTulia xasiaTis zrdasa da ganviTarebaze da swavla ki –
gonebis gaxsnasa da msjelobis gaZlierebaze... zne-xasiaTis wurTvna didad
damokidebulia swavlasa da codnaze.” (i. WavWavaZe, 1888 weli).
TiTqmis erTi saukunis Semdeg masaCusetsis axali teqnologiebis
institutis leqtori da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi “organizaciuli
swavlebis sazogadoebis” damfuZnebeli piter sanJi wers:
“namdvil swavlas gulis dadeba sWirdeba. swavlis procesSi Cven
vayalibebT sakuTar Tavs. swavlis procesSi Cven SevimecnebT samyaros da
Cvens damokidebulebas mis mimarT. swavlis procesi gviRrmavebs axlis
Seqmnis niWs da gvaZlevs Zalas, CaverToT cxovrebaSi. CvenSi arsebobs
aseTi survili” (Peter Senge, 1999).
modulirebuli swavlebis midgomaze damyarebuli zrdasrulTa
araformaluri ganaTlebis, rogorc pedagogikis erT-erTi samecniero
mimarTulebis specifika swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom msmeneli
gaazrebulad, sakuTari saWiroebis mixedviT TviTrealizaciaze
orientirebuli iTvisebs axal unarebs, SemoqmedebiTad udgeba sakiTxs,
iRrmavebs niWs da individualur damokidebulebas iCens Sesaswavli
sagnisadmi, rac zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sabWoTa sistemaSi
gaTvaliswinebuli ar iyo. arsebobda zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistema,
139
magram ar arsebobda pedagogiur-socialuri principebi, riTic am sistemas
unda exelmZRvanela.
modulirebul midgomaze agebuli swavlebisa da swavlis aqtivobebis
xuTi kategoria arsebobs:
mzardi, romlis dros msmeneli davalebis Sesrulebis procesSi
igebs axal principebs, ideebs, koncefciebs da iZens unar-Cvevebs.
restruqturizebadi, romlis dros msmeneli akeTebs axal aRmoCenebs
winaswar SeZenil unar-Cvevebze dayrdnobiT.
codnis gamosacdeli, romlis dros ukve nacnobi ideebis,
koncefciebis, codnisa da unar-Cvevebis gamoyeneba xdeba axal
situaciebSi problemis gadasawyvetad.
praqtikaze damyarebuli, rodesac praqtikuli savarjiSoebis
saSualebiT nacnobi ideebis, koncefciebis, codnisa da unar-Cvevebis
ganmtkiceba xdeba.
gameorebaze damyarebuli, rodesac nacnobi ideebis, koncefciebis,
codnisa da unar-Cvevebis gameoreba xdeba garkveuli drois gavlis
Semdeg.
modulirebuli swavlebis mniSvnelovani elementebia:
verbaluri informacia (Teoriuli nawili);
swavlebis vizualizacia (TvalsaCino masalebi, suraTebi, grafikebi,
modelebi, klipebi, filmebi);
savarjiSoebi (roluri TamaSebi, amocanebi, davalebebi,
eqsperimentebi);
diskusia (kiTxva-pasuxebi, wyvilebSi muSaoba, jgufebSi muSaoba,
proeqtebis ganxilva);
azrovneba, fiqri (problemis gadaWris savarjiSoebi, situaciuri
amocanebi, jgufuri ganxilvebi)
140
modulirebuli swavlebis midgomaze dafuZnebuli zrdasrulTa
treningebi Semdegi upiratesobebiT gamoirCeva:
advilad xelmisawvdomia da mcire xarjebiT aris organizebuli.
miRwevis zona didia da naklebia saswavlo procesebisTvis gaweuli
danaxarjebi.
miwodebuli masalebi Seesatyviseba msmenelis gamocdilebasa da
cxovrebiseul saWiroebas. gaTvaliswinebulia miznobrivi jgufis
interesebi.
pedagogsa da msmenels Soris Tanabaruflebiani dialogi
mimdinareobs. urTierToba agebulia pativiscemaze.
savarjiSoebis Sesruleba mTliani jgufis patara jgufebad
dayofis principzea agebuli.
swavlis procesSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia diskusiebsa da
urTierTSefasebas.
gamoyenebulia iseTi aqtivobebi, rac saSualebas aZlevs msmenels,
dasaxuli davaleba gaiazros, aiTvisos da Seasrulos.
saswavlo garemo ekologiurad validuria, anu sasargebloa da ar
azianebs msmenelis interesebis sxva segments. gaTvlilia riskebi
da daSvebebi.
swavlebis modulirebuli midgoma miznad isaxavs:
msmenelTa jgufis marTvis gzebis winaswar gansazRvras;
efeqturi saswavlo garemos Camoyalibebas;
saswavlo Teoriebis kavSirs saswavlo praqtikasTan;
Tanamedrove Teoriebisa da meTodologiebis gamoyenebas;
codnis Semowmebisa da Sefasebis dros urTierTTanamSromlobis
principebis gamoyenebas.
mocemuli kvlevisTvis saeqsperimento jgufTan Catarebuli treningi
Semdeg principebze iyo agebuli:
141
1. zrdasrulebs unda undodeT swavla - zogierTi saxelmwifo programa
TavisTavad moiTxovs zrdasrulTa ganaTlebaSi monawileobas – unda
moxdes maTi monawileobis saWiroebis ganviTareba:
zrdasrulebma Tavad unda gaakeTon saswavlo aqtivobebSi
monawileobis arCevani droisa da adgilis TvalsazrisiT;
zrdasrulebi swavlis faqtorebis identificirebas Tavad axdenen;
swavlis efeqturoba da miRwevebi pirad motivebTan unda iyos
kavSirSi.
swavlis mniSvnelovani barierebia: zogs dabali TviTSefaseba aqvs;
ar sjera sakuTari SesaZleblobebis; marcxis an dacinvis eSinia.
2. swavla cvlilebaa - dausaxeT zrdasrulebs TviTrealizaciis
perspeqtiva:
swavla individualuri procesia;
swavla cvlis qcevas;
xdeba axali codnisa da unaris SeZena;
axali codnisa da informaciis SeZena zrdasruli adamianis
moTxovnilebaa da isini Tavad eZeben maTi miRebis SesaZleblobebs.
3. zrdasrulebs ara aqvT dro da moTmineba, miiRon Seusabamo
informacia - iseTi RonisZiebebi unda daigegmos, rac garantirebulad
warmatebiT damTavrdeba:
fokusireba realistur problemebze unda moxdes;
miawodeT codna da unarebi, romelsac maleve gamoiyeneben;
gamoiyeneT swavlisadmi induqciuri midgoma, ganaviTareT daskvnebi;
gamokveTeT da gansazRvreT problema; SesTavazeT alternatiuli
gamosavali90;
90
Brundage, Donald H.; MacKeracher, Dorothy. “Adult Learning Principles and Their Application to Program
Planning”. Ontario Government Bookstore, 880 Bay Street, Toronto, Canada M7A 1L2, 1980
142
IV Tavis daskvna
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Tanmxlebi socialur-pedagogiuri principebi
bevri sxva qveynis ganaTlebis sistemaSi calke Teoriad yalibdeba da im
umaRlesi saswavleblebis programebis sagnad iqceva (mag. CrdiloeT
amerikisa da evropis qveynebSi, maT Soris baltiispireTis qveynebSi da
ruseTis federaciaSi), romlebic zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis specialistebs,
trenerebs amzadeben. am qveynebSi mTavar gamowvevad rCeba zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebaSi monawileobis gazrdis aucilebloba. realoba gviCvenebs, rom
zrdasrulTa swavleba xorcieldeba ufro formaluri saswavlo garemos
miRma, rogorc araformaluri, ise informaluri swavlebis gziT.
reformebi ar SeiZleba Semoifarglebodes mxolod struqturebis
ganaxlebiT da axali teqnologiebis SemotaniT. saWiroa Zvel sistemaSi
miRebuli ganaTlebis mqone pirebis axal sabazro ekonomikasTan, codnis
ekonomikasTan adaptaciis specialuri saganmanaTleblo programebis
amuSaveba. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania amis gakeTeba regionebSi (reforma
qvemodan), sadac mosaxleoba socialur izolaciaSia moqceuli. rogorc
statistikuri monacemebidan Cans, procentulad asakovani adamianebi arain
am cvlilebebiT dazaralebuli. calke sakiTxia, ramdenad xarisxianad
xorcieldeba esa Tu is programa. saWiroa ganaTlebis axali
mimarTulebis, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis kvleva da qveynis uzarmazari
saganmanaTleblo da inteleqtualuri potencialis gamoyeneba am
mimarTulebiT, raTa Sromis bazarze profesionaluri mobilizacia moxdes.
qveyanaSi krizisis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi xSirad dakavSirebulia
kulturul-saganmanaTleblo memkvidreobisa da Rirebulebebis globalur
cvlilebasTan. xdeba Semobruneba principulad axali socialur-
kulturuli tipis sazogadoebisken, romelic dafuZnebulia garkveuli
codnis sistemaze. am codnis mobilizaciis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes
saSualebad ganaTlebis sxva sferoebTan erTad zrdasrulTa ganaTleba
unda iqnes miCneuli, romelic agebuli iqneba Sesabamis socialur-
pedagogiur pricipebze.
143
V Tavi: kvlevis etapebi da meTodologia
5.1. kvlevis etapebi
kvleva mimdinareobda sam etapad:
kvlevis pirvel etapi (2000 - 2002 w.w.) daeTmo zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
problemebis gacnobas da im arsebuli literaturis, saerTaSoriso da
adgilobrivi dokumenturi masalebis Seswavlas, rac moipoveboda qveynis
erovnul da sauniversiteto biblioTekebSi.
1997-2000 w.w. germaniasa da senegalSi gamarTuli CONFINTEA-s
saerTaSoriso konferenciebis masalebi mTel msoflioSi gavrcelda da
gamoqveynda nabeWdi literatura zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis ganviTarebis
Tanamedrove mimarTulebebze. saqarTveloSi akreditebuli saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis saSualebiT es literatura saqarTveloSic gavrcelda.
garda amisa, bevrad xelmisawvdomi gaxda interneti, sadac literaturis
moZieba inglisuri enis mcodne mkvlevarebisTvis ioli gaxda. kvlevas
moyva praqtikuli saqmianobac. pirveli eqsperimentebi bevrad adre Catarda,
vidre winamdebare sadisertacio naSromi saboloo saxes miiRebda.
gamoikiTxa 3000-mde sxvadasxva asakis zrdasruli adamiani. gamokiTxvis
sagani iyo zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebis potenciali
socialuri izolaciidan Tavis daRwevisa da TviTrealizaciis saqmeSi
(likertis Skalis meSveobiT). gamokiTxvis cdis pirebi iyvnen qvemoT
CamoTvlili trening-seminarebis monawile zrdasrulebi (25-70 wlis).
axlad Seqmnili arasamTavrobo organizaciebis „martoxela mSobelTa
asociacia“ da „zrdasrulTa ganaTlebisa akmeologiuri kvlevis centris“
trenerebis mier qalaq rusTavis (me-13 saSulo skola), mcxeTisa (armazis
dawyebiTi skola) da Tbilisis (me-6 gimnazia) ramdenime saSualo skolis
moswavleTa mSoblebsa da maswavleblebs (anu zrdasrulTa konkretul
miznobriv jgufs) Cautarda “mSobelTa unarebis ganviTarebis” treningebi;
amave asociaciebis trenerebis meSveobiT treningebi Catarda aseve mcire
144
ojaxuri biznesis ganviTarebis Temaze, mcire ojaxuri biznesis marTvis,
marketingisa da buRalteriis sakiTxebSi; da bolos, qalTa mcire jgufebs
CautardaT seminari samoqalaqo ganaTlebis Temaze. am eqsperimentebs
erTjeradi xasiaTi hqonda. dafinansebisa da sakanonmdeblo mxardaWeris
uqonlobis gamo, ra Tqma unda, aRniSnuli kursebi saxalxo
universitetebad ver Camoyalibda, magram moxda zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
ganviTarebis ideis gaRviveba. Catarebuli eqsperimentebis analizis
Sedegad, mas Semdeg, rac aRmoCna, rom zrdasrulTa ganaTlebisadmi
interesi gazrdilia, miRebuli iqna gadawyvetileba zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis sakiTxebis irgvliv kvlevis gagrZelebis Sesaxeb,
zrdasrulTaTvis saswavlo profilebis SerCevisa da saswavlo procesebis
Semdgomi srulyofis mizniT, raTa qveyanaSi zrdasrulTa araformaluri
ganaTlebis institutebis damkvidrebisTvis niadagi momzadebuliyo.
kvlevis meore etapi (2002-2006 w.w.) mimdinareobda winamdebare kvlevis
avtoris mier samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad yofil sulxan-saba
orbelianis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri institutSi
(dRevandel ilias universitetSi) maZieblad gaformebisa da saqarTvelos
sazogadoebriv saqmeTa institutSi (GIPA) magistris wodebis mopovebis
periodSi. am periodSi gadaidga konkretuli praqtikuli nabijebi Temis
aprobaciis mizniT da TiTqmis dasrulda samecniero naSromze muSaobac,
romelic 2006 wlisTvis mzad iyo pedagogiuri mecnierebis xarisxis
kandidatis wodebis (ganaTlebis saministros Zveli debulebiT)
mosapoveblad dacvaze gasatanad.
kvleva daeTmo saqarTveloSi socialuri, kerZod, siRaribis donis,
dasaqmebisa da ganaTlebis urTierTkavSiris problemebis Seswavlas.
sociologiuri gamokiTxvebi zrdasrulTaTvis maTi zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebisadmi moTxovnis kvlevisa da saswavlo profilebis SerCevis
mizniT, eqsperimentis saxiT, amjerad qveynis regionebSi Catarda (svaneTi,
aWara, mcxeTa-mTianeTi, guria, samcxe-javaxeTi, Tbilisi, rusTavi).
gamoikiTxa 3000-mde respondenti. kiTxvarebi agebuli iyo raodenobriv da
145
xarisxobriv analizze, nominalur da kategoriebad Camoyalibebul
sazomebze91 (im xerxebisa da saSualebebis gamoyenebiT, rac winamdebare
naSromis avtorma Seiswavla kvlevis meTodikisa da statistikis klasSi,
sazogadoebriv saqmeTa institutis profesoris, rebeka katcis
xelmZRvanelobiT). kiTxvarebi daurigdaT soflebis, raionebisa da qalaqis
mosaxleobis im kategoriebs, romlebic ganicdidnen qveyanaSi mimdinare
ekonomikuri krizisiTa da saxelmwifos restruqturizaciis pirveli
etapiT gamowveul negatiur zegavlenas. ZiriTadi yuradReba sam momentze
iyo gamaxvilebuli:
rogoria maTi socialuri mdgomareoba;
smeniaT Tu ara rame zrdasrulTa ganaTlebisa da TviTrealizaciis
Sesaxeb;
ra Seicvleboda maT cxovrebaSi profilis Secvlis, an rame axali
unarebis SeZenis SemTxvevaSi;
ra profiliT arian dainteresebuli.
gamokiTxulTa TiTqmis 35% umuSevari aRmoCnda, (maT Soris didi nawili
dakavebuli iyo TviTdasaqmebiT, soflad sakuTari meurneobis warmoebiT,
xolo qalaqad, dRiuri vaWrobiT). daaxloebiT 60 procentma araferi
icoda zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Sesaxeb. is nawili ki, romelmac ase Tu
ise icoda zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Sesaxeb, aigivebda mas mxolod
sabWoTa periodis stereotipebTan. rac Seexeba axal kvalifikaciebsa da
unarebs, ZiriTadad gamoikveTa ucxo enis, kompiuteruli teqnikisa da
bazarze Semosuli axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebis Seswavlis survili.
ufro detalurad ki moTxovna iyo Semdeg profilebze: (1) samewarmeo
saqmianobis menejmenti, marketingi, buRalteria (anu mcire biznesis
marTva). (2) mSeneblobis/remontis/xelosnobis axali teqnologiebi; (3)
infrastruqturis ganviTarebis dasavluri gamocdileba; (4) biznes-gegmebis
91 Kwang Kim Westat, Sean Creighton Education Statistics Services Institute, National Center for Education
Statistics, November 1999 Participation in Adult Education in the United States: 1998-1999.
146
wera; (5) saojaxo medicina da saojaxo ekonomika; (5) dizainis esTetika da
xelsaqme; da sxv.
garda zemoT CamoTvlili profilebisa, iyo moTxovna konkretuli
regionisTvis arsebuli tradiciuli rewvis aRdgenasa da ganviTarebaze.
miTiTebul periodSi germaniis saxalxo universitetebis asociaciis
saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis institutis (IZZ DVV) egidiT TbilisSi
Catarda zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis ramdenime kvireuli, sadac miwveuli iyo
ganaTlebis programebiT dakavebuli sxvadasxva arasamTavrobo
organizacia, ganaTlebis saministros warmomadgenlebi da profesiuli
ganaTlebis mesveurebi. damswre sazogadoebas waredgina mocemuli kvlevis
mier Catarebuli eqsperimentebis analizis Sedegad miRebuli informaciac,
ramac didi mowoneba daimsaxura. maT gamoxates gaweuli samuSaosadmi
mxardaWera. amave etaps Tan sdevda saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis uSualo
gaziareba zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebis mimarTulebiT. 2003
wlis aprilSi naSromis avtori miwveuli iyo germaniasa (qalaqi kilSi,
evropis Tavisufali ganaTlebis forumis, organizacia effe-s mier) da
daniaSi (qalaq kopenhagenSi, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis centris AOF-is
mier), sadac movinaxuleT saxalxo universitetebi da uSualod daveswariT
zrdasrulTa arformaluri ganaTlebis swavlebis procesebs. interesi
ZiriTadad zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebis Rirebulebis,
sakanonmdeblo bazasa da dafinansebis wyaroebTan iyo dakavSirebuli.
kvlevis mesame etapi uSualod ilias saxelmwifo universitetis
samagistro da sadoqtoro programebis fakultetze, doqturanturaSi
Cabarebis Semdeg ganxorcielda. kvleva zogadad zrdasrulTa
araformalur ganaTlebaSi zrdasrulTa CarTulobasa da am mimarTulebiT
informirebulobas Seexo, xolo misi viwro sfero 2010-2014 w.w.
maswavlebelTa sasertifikacio gamocdebisTvis maswavlebelTa
mosamzadebeli treningebis kvlevas warmoadgenda. ix. momdevno qveTavebSi.
147
5.2. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebaSi mosaxleobis CarTulobisa da informirebis
donis kvleva 2010-2014 w.w. maswavlebelTa sertificirebis wina periodSi
Catarda kvleva – ”zrdasrulTa ganaTlebaSi (kursebi, treningebi)
mosaxleobis CarTuloba da maTi informirebis done” pirispir
interviuebis safuZvelze. cdis piri iyo zrdasruli mosaxleoba. kvlevis
arealma moicva saqarTvelos 9 qalaqi: Tbilisi, baTumi, rusTavi, gori,
axalcixe, mestia, mcxeTa, ozurgeTi, quTaisi.
kvlevis ganrigi
Sesasrulebeli samuSaoebi vadebi
kvlevis instrumentis (kiTxvaris) dagegmva 1 dRe kiTxvaris testireba 1 dRe kvlevis wertilebis ganawileba da respondentTa SerCevis gansazRvra 1 dRe interviuerebis treningi 1 dRe kiTxvaris beWdva 9 X 1 dRe velis mimdinareoba 9 X 3 dRe monacemTa Seyvana 9 X 1 dRe monacemTa damuSaveba/analizi 9 X 1 dRe saprezentacio masalis/angariSis momzadeba 2 dRe
interviuerebis treningi:
1 etapi:
Tbilisisa da regionebis supervaizerebisTvis Catarda treningi, maT
miewodaT kvlevis instrumentis (kiTxvaris) Sesabamisi instruqciebi.
konkretulad ganxiluli iyo yoveli mosalodneli arastandartuli
SemTxveva. supervaizerebma monawileoba miiRes modelirebul interviuebSi,
rogorc respondentebma da rogorc interviuerebma.
148
2 etapi:
monacemTa baza Seikriba trenirebuli inteviuerebis (studentebis,
martoxela mSoblebis asociaciisa da mTiani regionis qalebis asociaciis
wevrebis) mier respondentTa ojaxebSi.
kvlevis meTodi
SerCevis zoma: N= 3000 dasrulebuli interviu. mTavar jgufs
warmoadgenda Tbilisisa da saqarTvelos 8 qalaqis (rusTavi, gori,
quTaisi, zugdidi, baTumi, Telavi, axalcixe, ozurgeTi) 45 welze ufrosi
asakis mosaxleoba. kvleva Catarda respondentTan saxlSi, pirispir
intervius meTodiT 45 wlis zeviT mosaxleobaze.
ganawileba: TbilisSi Catarda 360 interviu. SerCevis darCenili
moculoba regionul centrebze gadanawilda Tanabrad. TiToel qalaqSi
Catarda 330 interviu.
SerCevis es moculobebi uzrunvelyofs, rom TiToeul qalaqSi
gamokvleviT miRebuli Sedegebis cdomileba 95%-iani saimedobiT ar
aRematebodes 5.4 %-s. interviuerebs TiToeul SerCevis erTeulSi miecaT
ganawilebis Sesabamisi aTvliTi wertilebis raodenoba, intervius
gansazRvruli odenobiT (cxrili #1), (cxrili #2).
miRebuli Sedegebis mTel erTobliobaze agregirebis mizniT
ganxorcielda monacemTa damuSaveba respondentTa sqesisa da asakis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
SerCevis meTodi: e.w. "SemTxveviTi SerCevis (xetialis)" meTodi.
gamokvlevisaTvis gamoyenebul iqna sam safexuriani SemTxveviTi
klasteruli SerCeva:
sastarto (pirveli) ojaxis moZebna:
1. kerZo dasaxlebebSi sastarto ojaxi sawyis wertilTan mdebare
uaxloesi ojaxi, gamokvlevis marSrutis mimarTulebiT.
2. sawyis wertilSi mravalbiniani korpusi - pirveli gamosakiTxi
ojaxis nomeri emTxveva kiTxvaris nomris bolo cifrs.
149
3. sawyis wertilSi ”italiuri” ezo - marjvena mxridan viTvliT
ojaxebs da pirvel ojaxs virCevT kiTxvaris nomris bolo cifris
damrgvalebuli naxevris bijiT.
ojaxi SeirCa winaswar dawesebuli bijis Sesabamisad:
1. aTvlis wertilidan yoveli me-3 korpusi, korpusSi yoveli me-7
ojaxi.
2. yoveli me-5 kerZo saxli.
3. ~italiur ezoSi~ 2 interviu. Tu ezoSi cxovrobs 6 ojaxze naklebi,
gamoikiTxa erTi ojaxi.
ojaxSi respondentis SerCeva:
1. ojaxis wevrebs Soris, visac 45 da zemoT asakis adamiani
interviuze uari:
1. Sesabamisi respondentis aryofnis, an uaris SemTxvevaSi Semdegi
interviu tardeboda dawesebuli bijiT, momdevno binaSi/ojaxSi.
(cxrili #3)
velis kontroli: velis kontroli ganxorcielda koordinatorebisa
da kontrolis jgufis mier.
cxrili # 1: gamokiTxulTa ganawileba:
qalaqi intervius raodenoba SerCevis wertilebis
raodenoba SerCevis wertilSi
interviueris raodenoba
1 Tbilisi 360 3 120
2 baTumi 330 3 110
3 rusTavi 330 3 110
4 gori 330 3 110
5 axalcixe 330 3 110
6 mestia 330 3 110
7 mcxeTa 330 3 110
8 ozurgeTi 330 3 110
9 quTaisi 330 3 110 sul 3000 27
150
intervius xangrZlivoba – saSualod 60 wT.
cxrili #2: interviuerebis raodenoba SerCevis wertilebSi
qalaqi
interviuerebis raodenoba
intervius raodenoba erTi
interviuerisTvis
velis
xangrZlivoba
intervius
saS. raod. dReSi
Tbilisi 3 120 3 dRe 120 X 1 int.
dReSi
baTumi 3 110 3 dRe 110 X 1 int.
dReSi
rusTavi 3 110 3 dRe 110 X 1 int.
dReSi
gori 3 110 3 dRe 110 X 1 int.
dReSi
axalcixe 3 110 3 dRe 110 X 1 int.
dReSi
mestia 3 110 3 dRe 110 X 1 int.
dReSi
mcxeTa 3 110 3 dRe 110 X 1 int.
dReSi
ozurgeTi 3 110 3 dRe 110 X 1 int.
dReSi
quTaisi 3 110 3 dRe 110 X 1 int.
dReSi sul 27 3000 27 dRe
cxrili #3: arSemdgar interviuTa pasuxebis ranJireba
pasuxebis ranJireba SemTxveva %
misamarTi ar arsebobs 0%
uari interviuze 20.8%
respondents ar SeuZlia pasuxi avadaa, nasvamia, smeniTi probl. da a. S.
21.7%
asakovani respondenti ar aris saxlSi 34.2%
aravin ar aris saxlSi 23.3%
sul 100%
velis kontroli: daaxl. 30% TiToeul qalaqSi.
151
kontroli Catarda sami mimarTulebiT:
1. 11 % - kontroli, intervius Semdgom koordinatorebis misvliT
2. 10-11 % - kontroli, intervius Semdgom makontrolirebeli pirebs
misvliT.
3. 10-11 % - intervius Semdgom makontrolirebeli pirebis mier
satelefono kontroli.
cxrili #4: sqesTa monawileoba gamokiTxvaSi
monacemTa baza: miRebuli monacemebi kodirebulia, gawmendilia da
damuSavebulia nino SarvaSiZis mier SPSS for Windows, version 10.0.-s
gamoyenebiT.
kvlevis Sedegebi: rogorc Catarebulma gamokvlevam cxadyo,
gamokiTxulTa mxolod 5% aqvs gavlili moklevadiani profesiuli
momzadebisa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebis kursebi, mosmenili aqvs leqcia-
seminarebi da trening-programebi da amdenivea CarTuli kompiuterisa da
inglisuri enis Seswavlis ufaso kursebSi.
respondentTa did umravlesobas (daaxloebiT 75%) cota ram, an
saerTod ar smenia zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebis Sesaxeb da
gamokiTxulTa mxolod 15%-s waukiTxavs zrdasrulTa araformaluri
ganaTlebis Sesaxeb specialur literaturasa da mediis saSualebebSi.
mosaxleobis Zalian mcire nawili akavSirebs Tavis codnas
zrdasrulTa araformalur ganaTlebasTan. kiTxvaze, Tu rogor uyureben
sqesi qalaqi sul
Tbilisi baTumi rusTavi gori axalcixe
mestia mcxeTa ozurgeTi
quTaisi
kaci 43,3% 44,5% 46,0% 43,5% 47,8% 43,4% 44,4% 42,4% 44,7% 43.8%
qali 56,7% 55,5% 54,0% 56,5% 52,2% 56,6% 55,6% 57,6% 55,3% 56.2%
sul 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
152
isini Sromis axali bazris sapasuxod axali an damatebiTi unarebis
SeZenis SesaZleblobas, 84%-ma gamoxata dadebiTi damokidebuleba, 1%
uaryofiTi, xolo 15% - gaurkveveli.
winamdebare kvlevis Catarebas didi mniSvneloba hqonda im
TvalsazrisiT, rom dagvedgina qveyanaSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis wili
informirebuli (mcodne) sazogadoebis (Knowledge Society) Camoyalibebis
saqmeSi. kvlevis Sedegebis analizma da Sedarebam sxva, gardamaval
(reformebis) safexurze myof qveynebSi arsebul mdgomareobasTan
dagvanaxa, rom saqarTveloSi bevria gasakeTebeli zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
ganviTarebis saqmeSi, raTa reformebi bevrad efeqturad da warmatebiT
ganxorcieldes.
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis ganviTarebis mniSvnelobasa da mis rolze
sxva ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebSi bevri visaubreT naSromis
SesavalSi, kvlevis aqtualobisa da literaturis mimoxilvis nawilSi
(ixileT wina Tavebi), xolo dadasturebas konkretulad, zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis mTavari principebis gaTvaliswinebis mniSvnelobisa 2010-2014
w.w. maswavlebelTa sasertifikacio gamocdebisTvis mosamzadebel
treningebSi, mocemuli naSromis saboloo kvlevaSi, daskvnebsa da
rekomendaciebSi vnaxavT da ganvixilavT (ixileT qveTavi 4.3. da me-5 Tavi).
153
5.3. zrdasrulTa treningis potencialis zrdisa da zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis principebis gamoyenebis mizan-Sedegobrivi kavSiris
kvleva maswavlebelTa treningebis magaliTze
kvlevis meTodologia
mizani da kvelvis mTavari kiTxvebi:
kvlevis mizani iyo gaerkvia, Tu rogor SeiZleba gazardos
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebze agebulma treningma maswavlebelTa
dadebiTi damokidebuleba maswavlebelTa sasertifikacio gamocdebisTvis
dafinansebuli treningebis mimarT. kerZod ki mkvlevrma scada, pasuxi
mieRo Semdeg kiTxvebze:
1) rogoria maswavlebelTa mier treningebis aRqma da swavlis motivacia:
asrulebs Tu ara zrdasrulTa treningebi mniSvnelovan rols
maswavleblis profesiuli ganviTarebisa da TviTrealizaciis saqmeSi.
2) ra damokidebuleba da molodinebi aqvT maswavleblebs vauCeruli
programis farglebSi mimdinare treningebTan dakavSirebiT, treningis
dawyebamde da Semdeg.
3) axdens Tu ara dadebiT gavlenas zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebze
agebuli treningis kontenti treningis Sedegebze.
populacia da cdis piris SerCeva:
kvlevis cdis pirs warmoadgens saqarTvelos saSualo skolis
maswavleblebi, romlebmac 2010-2014 w.w. maswavlebelTa sasertifikacio
gamocdebi unda Caabaron, xolo gamocdebamde monawileobas iReben
saxelmwifo vauCeruli programis farglebSi gamocdebisTvis
mosamzadebel treningebSi. maswavleblebis asaki 25-75 weli. maswavlebelTa
raodenoba n=320 (gadawyda, am kvlevaSi gamokiTxulTa raodenoba
gansazRvruliyo zrdasrulTa ganaTlebaSi CarTulobis kvlevis dros
gamokiTxulTa daaxloebiT erTi meaTediT).
154
kvlevis Tvisobrivi monacemebi Seikriba maswavleblebTan pirispir
intervius safuZvelze treningebis adgilze. interviuebis mizani iyo
maswavlebelebis mier treningebis aRqmis, maTi kmayofilebisa da
ukmayofilebis mizezebis, TviTrealizaciis survilisa da swavlis
motivaciis dadgena. treningis mimarT damokidebulebisa da molodinebis
raodenobrivi monacemebi Seikriba likertis Skalis kiTxvaris saSualebiT.
pirispiri interviuebi Catarda da kiTxvarebi darigda ilias saxelmwifo
universitetis maswavlebelTa mxardaWeris centris trenerebis daxmarebiT.
kvleva warmoebda treningebamde da treningebis dasrulebis Semdeg.
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebze agebuli treningebis maT
Sedegebze dadebiTi zegavlenis Sesaxeb nulovani hipoTezis uarsayofad an
SesanarCuneblad gamoyenebuli iqna e.w. ”studentis” (uiliam gosetis
zedmetsaxeli) T-test-i treningis Sedegebis Semowmebis Semdeg.
mocemuli kvleva ganxorcielda saqarTvelos oTx qalaqSi: quTaisi,
zugdidi, zestafoni da xobi.
pirveli cxrili warmoadgens kvlevis monawileTa ganawilebas
treningebis adgilze saqarTvelos oTx qalaqSi treningebis mimarT
damokidebulebisa da molodinebis raodenobrivi monacemebis Sesakrebad.
cxrili # 1: kvlevis monawile maswavlebelTa ganawileba
qalaqi maswavlebelTa raodenoba (n=320)
quTaisi 80
zestafoni 80
zugdidi 80
xobi 80
320
imis gasarkvevad, axdens Tu ara dadebiT gavlenas zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis principebze agebuli treningis kontenti treningis Sedegebze,
Sedarebis mizniT treningebis dros Seiqmna ori homogenuri jgufi:
155
“saeqsperimento” jgufi (n=80) da “sakontrolo” jgufi (n=80). treningis
TiToeul adgilze moxda maswavlebelTa jgufebis SemTxveviTi SerCeva
aRniSnuli saeqsperimento jgufebisTvis.
saeqsperimento jgufebisTvis satreningo masala (informacia da
praqtika) SeirCa zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis pirincipebze agebuli
modulirebuli swavlebis midgomis gaTvaliswinebiT. sakontrolo jgufSi
myofT ar miuRiaT informacia zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebis
Sesaxeb da arc treningis kontenti yofila agebuli am principebze.
saeqsperimento jgufSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebis saganze
informaciis miwodebiT kvlevis mizani iyo, rogorc zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis Rirebulebebis gavrceleba, aseve jgufis wevrebs Soris
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebze diskursis inicireba. kargad
gvesmoda, rom amiT garkveul mikerZoebas viCendiT, magram ramdenadac
treningi ganaTlebis Teoriebs exeboda, es iniciativa gamarTlebulic ki
iyo. saeqsperimento jgufSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebis
gamoyenebis Semdeg mkvlevarma moaxdina agreTve SerCeul monawileTa
treningze Sexedulebis cvlilebis gazomva, Seadara maTi treningamde da
treningis Semdgomi damokidebulebebi treningisadmi.
monacemebis Segroveba da analizi:
kvleva sam fazad warimarTa. pirvel fazaze moxda cdis pirebis
pirispir interviureba da likertis SkaliT gamokiTxva treningamde; meore
fazaze eqsperimentuli da sakontrolo jgufis monawileebma gaiares
treningi; mesame fazaze moxda imave monawileTa xelaxali gamokiTxva
likertis Skalis imave kiTxvarebiT treningis Semdeg.
rogorc aRiniSna, imis dasadgenad, Tu ra gavlenas moaxdenda
zrdasrulTa treningebi skolis maswavleblebis damokidebulebis
Secvlaze sasertifikacio gamocdebisa da misTvis mosamzadebeli
treningebis mimarT, mocemul kvlevaSi raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi
meTodebis kombinacia iqna gamoyenebuli. Tvisobrivi analizi mimarTuli
156
iyo ori ramis dasadgenad. (1) SeuZlia Tu ara zrdasrulTa trenings
zogadad mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSos profesiul ganviTarebisa da
TviTrealizaciis saqmeSi; da (2) rogoria vauCeruli dafinansebis
programis farglebSi Catarebuli treningisadmi maswavlebelTa
molodinebi, anu am treningebis meSveobiT sasertifikacio gamocdebs
maswavleblebi warmatebiT Caabareben Tu ara (ixileT kvlevis Sedegebi).
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, oTx sxvadasxva qalaqSi, treningis adgilze
320 (4 X 80) maswavlebels Cautarda pirispir interviu da daurigda
kiTxvari kvlevis am or mTavar kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad (monacemebi da
maTi analizi qvemoT, #2,3 cxrilebSia mocemuli). Semdeg Catarda
treningebi (profesiul unarebSi) saeqsperimento (n=80) da sakontrolo
jgufebSi (n=80) da bolos, SedarebiT mcire zomis jgufebSi Semowmda
sxvaobis nulovani hipoTeza. ori damoukidebeli jgufisTvis t-test
gamoyenebisas nulovani hipoTezis uarsayofad an SesanarCuneblad
sxvaobis parametrebi .05-iT aRiniSna.
treningis Sedegebis Semowmebis mizniT, Catarda testi eqsperimentul da
sakontrolo jgufebSi miRebuli qulebis aRricxvis meTodiT (ix. cxrili
# 4). moxda cdis pirebis treningze miRebuli Sedegebis Semowmeba da
Sedareba. am mizniT aRebuli iqna treningis dasrulebis Semdeg codnis
Sesamowmeblad Sesrulebuli testebi im msmenelTagan, romlebic
warmoadgendnen SemTxveviT SerCeul 10% -s (n=8) saeqsperimento jgufidan
(romelic treningze treningis kontentTan erTad gaecno zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis principebs, xolo maTi treningis kontenti agebuli iyo amave
principebze) da - 10% (n=8) sakontrolo jgufidan (romelmac mxolod
treningis arsebuli kontenti moismina).
testis mizani iyo, Semowmebuliyo miRebuli codnis done or
gansxvavebul jgufs Soris da dageniliyo sxvaobis koeficienti. t-test -i t-
test kalkulatoris (Seiqmna 1908 wels uiliam gosetis mier, romelic
daiqirava ginesma, rogorc oqsfordisa da kembrijis erT-erTi
kursdamTavrebuli Tavisi industriis bioqimiuri da statistikuri
157
kvlevebis Catarebis mizniT) saSualebiT adgens, aris Tu ara ori jgufis
saSualo mniSvnelobas Soris statistikuri gansxvaveba da gamoiyeneba
SemTxveviT SerCeuli ori jgufis post-testirebis mizniT.
t-test-is kalkulatorSi (ixileT cxrili #5) Seyvanili iqna ori
damoukidebeli jgufis monacemebi, raTa gansazRvruliyo, iyo Tu ara
mniSvnelovani sxvaoba testis Sedegebs/qulebs Soris jgufis
Semadgenlobis mixedviT (saeqsperimento da sakontrolo). anu, mkvlevaris
mizani iyo daedgina, mniSvnelovani t – statistika, rac miuTiTebda
sxvaobaze saeqsperimento da sakontrolo jgufebs Soris da am sxvaobis
mniSvnelobaze, riTac daadasturebda hipoTezas, rom zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis principebis CarTva profesiuli mxardaWeris treningebSi
dadebiT gavlenas moaxdens mis Sedegebze da iqneba efeqturobis garanti.
kvlevis Sedegebi
qvemoT mocemuli cxrilebi kvlevis Sedegebs warmoadgens.
cxrili #2 da cxrili #3 pasuxs scems kiTxvaze, asrulebs Tu ara
maswavlebelTa (zrdasrulTa) treningebi dadebiT rols maTi profesiuli
mxardaWeris saqmeSi. kiTxva dasmuli iyo treningebis dawyebamde da
treningebis Semdeg:
cxrili # 2: treningis monawileTa pasuxebi treningamde pasuxebi maswavlebelTa raodenoba
(n=320) procentuli maCvenebeli sul = 100%
sruliad ar veTanxmebi
0
0
nawilobriv ar veTanxmebi
32
10
arc veTanxmbi da arc ar veTanxmebi
16 5
nawilobriv veTanxmebi
96
30
sruliad veTanxmebi 176
55
158
cxrili # 3: treningis monawileTa pasuxebi treningis Semdeg pasuxebi maswavlebelTa raodenoba
(n=320) procentuli maCvenebeli sul = 100%
sruliad ar veTanxmebi
8
2.5
nawilobriv ar veTanxmebi
16
5
arc veTanxmebi da arc ar veTanxmebi
8 2.5
nawilobriv veTanxmebi
64
20
sruliad veTanxmebi 224
70
gamokiTxulTagan umetesoba treningamde da treningis Semdegac miiCnevs,
rom zrdasrulTa treningi dadebiT gavlenas moaxdens maT profesiul
ganviTarebaze. kategoriulad dadebiTi pasuxebis raodenoba sagrZnoblad
gaizarda treningis Semdeg (kontrasti = 15%). yuradsaRebia is faqtic, rom
treningebis Semdeg mcired, magram mainc imata kategoriulad uaryofiTi
damokidebulebis raodenobamac. Tu ris xarjze moxda es cvlilebebi,
gamoCnda treningebis Sedegebis Semowmebisa da Sedarebis Sedegad, mas
Semdeg, rac moxda jgufebis diferencireba eqsperimentis Catarebis mizniT.
mocemuli kvlevis kritikul kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad – axdens Tu
ara dadebiT gavlenas zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebze agebuli
treningis kontenti treningis Sedegebze - SedarebiT mcire zomis
saeqsperimento da sakontrolo jgufebidan (n=80) SemTxveviTi SerCevis
principiT SeirCa rva-rva cdis piri da moxda maTi satreningo testebis
Sedegebis Setana t-test kalkulatorSi. qvemoT mocemuli cxrilebi
gviCvenebs SerCeuli cdis pirebis testebSi miRebul qulaTa monacemebs 1-
dan 10-mde da maT Soris sxvaobis koeficientis daangariSebas.
159
cxrili #4: saeqsperimento da sakontrolo jgufebis cdis pirebis testSi miRebuli monacemebis (qulebis) Sedareba
cxrili #5: testis monacemTa t-test kalkulatoriT daangariSeba
x (x-Mx)2 y (y - My)
2
6 2.25 8 16
7 0.25 2 9
9 2.25 4 0
8 0.25 6 4
9 2.25 5 4
7 0.25 4 0
6 2.25 1 9
8 0.25 2 4
x=60 (x-
Mx)2=10
y=32 (y-My)2=46
Mx=7.5 Sx
2
=1.428671 My=4
zemoT mocemul cxrilSi miRebuli monacemebi mniSvnelovan t –
statistikas gvTavazobs, rac miuTiTebs did sxvaobaze saeqsperimento da
sakontrolo jgufebs Soris (t (14) = 3.5, p < .05. kvlevis aseTi Sedegi
uaryofs nulovan hipoTezas da adasturebs mkvlevaris hipoTezas, rom
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebis gaTvaliswineba maswavlebelTa
profesiuli mxardaWeris treningebSi dadebiT gavlenas axdens maT
Sedegebze.
testebSi miRebuli qulebi
saeqsperiment. jgufi (X)
6 7 9 8 9 7 6 8
sakontrolo jgufi (Y)
8 2 4 6 5 4 1 2
160
amgvarad, zrdasrulTa treningis potencialis zrdisa da zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis principebis gamoyenebis mizan-Sedegobrivi kavSiris kvleva
maswavlebelTa treningebis magaliTze ori nawilisgan Sedgeboda:
kvlevis erTi nawilis Sedegad gairkva, rom sasertifikacio
gamocdebisTvis saxelmwifos mier dafinansebul vauCeruli programis
farglebSi mimdinare treningebTan dakavSirebiT maswavleblebis
damokidebuleba da molodinebi treningis dawyebamde da treningis Semdeg
gansxvavebuli iyo. treningis Semdeg sagrZnoblad gaizarda kategoriulad
dadebiTi damokidebuleba da Semcirda nawilobrivi da negatiuri
damokidebuleba, Tumca, amavdroulad, mcired, magram mainc gaizarda
kategoriulad negatiuri damokidebuleba. garda amisa, pirispir
interviuebSi treningebis Semdeg gaizarda TviTaqtualizaciis survilis
gacnobiereba da TviTrealizaciisken ltolva maswavleblebSi.
kvlevis meore nawilis Sedegad ki dadasturda, rom zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis principebis gaTvaliswinebiT modulirebuli swavlebis
midgomis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi treningebis Sedegebi bevrad efeqturia.
daSveba, rom treningis Semdeg dadebiTi damokidebulebisa da
molodinebis mqoneTa ricxvis zrda kvlevis meore nawilSi saeqsperimento
jgufebTan zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebis gaTvaliswinebiT
modulirebuli midgomiT swavlebis Sedegad moxda, gamarTlebulia. amas
jgufebis testirebis Sedegebs Soris sxvaobis koeficienti adasturebs.
treningis testebis SedegebiT SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom dadebiTi
damokidebulebisa da molodinebis mqone maswavleblebis ricxvi
saeqsperimento jgufebis monawileTa xarjze gaizarda.
161
V Tavis daskvna
mocemuli kvleva Seswavlis xasiaTs atarebs. is warmoadgens
raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi meTodebis kombinacias imis dasadgenad, Tu
ra gavlenas moaxdenda zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebze agebuli
zrdasrulTa treningebi skolis maswavleblebis damokidebulebis
Secvlaze sasertifikacio gamocdebisa da treningebis mimarT; da SeuZlia
Tu ara zrdasrulTa trenings zogadad mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSos
sazogadoebis informirebulobis, profesiuli mxardaWerisa da
TviTrealizaciis saqmeSi. am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis mizniT Catarda
mosaxleobis zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis procesebSi CarTulobis kvleva;
skolis maswavleblebis, rogorc zrdasrulebis gamokiTxva pirispir
interviuebis gamoyenebiT; da bolos, moxda maTi treningebamde da
treningebis Semdeg gamokiTxva statistikuri monacemebis misaRebad imis
Taobaze, arsebobs Tu ara sxvaoba eqsperimentebis monawileTa Sedegebs
Soris. eqsperimentebis analizisa da koeficientebis daangariSebis Sedegad
mkvlevarma miiRo dadastureba zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebze
agebuli swavlebis midgomis upiratesobis Sesaxeb.
kvlevis Sedegebidan zogadi daskvna ki aseTia: zrdasruli
mosaxleobis mxolod mcire nawilia CarTuli zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
iseT mimarTulebebSi, rogoricaa zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTleba,
swavla sicocxlis manZilze, distanciuri ganaTleba da sxv. sazogadoeba
naklebad aris informirebuli qveyanaSi mimdinare reformebis, maT Soris
skolis maswavlebelTa sertificirebis miznebis, sargebelisa da Sedegebis
Sesaxeb. informirebul sazogadoebaze (Knowledge society) dafuZnebuli
codnaze agebuli ekonomika (Knowledge Economy) bevrad warmatebuli da
efeqturi iqneboda ekonomikuri da socialuri gamowvevebis winaSe. Tavis
mxriv, warmatebuli ekonomika ki mniSvnelovan rols Seasrulebs
sazogadoebis wevrebis profesiuli mxardaWerisa da TviTrealizaciis
saqmeSi.
162
VI Tavi: kvlevis ZiriTadi daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi
„rogorc ki sakuTari Tavis pativiscemas igrZnobT, iolad veRar
dagamarcxeben,“ –abraham maslou, 1954 w.
gasuli 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi momxdarma samma mniSvnelovanma
cvlilebam saqarTvelos ekonomikas saxe ucvala da bevri gamowvevis
winaSe daayena. es cvlilebebia: (1) damatebiT Rirebulebis momsaxurebis,
teqnologiebisa da codnaze dafuZnebuli warmoebis gaCena qveyanaSi;
(2) tradiciuli materialuri kapitalidan (fizikuri kapitali: manqana-
danadgarebi da Senobebi) aramaterialur, adamianur kapitalze gadasvla
(programuli uzrunvelyofa da adamianuri resursebi);
(3) maRalkvalificiur adamianur kapitalze moTxovnisa da imavdroulad
umuSevrobis donis zrda.
adamianuri kapitali inovaciuri ekonomikisa da codnis ekonomikis
(Knowledge Economy), rogorc ganviTarebis Semdgomi maRali donis
formirebisa da ganviTarebis maRali faqtoria92. adamianuri kapitalis
cneba ganixileba, rogorc investiciebis erToblioba adamianSi, romelic
mis Sromis unars aZlierebs. esaa ganaTleba da profesiuli Cvevebi.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, qveyanaSi mimdinare reformebis mTavari
da upirvelesi amocana maRalkvalificiuri muSaxelis, adamianuri
kapitalis ganviTareba gaxda. am TvalsazrisiT qveynis ganaTlebis
seqtorSi mimdinare reformis masStabebsa da ambiciurobis zrdaze zrunva
rom aucilebelia, es eWvgareSea. am mimarTulebiT reformebis warmatebiT
ganxorcielebis gzaze yvelaze kritikul moments maswavleblis
profesiuli ganviTarebis sakiTxi warmoadgens.
kvlevis mizniT Catarebuli eqsperimentis dros, maswavlebelTa
sasertifikacio gamocdebisTvis mosamzadebel treningebze maTTvis
profesiuli unarebis swavlebisa da swavlis procesebSi aprobacia
92
merab julayiZe, ekonomikis adakedmiuri doqtori, “Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi adamianuri faqtoris roli sul ufro izrdeba” 2010, w. gazeTis “bankebi da finansebi” # 98.
163
ganicada zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebma da masze agebulma
swavlebis modulirebulma midgomam. Catarebuli treningebis Sedegebisa
da interaqtivebis analizma aCvena, rom zrdasrulTa ganaTlebaSi
warmatebis erT-erTi sawindari swored saswavlo procesebSi zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis principebze agebuli modulirebuli swavlebis midgoma iyo.
saSualo skolis maswavleblebi, romelTa umetesobam avtokratuli da
centralizebuli ganaTlebis sistema gamoiares, winamdebare naSromis
kvlevis cdis pirebad im mizniT SeirCnen, rom profesiuli ganviTarebis
mimarTulebiT treningebze maTze gamogvecada zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
pricipebze agebuli modulirebuli swavlebis midgoma, rac Tavis mxriv,
saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros mier erT-erT
mniSvnelovan aspeqtad ganisazRvra ganaTlebis sistemis reformaSi.
kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli eqsperimentisa da gamokiTxvis Sedegebidan
gamomdinare Camoyalibda Semdegi daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi:
1. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebze agebuli zrdasrulTa
treningebi dadebiT gavlenas moaxdens skolis maswavleblebis
damokidebulebis Secvlaze sasertifikacio gamocdebisa da
treningebis mimarT;
2. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebze agebul trenings mniSvnelovani
roli SeuZlia iTamaSos maswavlebelbis profesiuli mxardaWerisa
da TviTrealizaciis saqmeSi;
3. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebis gaTvaliswinebiT
modulirebuli swavlebis midgomis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi
treningebis Sedegebi bevrad efeqturi iqneba.
164
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebi unda gamoviyenoT imisTvis, rom
gavzardoT maswavlebelTa TviTaqtualizaciis SesaZleblobebi.
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis daniSnulebaa iseTi grZnobebis gaRviveba
gardamaval periodSi mcxovreb adamianSi, rogoricaa sakuTari Tavis
pativiscema, Tavdajerebuloba, kompetencia, TviTaqtualizacia,
damoukidebloba, Tavisufleba. am grZnobebis ganviTareba gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania skolis maswavleblebSi, romlebic momaval Taobas zrdian
da qveynis informirebuli (mcodne) sazogadoeba (Knowledge Society) unda
Camoayalibon. es Zalian mniSvnelovani sakiTxi unda iyos yofili sabWoTa
kavSiris yvela qveyanaSi, sadac centralizebuli ganaTlebis sistema
gverds uvlida ganaTlebis iseT elementebs, rogoricaa individualoba,
interaqtivi, TviTrealizacia da sxva. saxelmwifo ganaTlebis
struqturebSi am axali iniciativisa da institutis Seqmna ganaTlebis
sistemasa Tu sxva sferoebSi reformebis efeqturi ganxorcielebis mizniT
Zlieri saZirkvelis Cayris tolfasia.
winamdebare naSromSi ganxiluli sakiTxebi Seesabameba qveynis
ganaTlebis sistemaSi mimdinare reformis paradigmas.
mosaxleobis zrdasrulTa ganaTlebaSi CarTulobis kvlevis Sedegebma
cxadyo, rom zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis wili informirebuli sazogadoebis
(Knowledge Society) Camoyalibebis saqmeSi mniSvnelovania da amdenad,
naSromis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani rekomendacia swored imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom xeli Seewyos zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebis ganviTarebas.
aRmosavleT evropis rig qveynebSi 1990-iani wlebidan mniSvnelovani
Zvrebi moxda zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Tanamedrove mimarTulebebis
ganviTarebis sferoSi. Tumca ganviTarebis procesebi araTanabari iyo da
zogierTi qveyana garkveuli TvalsazrisiT CamorCa. winamdebare kvlevaSi
gamoikveTa, rom am mimarTulebiT ganviTarebis daCqareba SesaZlebelia
saqarTveloSi saxelmwifos dafinansebiT mimdinare vauCeruli programis
farglebSi organizebuli maswavlebelTa treningebis potencialis
gazrdiT.
165
zrdasrulTa treningis maRali xarisxiT Catarebis uzrunvelyofis
garantia ar arsebobs, magram arsebobs misi gaumjobesebis garkveuli
pirobebi. kerZod, kvlevis avtoris rekomendaciaa, gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba mieqces profesiuli ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT organizebul
maswavlebelTa treningebze zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebze agebuli
modulirebuli swavlebis midgomis gamoyenebas, ris safuZvelzec skolis
maswavleblebs saSualeba miecemaT, sakuTari pedagogiuri rwmenebisa da
praqtikis transformireba moaxdinon.
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba ganxiluli
iqnes, rogorc faqtori, romelic xels Seuwyobs skolis maswavleblebs,
gaigon sakuTari Tavis realizaciisa da TviT-aqtualizaciis mniSvneloba.
es ki, Tavis mxriv, daexmareba maT, Seicnon maswavleblis WeSmariti
funqcia da roli qveynis ganviTarebis saqmeSi.
kvlevis Sedegebma aCvena, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebis
gamoyenebas ara marto efeqtur treningebamde mivyavarT, aramed TviT-
aqtualizaciamde da keTildReobamde, rac imas niSnavs, rom maswavleblebi
bevrad met sargebels miiReben, rodesac treningebi agebuli iqneba
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebze, xolo ganaTlebis mesveurTaTvis am
principebTan gacnobis valdebuleba treningebis provaiderma
organizaciebma, maT Soris universitetebma unda aiRon Tavis Tavze. maTi
valia, aRWurvon pedagogebi ara marto profesiuli unarebiT, aramed im
instrumentebiTac, rac maT am profesiuli unarebis warmatebuli
ganviTarebisa da modernizaciis saSualebas miscems.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, qarTveli pedagogebi martoni ar arian am
sakiTxSi. savaraudod, unda virwmunoT, rom mocemuli kvlevis Sedegebi
sayuradRebo iqneba sxva gardamaval etapze myofi qveynebis maswavlebelTa
ganviTarebis programebisTvisac. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis programebis
realuri arseboba mniSvnelovanwilad im adamianebis cocxal, praqtikul
saqmianobas warmoadgens, romlebic sxvadasxva tipis kursebis, saswavlo
programebisa da seminarebis organizebas axdenen. amdenad, zrdasrulTa
166
ganaTlebis praqtikosebis profesiuli momzadeba erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
sakiTxia. unda Seiqmnas perspeqtiva, rom zrdasrulTa araformaluri
ganaTleba pedagogikis erT-erT samecniero mimarTulebad Camoyalibdes da
universitetebs gaaCndes zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis praqtikosebis
momzadebis berketebi. saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministros aqtiuri
CarTva zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis ganviTarebis sferoSi, razec
maswavlebelTa sasertifikacio gamocdebisTvis mosamzadebeli treningebis
arsebuli vauCeruli dafinansebis programis arsebobac metyvelebs, qmnis
axal SesaZleblobebs qveynis ganviTarebis saqmeSi da saxelmwifos
mxridan am mimarTulebis finansuri mxardaWeris winapirobas iZleva.
qveyanaSi mimdinare reformebi, romelmac qveynis Tanamedrove da
momavali potenciali unda gansazRvros, Seqmnas msoflio
saganmanaTleblo da ekonomikur sivrceSi Sesvlis yvela piroba,
warmatebas miaRwevs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebisadmi axleburi midgoma; gaazrebuli iqneba
zrdasrulTa swavlebis axleburi Sinaarsi da mimarTulebebi;
mecnierulad dasabuTebuli iqneba am sistemis swori marTvisa da
Sefasebis xerxebi. amdenad, kvlevis ZiriTadi debulebebia:
axali socialur-profesiuli situaciisa da reformebis pirobebSi,
arsebuli Sromis bazris Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos
dRevandeli mdgomareoba iTxovs zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis ganaxlebuli
sistemis formirebas;
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis miznebis, amocanebis, principebis,
Sinaarsobrivi mimarTulebebisa da meTodikis Camoyalibeba,
fsiqologiuri sakiTxebi, sistemisadmi zogadi da konkretuli
midgomebis dialeqtika da masTan dakavSirebuli finansuri aspeqtebi
moiTxovs kvlevis gagrZelebas.
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis axleburi sistemis formireba, romelic
gulisxmobs moqnili, mravaldoniani da mravalfunqciuri sistemis
Seqmnas, romelic konkurentunarianobasa da profesionalur
167
mobilurobas uzrunvelyofs, moiTxovs qveynis pedagogiur wreebSi
arsebuli materialur-inteleqtualuri resursebis mobilizebas,
arsebuli saswavlo-meToduri masalebis aRwerilobas, saerTaSoriso
gamocdilebis gaziarebas da bolos, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis axali
koncefciis Camoyalibebasa da mis Teoriul dasabuTebas.
saqarTvelos zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistema Tanamedrove etapze
saWiroebs araformaluri ganaTlebis damkvidrebas, xolo amisTvis
gankuTvnili miznobrivi, satreningo programebi moiTxovs gamartivebul
da moqnil, e.w. modulirebuli swavlebis midgomas, rac Tavis mxriv
agebuli iqneba zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebze.
zrdasrulTa treningebi, romlis saswavlo procesebi iyenebs arsebul
mecnierul codnasa da gamocdilebas, bevrad ufro warmatebulia,
vinaidan igi SedarebiT mcire danaxarjebiT iZleva gacilebiT met
sargebels, anu warmatebis miRwevis zona bevrad didia, vidre misTvis
gaweuli danaxarjebi.
naSromSi warmodgenili zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Teoriuli
safuZvlebis kvlevisa da statistikis mimoxilvis Sedegad ki gamoikveTa
Semdegi zogadi daskvnebi:
1. saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sistemis saerTaSoriso (boloniis 1998 wlis
da praRis 2001 wlis) deklaraciebTan mierTebam zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis sistemis reabilitacia da ganviTareba SesaZlebeli gaxada.
2. qveyanaSi arsebuli saganmanaTleblo da socialur-ekonomikuri
krizisis gadalaxvis erT-erT mZlavr, qmediT instrumentad
zrdasrulTa ganaTleba unda iqnes miCneuli.
3. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistemis ganviTarebis mocemul etapze
upiratesoba zrdasrulTa araformalur ganaTlebas eniWeba.
168
4. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis mxardaWeris SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli
gaxdeba saqarTvelos regionebSi, saTemo doneze, zrdasrulTa
araformaluri ganaTlebis adgilobrivi centrebis Seqmna-ganviTareba.
5. mocemuli kvlevis periodSi qveyanaSi gadaidga praqtikuli nabijebi
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT. aRniSnul
procesebSi, sasurvelia, universitetebis aqtiuri CarTviT moxdes
arsebul inteleqtualur resursebze dayrdnobiT dadgenili saswavlo
sagnebis profesiul-pedagogiuri bazis daxvewa-momzadeba.
saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis socialuri dacvis erT-erT mZlavr, qmediT
instrumentad CaiTvleboda Zlieri socialur-pedagogiuri
infrastruqturisa da saganmanaTleblo sistemis Seqmna saTemo doneze
(reforma qvemodan). zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistemis sakanonmdeblo baza
araerTgvarovania da am sistemis marTva sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva
struqturis prerogativaa. zogan mas marTavs kanoni ganaTlebis Sesaxeb,
zogan zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis romelime organizaciis wesdeba, zogan
adgilobrivi mmarTvelobisa da TviTmmarTvelobis debuleba da a.S.
saerTaSoriso gamocdilebidan kargad Cans, rom zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
sistemis materialur-inteleqtualur resursebs Semdegi wyaro gaaCnia:
saxelmwifo dawesebulebebi (saministroebi, saxelmwifo sawarmoebi
da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba);
ganaTlebis sistema (universitetebi da profesiuli
saswavleblebi);
kerZo struqtura (biznesmeni, fermeri, mewarme);
samoqalaqo seqtori (arasamTavrobo da saTemo organizaciebi).
Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad aSkarad gamoikveTa, rom zrdasrulTa
ganaTleba aris pedagogiuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri aqtivobebis
integraciuli procesi; rom Cvens qveyanaSic iCina Tavi axalma,
inovaciurma tendenciebma am sferoSi da, rom mocemul sadisertacio
169
naSromSi ganxiluli saerTaSoriso gamocdileba gvaZlevs safuZvels,
gvjerodes, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis roli mcodne (informirebuli)
sazogadoebis (Knowledge Society) CamoyalibebaSi Zalian mniSvnelovania.
kvlevaSi mimoxiluli literatura iZleva sakmao informacias, raTa
mkiTxveli darwmundes, rom zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis saqmes uSualo
kavSiri aqvs Sromis bazarsa da masTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebTan.
dasaqmeba, socialuri dacva, TviTrealizacia, janmrTelobis mdgomareobis
mogvareba, demokratiuli sazogadoebis mSenebloba da sxv. am problemebis
mogvarebas msoflios bevr qveyanaSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sxvadasxva
aprobirebuli mimarTuleba emsaxureba.
samwuxarod, axlad Seqmnil damoukidebel saxelmwifoebSi postsabWoTa
periodSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistemis ganviTarebas saTanado
yuradReba ar eTmoboda arc mTavrobis, arc sazogadoebis mxridan. bolo
ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi momxdari cnobili movlenebis
Semdeg, roca reformebis tempebi daCqarda da qveyana axali struqturuli
da Sinaarsobrivi cvlilebebis winaSe dadga, gaCnda interesi zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis mimarTac. gadaidga praqtikuli nabijebi am mimarTulebiT,
magram Sedegebi jer kidev ar aris sakmarisad efeqturi.
maSin, roca TiTqmis mTel msoflioSi gamudmebiT viTardeba
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sxvadasxva mimarTuleba [treningebi sxvadasxva
unarebSi (Training in Different Skills), distanciuri ganaTleba (Distant Learning) da
sxv.], saqarTveloSi metwilad saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mxardaWeriT
da saministroebis doneze xorcieldeba msgavsi programebi, romlebic
mxolod ramdenime miznobrivi jgufisken aris mimarTuli. zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis kursebis is mcire raodenoba ki, rac adgilobrivi iuridiuli
an kerZo pirebis mier Seiqmna, ZviradRirebulia da regionebSi
mosaxleobas maTze xeli ar miuwvdeba93.
93
“saqarTvelos zrdasruli mosaxleobis ganaTlebisa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebis kursebi” – monacemTa baza. moamzada da gamosca organizaciam IZZ-DVV, 2004 wels. ISBN
99928- 995- 4- 9
170
damokidebuleba Sromis bazars, demokratiul institutebsa da
ganaTlebis sistemas Soris am mimarTulebiT dReisTvis dadgenili ar
aris. ganaTlebis kanonmdeblobac moiTxovs garkveul cvlilebebs
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. masSi garkveviT unda
Candes zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis roli qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri
sirTuleebis gadalaxvisa da am mizniT mcodne (informirebuli)
sazogadoebis mniSvnelobis gacnobierebis saqmeSi. mocemuli kvlevis
Sedegad gamoikveTa, rom qveynis ganviTarebis daCqarebis mizniT saWiroa
funqciebis gadanawileba saxelmwifosa da Sromis bazars Soris da rom
amaSi mniSvnelovani roli swored zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistemas unda
daekisros.
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Temaze organizebuli saerTaSoriso
konferenciebis mTavari mowodeba mdgomareobs SemdegSi: “aqtiuri da
informirebuli (ganaTlebuli) moqalaqeebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba
msoflioSi arsebuli globaluri riskebis, ekologiuri riskebis,
janmrTelobisTvis saSiSi gavrcelebuli daavadebebis, kulturisTvis
saSiSi movlenebis (rasizmi, qsenofobia) Tavidan arideba“94.
kvlevis umniSvnelovanesi mizania zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebis
mniSvnelobis popularizacia, mxardaWeris mopoveba am mimarTulebiT
ganviTarebis gzaze da im saganmanaTleblo qselis Seqmna, romelic
qveyanaSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis mimarTulebebis gafarToebas, xarisxis
gaumjobesebasa da damkvidrebas myar saZirkvels Cauyrida. yovelive es ki,
Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobs informirebuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas
qveyanaSi.
zrdasruli adamianisTvis ganaTlebis miRebisa da Tanamedrove Sromis
bazarTan morgebis sakiTxis mosagvareblad, dausaqmeblad da umuSevrad
darCenis SiSTan dakavSirebuli pesimizmisa da usamraTlobis gancdis
prevenciis, TviTrealizaciis SesaZleblobis gaCenisa da informirebuli
94
CONFINTEA V-VI materials : www.unesco.org/education/uie/confintea/
171
sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis mizniT, naSromSi warmodgenilia Semdegi
zogadi rekomendaciebi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis mesveurebisTvis:
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistema araformaluri ganaTlebis
mimarTulebiT unda ganviTardes, rac qveynaSi mimdinare reformebSi
unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli.
mimdinare reformebis dros zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebis
gaTvaliswinebiT modulirebul midgomaze agebul meTods aSkara
upiratesoba unda mieniWos zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebis
programebSi. es aris pedagogiuri mecnierebis is axali mimarTuleba,
romlis praqtikuli ganxorcielebac dakavSirebulia SedarebiT
mcire xarjebTan.
zrdasrulTa ganaTleba orientirebuli unda iyos samuSaoze da
mosaxleobisTvis axali unar-Cvevebis SeTavazebis saSualebiT unda
pasuxobdes sabazro moTxovnebs.
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis gziT mosaxleobaSi unda moxdes warmatebis
motivaciis aqtualizacia.
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis zogadTeoriuli safuZvlebisa da
statistikuri monacemebis kvlevis Sedegad naSromSi kargad gamoikveTa,
rom ganviTarebis mocemul etapze saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis mesveurebma
unda gamoiyenon ukve arsebuli mecnieruli codna zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebis mimarTulebebis Sesaxeb, danergon is socialur praqtikaSi,
gadaaqcion saswavlo disciplinad da miawodon mosaxleobas saswavlo
procesebis saxiT.
kvlevis avtors didi imedi aqvs, rom universitetebis aqtiuri
monawileobiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministros
mier zrdasrulTa ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebul individualur gegmaSi
struqturuli da Sinaarsobrivi cvlilebebis da sxva Sesabamisi
evrodireqtivebis warmatebuli ganxorcieleba, risTvisac sTavazobs
Semdeg rekomendaciebs, xeli Seuwyos:
172
codnis ekonomikisa da informirebuli sazogadoebis
Camoyalibebis saqmeSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis mniSvnelobis
aRiarebas;
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis menejmentis Seqmnasa da ganviTarebas;
maswavlebelTa (zrdasrulTa) treningisa da maTi potencialis
gazrdis mimarTulebiT ufro mkafio xedvis Camoyalibebas da
winsvlas am mimarTulebiT;
zrdasrulTa treningis provaiderTa saqmianobis xarisxis
marTvas da aRiarebas;
regionebsa da municipalitetebSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis
centrebis Seqmnas da am mimarTulebiT konkretuli saqmianobis
marTvasa da TanamSromlobas saTemo da municipalur doneze;
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebisadmi miZRvnil saerTaSoriso
konferenciebSi aqtiur monawileobas da maT organizebas
saqarTveloSi;
andragogikis kvlevasa da popularizacias.
zemoT aRniSnuli daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi momaval mkvlevarebs
daexmareba imaSi, rom imuSaon zrdasrulTa treningebis gamokvlevisa da
zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebis danergvis mimarTulebiT.
173
VII Tavi: naSromis reziume inglisur enaze: The Role of Adult
Learning in Developing of Knowledge Society (Adult Training and its Potential for Professional Support of School Teachers)
Abstract: “Belem Frameworks of Action” the main document launched at the Brazilian Belem
City Adult Education Conference, CONFINTEA VI, declared Adult Education’s priority
importance and urge all World Authorities to follow CONTINTEA’s Resolutions (Brazil, May
2009). “It is time to act, because no acting costs a lot” – stated the Final Resolution, ratified by
the representatives of 156 countries and Georgia among them (CONFINTEA VI, Final Report,
2009). The content, management and delivery of adult education and the accessibility of learning
opportunities for adults need improvements and new studies to be involved. This study reports data
gathered from schoolteachers about their perceptions of the compatibility of the certification
training (Georgia, 2010) with principles of adult learning and the identification of the learning
motivation, level and sources of satisfaction and dissatisfaction held for this training by the
teachers. This study was carried out to reveal the causal effect of adult education principles on the
attitudes of schoolteachers towards preparatory training for certification tests and the interaction
quality between the adult learning and the transform of the pedagogical beliefs and practices of
Georgian schoolteacher in transition period; and to research the role of the adult education in
forming Knowledge Society.
Knowledge is an Engine for Social Changes – Nico Stehr, 1986
Adult education has visible economic implications, contributes to the growth of Knowledge
Society, helps bring about change, and improves the quality of life for the individual. Adult
learning is all about change - change in attitude, change in knowledge, change in behavior, change
in a skill, change in how we think, and change in productivity (Korsgaard, 2002). The major
processes experienced by adults, such as a search for self-fulfillment and individual change, are
related explicitly to their decision to enroll in adult education courses and trainings. Likewise, the
benefits of adult education are constructed in terms of reframing identity, well-being, self-growth,
and rather than responding to purely extrinsic motives.
From a life-stage perspective, the motivation of adults (in this study school teachers
undergoing certification tests) to enroll in a training program is different but the meaning they
attach to adult education is very much dependent on cultural aspects of their country. For example,
adults may face issues with completion of courses, including personal obstacles: health, money
issues, job pressure, family pressure, lack of perseverance, a problem with internal motivation.
But all professionals may face the necessity to improve and/or change their qualifications due to
reforms undergoing in the country. This is the case in Georgia.
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The current professional development reforms promise to reintroduce adult education in
Georgia as a significant field of study in the capacity building reforms of the nation (National
Report for COFINTEA VI, 2009). This study offers one example of how adult education can be
applied to teacher professional development.
Many scholars of adult education focus on understanding job satisfaction and self-actualization
in order to help adults meet job market expectations and/or to be self-realized. Disciplines that
form the theoretical foundation of adult training in Georgia can be found in works in social
pedagogy, industrial psychology, and andragogy. In many countries there is a growing conception
of „andragogy‟ as the scholarly approach to the learning of adults. In this connotation
andragogy is the science of and supporting lifelong and lifelong education of adults (Reischmann,
2004). A Georgian philosopher, Merab Mamardashvili, was one of the first initiators of studies on
andragogy in the post-soviet countries (Zmeyov, 1998). One of the main goals of the study was to
determine if the use of adult education/andragogy principles in Adult Training cause an improved
perception by teachers of that training.
Teacher Professional Development Center (TPDC) in Georgia was established to facilitate the
creation of comprehensive teacher training and development. Teachers received training vouchers
that enabled them to finance their professional development. The TPDC entered into agreements
with 19 providers with accredited TPD programs to deliver the training courses around the
country. The program was launched in 2010. Teachers‟ Professional Support Center at Ilia State
University is one of the training providers preparing schoolteachers for certification tests. The
question is how effective are those training courses provided by the above mentioned
organizations. Courses preparing educators for upcoming certification tests in Georgia may have a
positive impact on development of adult education in the country.
A new system of state certification is aimed at producing many changes including 1) increases
in the requirements for initial preparation, 2) the addition of many new fields of certification, 3)
new trends in alternative preparation, 4) developments in the initial and continuing assessment of
educators, and 5) a move toward national certification. This creates an opportunity for scholars to
research adult education processes.
One of the main goals of the current study was to reveal the causal effect of adult education
principles on the attitudes of schoolteachers towards preparatory training for certification tests.
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The purpose of the study was to examine training that incorporated the principles of adult
education could be linked to an increase in teachers‟ positive feelings about certification and
effective outcomes in result of state provided courses. Specifically the study sought to answer
several questions: (1) Is there a difference in the perceptions held by teachers in courses structured
according to principles of adult education in contrast to those in courses with no adult education
content? (2) Does content based on adult education principles positively impact an individual‟s
attitude toward training? (3) What do teachers report about their training in state provided
certification courses?
RESEARCH DESIGN
OBJECTIVE
The main Experimental Research component to this study was intended to enable the
researcher to examine whether using of adult education principles can have a causal effect on the
values of training on Professional Skills‟ Development for school teachers. The proposed
experimental research design methodology allows for a rigorous test of whether the content based
on adult education principles can positively impact individual‟s attitudes towards training. The
proposed experimental research design aimed to explore causal effects of the content based on
adult education principles on one‟s attitudes towards the training.
DESCRIPTION OF METHODOLOGY
A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was used within the proposed
experimental design to measure the level influence of adult education principles on the attitudes of
school teachers towards preparatory training for certification tests.
Two homogenous clusters were set. Homogeneity of each cluster is defined through these
variables: two groups of schoolteachers were selected in Georgia - one was the “treatment” test
unit cluster and the second cluster was the “control” test unit cluster. In each cluster school
teachers of two cities were selected to avoid systematic sampling error. 320 interviews were
carried out face-to-face in each city by the interviewer working for the Teacher professional
Support Center in Ilia State University in Georgia during the base-line phase of the study and the
post-treatment phase of the study. (The research team facilitated all fieldwork components for this
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project, including the recruitment of study participants, implementation of face-to-face interviews,
etc.)
The school-teachers in the “treatment” cluster were able to be provided with the content based
on adult education principles and completed questionnaires, specifically produced for this study
(The questionnaire included the open ended questions on training and adult learning principles.
The programs focused on topics of Professional Skills and would have the content based on Adult
Education principles that aimed to promote training as a form of Adult Education among the
school-teachers) whose reach does not extend to the “control” test unit cluster.
By providing information on the subject of adult education principles in the treatment cluster,
the study both disseminated values on adult education and initiated the possibility for a discourse
on adult education principles among the population in this cluster. The survey respondents in the
treatment cluster who were randomly selected for the base-line study were instructed to consider
the content on Adult Education (AE) during their training. The follow-up survey with these select
participants measured their views on training after being subject to treatment. The attitudes on
training prior to treatment (obtained through the base-line survey) and after the treatment (obtained
through a post-treatment survey) was compared. In addition, the attitudes on training between the
groups exposed to treatment and the control groups and the training test results were compared.
The goal is to examine AE‟s causal effects on attitudes regarding training. If the AE median
score before pro-AE treatment was 2 and after the exposure to pro-AE programs the median score
increased, the researcher will be able to speak of AE‟s causal impact on attitudes on training. The
definitions of AE will be based on those used in the reviewed literature. While these measures
seemed to have worked in the past research, the researcher proposes to use focus groups, before
the base-line survey questionnaire is finalized, to explore understandings of AE among the
population of Georgia to be sure that the proposed AE principles reflect Georgian conditions.
Based on criticism of past work on AE discussed in the Literature Review, any AE principle must
be carefully calibrated to specific social environments and periods of time. In order to ensure the
list is appropriate for the Georgian conditions, the Adult Education Principles measures for
inclusion in the baseline and post-treatment surveys will be modified as appropriate based on the
conception/understanding of Adult Education of the focus group participants.
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HYPOTHESIS AND OBSERVATION
The researcher proposed to use Pre-test/Post-test design:
EG (Experimental group): R OT1 X OT2
CG (Control group): R OC1 OC2
The treatment effect was obtained by: TE=(OT2-OT1)- (OC2-OC1), which represented
difference in differences estimate. So, the hypothesis was the following:
H1: TE >0
Ho: TE not >0
The hypothesis above expressed the expectation that the treatment (using content based on
Adult Education principles) should have a positive effect on teachers‟ attitudes towards training
and the training results will be more effective.
Thus, the proposed experimental research design allowed the empirical exploration of whether
Adult Education content could cause pro-training attitudes. The main advantage of an experimental
survey research design is the researcher‟s ability to randomly assign treatment, thus improving
capacity for making causal claims. Survey participants in each cluster were selected through a
random sampling method and interviews were conducted by professional interviewers from Ilia
State University. Random selection of the survey participants in the treatment and control group
clusters will mean that there is no systematic difference between those selected into the treatment
and control groups. This way teachers‟ individual level predispositions towards training content
will not determine their exposure to the treatment and thus will not bias the average scores on the
AE measures. This research design addresses a large potential problem of individual-level
characteristics being the cause someone chooses to watch specific content. Any differences, if
found, among treatment and non-treatment groups will be a result of the viewing the programs and
not favorable individual-level pre-dispositions towards training.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSES:
A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was used to characterize the influence
of adult education principles on the attitudes of school teachers towards preparatory training for
certification tests. Qualitative analyses were directed at two main statements (see the results
below). After the experiment, a schoolteacher population of 320 teachers was asked to complete a
questionnaire on the main statements of the study. Data from this questionnaire and the resulting
analysis is presented below. A null hypothesis of difference was tested. That is, parameters of
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difference were set at the .05 level when using the t-test for two independent samples in order to
retain or reject a null hypothesis.
The study was carried out in three phases. First, 80 subjects from each city were interviewed
prior to the training. Second, the participants of the experimental groups experienced the
intervention or the training. Third, follow up interviews were made with the subjects from each
city again (n = 80).
In addition, prior to assessing the knowledge gained during the training, a survey was
administered to determine how subjects perceived the training. These data are presented below in
Table 2. Then, a test of content mastery of professional skills was randomly administered to 10%
of the subjects in the experimental group (n = 8) and another 10% to those in the control group (n
= 8 after the completion of the course. The purpose was to determine if the actual knowledge
acquired during the training differed according to whether or not the principles of adult education
were included. A t-test of independent samples was used to determine if there was a significant
difference in the mastery scores based on group membership (in the control or experimental
group). Thus the researchers tended to find a significant t statistic indicating a difference between
the experimental and the control group for supporting the hypothesis that including principles of
adult education in professional development training has a positive impact.
Results of Research: Of the whole population, adult education was perceived to be a positive
influence. Table 3 examines teacher perceptions pertaining to the national Voucher training
program and whether this training program was oriented only to the obtaining of a certificate or
more broadly to professional development.
Most of the teachers responding to this query found that the training program consists of mixed
goals that included both certification and professional development. Well over half of these
teachers did not agree that the program was focused only on certification. In a similar manner,
teachers were overwhelming in supporting the importance of adult education over just preparation
for tests. Eighty five percent of the respondents preferred to view the training as education for
professional skill development in contrast to only 15% who saw the training as preparation for
tests. To address the critical question of the study - does training conducted using principles of
adult education impact outcomes, eight randomly selected subjects in both the experimental and
control group were administered a content examination at the conclusion of the training. The test
covered knowledge of the teacher‟s professional skills that constituted much of the training.
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Test Data produced a significant t statistic indicating a difference between the experimental
and the control group (t (14) = 3.5, p < .05. The researchers conclude they can support their
hypothesis that including principles of adult education in professional development training has a
positive impact.
Thus, the study was framed in two parts. In the first part the researchers wished to gather
perceptions from teacher training participants about the use of adult education principles in
governmental professional development training. These teachers reported a positive affirmation of
the importance of adult education. In addition, a quasi experimental study was conducted
examining whether or not the usage of principles of adult learning in a professional development
program for teachers had a positive impact on the learning of the teachers. Two groups of teachers
experienced the curriculum developed by the Teacher Professional Support Center at Ilia State
University, Tbilisi. Again, the impact of adult education on the training was observed. In this
case, those teachers in sessions informed by principles of adult education scored higher on the test
of content than those in the control group.
DISCUSSION:
Three closely related changes over the past 20 years have transformed Georgian economy.
First, a shift to higher value added services – technology and knowledge intensive industries;
Second, a shift from traditional physical assets such as machinery and buildings to investment in
intangible assets such as software and human capital; Third, we have seen an increase in the
number of employees with higher levels of qualifications and unemployment, at the same time.
Development of the employees with higher levels of qualification is the main task of the reforms
taking place in the country.
Georgia‟s national educational reforms are large in scale and ambitious. A critical part of the
success of these reforms will be teacher development. Georgian educators, long schooled in a
more autocratic and centralized system, responded favorably in our study to principles of adult
education as they worked to master the professional development skills identified by the Ministry
of Education as important to the success of the national reforms.
The study was mainly exploratory in intent. The results are encouraging enough to suggest
more needs to be learned about how the principles of adult education can be used to improve
teacher training. This may be of particular importance in former Soviet nations where a highly
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centralized educational structure obviated the need for the participatory elements common to adult
education. Developing initiative and agency in the national teaching force is an important
foundation for professionalizing this educational reform.
This discusses about adult education training teachers, it is an important task in modern
society and for developing countries. Another positive point is the discussion about certification
versus qualification. It seems that currently for policy makers and government the title/certificate
is more important than the professional development. And the principles of adult education,
according to this exploratory study can contribute for training teachers and also for their engaging
on these activities.
RISKS, which might be faced by Adult Training, are as follows: So called “life-crises event”,
which keeps away adults from classes; and course-related reasons for leaving, like:
o The course not being what they had expected
o Absence of free childcare
o Fear of being robbed while they were out
o The course not being what they had expected
o Not being allowed to choose their own project
o Bad experiences at school
o Too much writing, etc
Prior to the main study of the given dissertation work the auther of the study had researched the
involvement of Georgian population in Adult Education (AE). N = 3000 finalized interviews,
aggregate sum of which was the adult population (above 18) of Tbilisi and eight regional cities of
Georgia (Rustavi, Gori, Kutaisi, Zugdidi, Batumi, Telavi, Akhalkalaki and Ozurgeti). 360
interviews were conducted in Tbilisi. The rest selection volume was allocated to the regional
centers. 330 interviews were conducted in each city. Such volume of selection guarantees that the
discrepancies in the results of the researches carried out in each city will not overwhelm 5.4%
(based on 95% reliability). Random round methodology was choozen for interviewing the
population. The results of the interviews showed that only 5% of population had undergone AE
course; 75% did not know abything about AE; and 15% had only read and/or heard about AE (5%
had rejected the interviews). These results prove the thesis that Adult Education has an important
role in establishing Knowledge Society and the country needs developments in that direction.
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CONCLUSIONS:
“Once you have self-respect, it‟s harder to lose!” (Maslow, 1954). It is the role of the adult
education to develop such feelings as self-respect, confidence, competence, achievement, mastery,
independence, and freedom in adult population and mostly during the transition period. It is
especially important to develop those feelings in school teachers growing future generation and
building knowledge society of their country.
Since 1990, a number of East European countries have made important breakthroughs in the
areas of contemporary adult education. But progress has been uneven and even started to wane.
Many countries lag behind. The authors of the paper recommend accelerating the processes and
filling this gap by developing appropriate environment in the field of state-funded adult trainings
for the purpose of achieving effective results in transition period.
There is no way to guarantee quality in adult training but there are some ways to assure it. In
particular, the authors recommend training providers of school teachers to pay additional attention
to adult education principles during the preparatory trainings on development of professional skills
for teachers‟ certification exams in Georgia in order to stimulate teachers to transform their
pedagogical beliefs and practices.
Using adult education principles can be characterized as a factor facilitating the teachers in
understanding their needs of self-actualization. All this encourages the teachers to enhance their
insight into the world and into themselves.
As the results of the study show, the knowledge of the specificity of adult education leads not
only to effective training and better scores in the tests, but also to self-actualization and wellbeing.
Thus, the teachers appear to profit more when the training is based on adult education principles
and it‟s the role of the training provider to supply educators with the knowledge about those
principles in order to give the teachers necessary tools for successful development and
modernization of their professional skills.
Furthermore, Georgia‟s teachers are not alone in seeking to modernize their skills. It is quite
feasible to believe that national teacher development programs in other transition nations could
also be informed by the results of this study. We recommend that further research be done
exploring the positive benefits of incorporating the principles of adult education in all teacher
preparation programs.
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190
danarTebi
danarTi 1: cxrilebisa da grafikebis CamonaTvali IV Tavi. qveTavi 4.1: cxrili 1: umuSevarTa da dasaqmebelTa raodenoba 2004-2010 cxrili 2: socialuri kvelvis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebi dasaqmebis Sesaxeb 2011 wlisTvis cxrili 3: umuSevarTa da dausaqmebelTa raodenoba asakis mixedviT 2010 wlis maCveneblebi cxrili 4: rogor Seicvala situacia saqarTveloSi 2008 wlis ianvris mdgomarobasTan SedarebiT, ukeTesobisken, uaresobisken Tu igivea. cxrili 5: pedagogebis raodenoba sajaro skolebSi IV Tavi. qveTavi 4.2: (SeniSvna: qvemoT mocemuli cxrilebis wyaro: saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli dafinansebis programis monitoringis samsaxuri) cxrili 1: regionebi, sadac treningebi Catarda
regioni gamokvleuli treningebis reodenoba
აჭარა, გურია 15
კახეთი 9
იმერეთი, რაჭა 21
თბილისი 23
სამეგრელო 15
ქვემო ქართლი 18
შიდა ქართლი 6
სამცხე-ჯავახეთი 13
მცხეთა-მთიანეთი 12
ჯამში 132
cxrili 2: treningze damswre maswavleblebis asakobrivi maCvenebel procentulad
asakobrivi jgufi maswavlebelTa raodenoba % maCvenebeli
"22-27" 200 8%
"28-38" 669 25%
"39-49" 770 29%
"50-60" 764 28%
"60+" 273 10%
191
cxrili 3: maswavlebelTa pasuxebi maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli dafinansebis mniSvnelobaze
cxrili 4: monacemebi maswavlebelTa damokidebulebis Sesaxeb: “msgavsi programebi saWiroa da xels uwyobs maswavlebelTa profesiuli donis amaRlebas”
savaraudo pasuxebi maswavlebelTa raodenoba
procentuli maCvenebeli
sruliad ar veTanxmebi
35 1%
nawilobriv veTanxmebi, nawilobriv ara
393 15%
sruliad veTanxmebi mocemul debulebas
2214 84%
cxrili 5: programuli anotaciebis gacnobis wyaro
gaecno ar gaecno
skolaSi 81% 19%
adgilobriv resurcentrebSi 21% 79%
akreditebuli organizaciebis daxmarebiT
12% 88%
savaraudo pasuxebi maswavlebelTa raodenoba
procentuli maCvenebeli
sruliad ar veTanxmebi 78 3% nawilobriv veTanxmebi, nawilobriv ara
963 37%
sruliad veTanxmebi mocemul debulebas
1584 60%
192
cxrili 6: grZnoben Tu ara maswavleblebi Tavs momzadebulad sertificirebis gamocdisaTvis
sertificirebis gamocdisaTvis
momzadebulad vgrZnob Tavs
სრულიად არ
ვეთანხმები
ნაწილობრივ
ვეთანხმები,
ნაწილობრივ
არა
სრულიად
ვეთანხმები
მოცემულ
დებულებებს
sagnobrivi
specializacia mTliani
qarTuli ena da
literature 62(7%) 664(66%) 275(27%) 1001
matematika 37(6%) 399(67%) 158(27%) 594 inglisuri ena 24(5%) 300(59%) 37(7%) 511 franguli ena 0(0%) 4(40%) 6(60%) 10 rusuli ena 18(5%) 216(63%) 106(31%) 340 germanuli ena 1(1%) 114(77%) 33(22%) 148
mTlianad 142(5%) 1697(65%) 766(30%) 2605
cxrili 7: regionebis mixedviT gamokiTxuli aramonawile pedagogebi
რეგიონი პედაგოგების
რაოდენობა
პროცენტული
წილი
თბილისი 202 21%
ქვემო ქართლი 112 11%
შიდა ქართლი 72 7%
კახეთი 86 9%
იმერეთი 153 16%
სამეგრელო-ზემო
სვანეთი 100 10%
გურია 49 5%
სამცხე-ჯავახეთი 39 4%
აჭარა 101 10%
მცხეთა-მთიანეთი 29 3%
რაჭა-ლეჩხუმი 36 4%
ჯამში 979 100%
193
cxrili 8: gamokiTxuli maswavleblebis asakobrivi maCvnebeli procentebSi
asakobrivi jgufi maswavlebelTa raodenoba procentuli maCvenebeli "22-27" 60 6%
"28-38" 214 22%
"39-49" 260 27%
"50-60" 287 29%
"60+" 155 16%
cxrili 9: maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli dafinansebis programa xels Seuwyobs pedagogebs sertificirebis gamocdis warmatebiT CabarebaSi
cxrili 10: msgavsi programebi saWiroa da xels uwyobs maswavlebelTa profesiuli donis amaRlebas
savaraudo pasuxebi maswavlebelTa raodenoba
procentuli maCvenebeli
სრულიად არ ვეთანხმები 40 4%
ნაწილობრივ ვეთანხმები, ნაწილობრივ არა 319 35%
სრულიად ვეთანხმები მოცემულ დებულებას 552 61%
cxrili 11: msgavsi programebi saWiroa da xels Seuwyobs saganmanaTleblo organizaciebis konkurentunariani bazris Seqmnas
savaraudo pasuxebi maswavlebl. raodenoba procentuli maCvenebeli
სრულიად არ ვეთანხმები 76 9%
ნაწილობრივ ვეთანხმები, ნაწილობრივ არა 375 43%
სრულიად ვეთანხმები მოცემულ დებულებას 425 48%
savaraudo pasuxebi maswavlebelTa raodenoba
procentuli maCvenebeli
სრულიად არ ვეთანხმები 57 6%
ნაწილობრივ ვეთანხმები, ნაწილობრივ არა 399 43%
სრულიად ვეთანხმები მოცემულ დებულებას 470 51%
194
cxrili 12 apirebT Tu ara maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli dafinansebis programis Semdeg etapze aiRoT vauCeri
diax 823 88%
ara 110 12%
cxrili 13: pedagogebis ricxvi asakis mixedviT, romelic saerTod ar apirebs monawileobis miRebas maTi asakis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba: apirebT Tu ara maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli dafinansebis programis Semdeg etapze aiRoT vauCeri
diax ara jamSi
asaki 22-27 54 4 58 28-38 192 11 203 39-49 234 18 252 50-60 241 34 275 60+ 100 42 142
jamSi 821 109 930
cxrili 14: ra mizeziT ar aiRes vauCerebi maswavleblebma
ra mizeziT ar aiReT vauCeri? raodenoba procentuli maCvenebeli
ojaxuri pirobebis gamo 60 8% vauCerizaciis Semdeg etapze vapireb aRebas
80 11%
programis ganxorcielebisas gaurkvevlobaSi aRmovCndi
22 3%
vauCerebis naklebobis gamo
250 35%
saerTod ar vapireb vauCeruli dafinansebis programaSi monawileobis miRebas
20 3%
ara maqvs motivacia 43 6% finansuri mdgomareobis gamo 55 8% regionSi jgufebis daukompleqteblobis gamo 75 10%
vauCeris aRebis mibma savaldebulo setificirebasTan
60 8%
drois uqonlobis gamo 20 3% ver avarCie sasurveli trening-provaideri organizacia
25 3%
var sapensio asakis 15 2%
195
IV Tavi. qveTavi 4.2: grafiki 1: saidan miiRes treningze damswre maswavleblebma vauCeruli dafinansebis programis Sesaxeb informacia grafiki 2: trenerebis pasuxi V Tavi. qveTavi 5.2: cxrili # 1: gamokiTxulTa ganawileba cxrili # 2: interviuerebis raodenoba SerCevis wertilebSi cxrili # 3: arSemdgar interviuTa pasuxebis ranJireba cxrili # 4: sqesTa monwileoba gamokiTxvaSi V Tavi. qveTavi 5.3: cxrili # 1: kvlevis monawile maswavlebelTa ganawileba cxrili # 2: treningis monawileTa pasuxebi treningamde cxrili # 3: treningis monawileTa pasuxebi treningis Semdeg cxrili #4: saeqsperimento da sakontrolo jgufebis cdis pirebis testSi miRebuli monacemebis (qulebis) Sedareba cxrili #5: testis monacemTa t-test kalkulatoriT daangariSeba
196
danarTi 2: kiTxvari pirispiri interviusTvis
1. maswavlebelTa treningTan mimarTebaSi ra asociaciebi gaqvT?
(magaliTad, asocoaciebi gamowveuli: reformebiT, gamocdebiT,
motivaciiT, xelfasis matebis perspeqtiviT . . .)
2. ra aris Tqveni, rogorc zrdasruli adamianis da maswavleblis
motivacia treningze dasaswrebad? (magaliTad: neba, drois faqtori,
interesi, swavlisken midrekileba, xelfasis matebis perspeqtiva . . .)
3. treningis Semdeg sasertifikato gamocdaze gasvlisTvis Tqvens
mzadebaze, ram SeiZleba iqonios zegavlena? (magaliTad:
gamocdebisadmi SiSma, Tavdajerebulobam, xelfasis dakargvis SiSma,
winsvlis survilma . . .)
4. zogadad treningebTan dakavSirebiT ra gamocdileba gaqvT?
(magaliTad: SeiZineT axali unarebis, aimaRleT kvalifikacia,
mogewonaT, an ar mogewonaT treneris profesionalizmi . . .)
5. mocemul treningisadmi molodini rogoria? (magaliTad: mTavrobis
axirebaa, unda SeiZionT axali unarebi, gaiteresebT axali
mimarTulebebi pedagogikaSi, gamocdas CaabarebT warmatebiT da
gagezrdebaT xelfasi . . .)
6. ra aris TqvenTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani am treningebSi? (magaliTad:
xelfasis momateba, TviT-aqtualizacia, statusis cvlileba . . .)
7. ra principebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda warimarTos maswavlebelTa
treningi (magaliTad: drois faqtori, TviT-Sefasebis amaRleba,
realisturi problemebis gadalaxvis unarebis SeZena, piradi
motivebis gaTvaliswineba. . .)
8. ra gsmeniaT zrdasrlTa ganaTlebis Sesaxeb? (magaliTad: tyuili
fulis xarjvaa, uzrunvelyofs warmatebas, xels uwyobs TviT-
realzacias, emsaxureba axali unarebis SeZenas . . .)
197
danarTi 3: naSromis avtoris publikaciebis CamonaTvali
1. Adult Education in Practice: Teacher Training and its Potential for Changing School
Teachers Trhough Adult Education – Science Education Journal: Problems of Education in the
21-st Century, ISSN 1822-7864, Volume 29, 2011
2. swavlebis modulirebuli meTodi teqnologiis maswavleblebis momzadebis
praqtikaSi pedagogiur universitetebSi (rusul enaze). – teqnologiuri
ganaTlebis sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili saerTaSoriso konferenciebis (X
konferencia) masalebis ruseTis federaciis ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis
saministros ganaTlebis saagentos samecniero publikaciebis krebuli. 2004
weli. moskovi ISBN 5–94898-060-X. da sxva publikaciebi.
3. teqnologiuri ganaTleba skolasa da umaRles saswavleblebSi ganaTlebis
modernizaciis pirobebSi (rusul enaze). - teqnologiuri ganaTlebis
sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili saerTaSoriso konferenciebis masalebis ruseTis
federaciis ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros Tavisufali
ganaTlebis institutis samecniero publikaciebis krebuli. 2003 weli.
moskovi ISBN 5–94101-068-0.
4. zrdasrulTa ganaTleba, rogorc socialuri dacvisa da profesiuli
Semoqmedebis inovaciuri barierebis gadalaxvis gza. - mecnierebisa da
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis fondi. perioduli samecniero Jurnali
“inteleqti”, # 2 (13), 2002 w. Tbilisi ISSN 1512-0333.
5. qalTa sazogadoebriv-politikuri ganaTleba saqarTveloSi Tanamedrove
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orbelianis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri universitetis perioduli samecniero
Jurnali “promeTe”, XI, 2002 weli. Tbilisi. ISSN 1512-021X.