Post on 27-Mar-2015
Steve B. Howell (NOAO)Don Hoard (Spitzer Science Center
Bob Stencel (U. of Denver)
Image credit: Babak Tafreshi (TWAN) [Astronomy Picture of the Day, 5 Dec 2009]
What is Epsilon Aurigae?
-Bright naked eye object. Presence of eclipses first reported in 1821.
-Eclipses last almost 2 years, and happen every 27.1 years (mid-eclipse ~5 Aug 2010)
-What is the “invisible” object that causes the eclipses?
-Why do the eclipses last so long and change over time?
-What is the nature of the primary (i.e., eclipsed) star, the secondary star, and the disk?
Capella Eta (η)Zeta (ζ)
Epsilon (ε)
Beta (β)
Theta (θ)
What we knew at the start of the current eclipse
The Eclipsed Star:
• F spectral type, temperature 7800 K
• Very large (radius ~150 Rsun)
• Is it a massive supergiant (20 Msun)?
Supernova in the future?
• Or a low mass star (up to a few Msun)? post-Asymptotic Giant Branch object?
= Dying star, planetary nebula in the next few thousand years
What we knew at the start of the current eclipse
The Object at the Center of the Disk:
• Maybe it is Nothing? Only if the disk is very massive (but then the disk would be too hot)
•Maybe a Black hole? Nope (no X-ray emission)
• A massive star? Two somewhat less massive stars?
Only required if the F star is massive Too bright (in the UV)?
• A single, normal, B-type star?
Only if the disk and F star are not massive
What we knew at the start of the current eclipse
+
+
Things are not always as they appear…
SED to the Rescue
IUE-SWP(1985)
FUSE (2001)
UBVRI(2008)
JHK (1997-2000)
Spitzer IRS (2005)
Spitzer MIPS-24, -70and MIPS-SED
(2005)HST-GHRS(1996)
Spitzer IRAC(2009)
IUE-LWP(1986)
Optical spectra(1982; 1990-92)
Investigate the Dust Disk
Epsilon Aurigae was estimated to…
…exceed IRAC saturation limit for shortest full array exposure (2-sec) by factor of ~50
…exceed IRAC saturation limit for shortest sub-array exposure (0.02-sec) by factor of ~3
IMPOSSIBLE to observe with IRAC!!!
Well, so they thought!!
IRACMIPS
IRS
What an image of a star REALLY looks like…
Take advantage of reduced sensitivity at pixel corners.
Spread brightest part of remaining stellar imageover four pixels.
IRAC Observing Strategy
First Spitzer IRAC Observation of Epsilon Aurigae
•26 April 2009
•used Channel 1 (3.6 microns) and Channel 2 (4.5 microns)
•256 x 64 exposures, each 0.02 seconds long = 5.1 seconds total per channel
Spectral Energy Distribution of Epsilon AurigaeUltraviolet Infrared
F0 type post-AGB star
normal B5 type star
Cool dust disk
B Star - Hubble Space Telescope 1 Sept, Dec, & Mar 2011
Spectral Energy Distribution of Epsilon Aurigae
B Kloppenborg et al. Nature 464, 870-872 (2010) doi:10.1038/nature08968
Synthesized images from the 2009 observations.
R = 135 Rsun = 0.63 AU
R = 3.8 AU
h = 0.95 AU
R = 3.9 Rsun
B5 starT = 15,000 KM = 5.9 Msun
F0 post-AGBT = 7750 KM = 1-3 Msun
Dust DiskT = 550 KM ~ Mearth?
1 Astronomical Unit (AU) = Sun-Earth separation
Stellar Separation = 18 AU (~ Sun-Uranus distance)
Lissauer et al. 1996, ApJ, 465, 371
The changing view of the disk
pre-eclipse view
JHKs(2MASS; 1999)
MSX (unfilled diamonds;1996-97)
ground LM (white squares; 1997-2000)
The changing view of the disk - Eclipse
T = 550 K disk
Lissauer et al. 1996, ApJ, 465, 371
The changing view of the disk mid-cycle view
pre-eclipse view
T = 1100 K disk
The changing view of the disk – Anti-Eclipse
“Front” Side
END