Post on 20-Jul-2020
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Status of LED Standards and Guidelines – And How Real Products are Measuring Up
April 1, 2009
Kelly GordonPacific Northwest National Laboratory
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What’s the status of LEDs today?
LEDsare not ready!
The truth is somewhere in between …
Let’s go all LED!
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Today’s Topics• Standards and test procedures• ENERGY STAR for SSL• How are real products performing?
– CALiPER testing results– GATEWAY demonstrations
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DOE SSL Program Strategy
Guiding technology advances fromlaboratory to marketplace
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• ANSI C78.377-2008 Specifications for the Chromaticity of SSL Products for Electric Lamps
• IESNA LM-79-2008 Approved Method for the Electrical and Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
• IESNA LM-80-2008 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen Maintenance of LED Light Sources
Key Standardsand Test Methods
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ANSI C78.377 Scope• “…specify the range of
chromaticities recommended for general lighting with solid state lighting (SSL) products…”
• “…LED-based SSL products with control electronics and heat sinks incorporated … those devices that require only AC mains power or a DC voltage power supply to operate…”
• “…covers fixtures incorporating light sources as well as integrated LED lamps…”
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ANSI C78.377-2008
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LM-79-08 Scope• …“LED-based SSL products
with control electronics and heat sinks incorporated, […] devices that require only AC mains power or a DC voltage power supply to operate.”
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LM-79-08• Methods for measuring:
– Total luminous flux– Electrical power– Luminous intensity distribution– Chromaticity
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THE LIGHT CENTER OF THE INDUSTRY SINCE 1955
INDEPENDENT TESTING LABORATORIES, INC. 3386 LONGHORN ROAD, BOULDER, CO 80302 USA
PHONE: (303)442-1255 • FAX: (303)449-5274 • E-MAIL: itl@itlboulder.com • WEBSITE: www.itlboulder.com
REPORT NUMBER: ITL60203 DATE: 06/03/08 Page 8 of 12PREPARED FOR: RDS
Spectral Power Distribution
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350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
Wavelength (nm)
Mill
iwat
ts p
er n
anom
eter
LUMINAIRE: FABRICATED FINNED METAL POST TOP FITTER, FOUR FABRICATED WHITE PAINTED METAL MOUNTING PLATES EACH CONTAINING CIRCUITRY AND HEAT SINKS FOR TWELVE LEDS MOUNTED IN FOUR TIERS, ONE FORMED METAL REFLECTOR WITH PREMIUM SPECULAR BOTTOM AND SPECULAR TOP ABOVE EACH TIER OF LEDS, OPEN SIDES AND BOTTOM.LAMP: FORTY-EIGHT WHITE LIGHT EMITTING DIODES EACH WITH CLEAR SEMI-HEMISPHERICAL INTEGRAL PLASTIC LENS, LEDS AIMED 11-DEGREES BELOW HORIZON.
LM-79-08 report examples
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LM-80-08 Scope• “[…] methods of measurement of lumen
maintenance of sources including LED packages, arrays and modules only.”
• “[…] does not provide guidance or make any recommendation regarding predictive estimations or extrapolation for lumen maintenance determined from actual measurements.”
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LM-80-08• Minimum 6000 hours of device
operation• Operation at three different case
temperatures– 55°C, 85°C, and one other temp
selected by manufacturer• Drive current held constant• Ambient temp within -5°C of case
temp• Humidity < 65 RH throughout test
period• Chromaticity measurements
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LM-80 – Current situation• LED device manufacturers do in-house testing• LM-80 published Sep 08 with last-minute
changes• Manufacturers transitioning to full alignment
with LM-80– New test chambers– Starting test cycles
• 6000 hours takes at least 8.3 months
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Sample LM-80 data
87.687.187.888.688.788.689.110
79.477.878.277.876.574.174.59
86.085.385.986.785.985.886.08
82.081.382.182.682.481.481.87
80.780.080.681.280.379.480.46
61.560.961.562.062.161.161.85
79.178.478.879.078.878.078.64
82.481.081.781.781.078.679.23
78.978.177.978.276.474.774.82
10005004003002001000Lamp
If = 350mA
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Standards in development – or still needed…• TM-21 – Extrapolation methodology for
lumen maintenance data• Light engine test procedure• Reliability tests for luminaires and
integral lamps• Dimming standard
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ENERGY STAR SSL
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Scope and Basic Approach
• LED systems for “white light” general illumination
• Both commercial and residential• Key metric: Luminaire efficacy• Two categories:
– Category A: prescriptive specifications for near-term lighting applications
– Category B: performance specification for all applications (long-term)
ENERGY STAR SSL
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Why a staged approach?• Ensure energy savings
– Take advantage of LED directionality• Avoid user disappointment in early
LED products• Learn from past experience
2020
Category A Applications - Residential
• Undercabinet kitchen• Portable desk task• Ceiling mounted w/diffuser• Surface, pendant, recessed downlights• Cove lighting • Surface mounted with directional heads • Outdoor porch, path, step, post-top
ENERGY STAR SSL
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Category A Applications – Non-residential
• Undercabinet shelf-mounted task• Portable desk task• Surface, pendant, recessed downlights• Wall wash luminaires• Outdoor bollards
ENERGY STAR SSL
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Example: Undercabinet shelf-mounted task lights
• Minimum Light Output– 125 lumens per lineal foot
• Zonal Lumen Density– Min. 60% in 0-60° zone– Min. 25% in 60-90° zone
• Luminaire Efficacy– ≥ 29 lm/W
• CCTs:– 2700 - 5000K
Min. 60%
Min. 25%
Min. 60%Min. 60%
Min. 25%
ENERGY STAR SSL
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Life/lumen maintenance requirements
• Hours to 70% lumen maintenance L70
• Indoor residential: min 25,000 hours• Outdoor and all non-residential: min
35,000 hours
ENERGY STAR SSL
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Qualification Process
• LM-79 luminaire photometric report• LM-80 lumen maintenance data for LEDs
used in luminaire• Luminaire in situ temperature verification
ENERGY STAR SSL
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In Situ Testing Requirement
• Life (lumen maintenance) determined by in situ temperature measurements of:– Module, Array or “Light Engine”– Power Supply/Driver
• Testing may be conducted at the same time as UL 1598.
ENERGY STAR SSL
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UL 1598 Environments
ENERGY STAR SSL
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Temperature Measurement Point (TMP)• Manufacturer designated TMP correlating
to LM-80 test report or power supply warranty– Module/Array
• Solder Joint Temperature Ts
• Case Temperature Tc
• Board Temperature Tb
– Power Supply• Case Temperature Tc
• Could also be Tb for integral Power Supplies
ENERGY STAR SSL
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Lumen Maintenance Qualification• Option 1: Component Performance
– Applicable if:• Module/Array has a current LM-80 test report• Module/Array has a designated TMP• TMP is accessible for in situ measurement
– Otherwise manufacturer must use Option 2• Option 2: Luminaire Performance
– Entire luminaire LM-79 tested at 0 and 6000 hours
ENERGY STAR SSL
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Lumen Maintenance “Passing” CriteriaA luminaire passes the L70 threshold (≥ 25,000 hours for indoor residential and ≥ 35,000 for all others) …
– if the in situ measured drive current is the same or lower
AND– if the in situ measured TMP for the
device/module/array is the same or lower
… than the LM-80 test report provided for the device/module/array.
ENERGY STAR SSL
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ENERGY STAR SSL Qualified
Kichler Design Pro Undercabinet
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ENERGY STAR SSL Qualified
Cree Lighting LR6 Downlight
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ENERGY STAR SSL Qualified
Cooper Halo Downlight
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ENERGY STAR SSL Qualified
Kichler Adjustable Rail Lights
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Possible additions to Category A• Outdoor area and roadway• Outdoor area decorative• Outdoor wall packs• Parking garage luminaires
ENERGY STAR SSL
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Integral LED Lamps – Draft Criteria• Published Jan 16, 2009• Comments due Feb 27, 2009• 2nd round of comments • Includes:
– Omni-directional (A type)– Directional (MR,PAR type)– Decorative (candelabra type)– Lamps using ANSI bases
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Key Issues for Industry Feedback
• Dimming• Non-standard lamp forms• Low-voltage MR-16 replacements• Reliability testing
Integral LED Lamp Draft Criteria
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Directional Lamp Draft Requirements
• Applies to ANSI lamps: BR,ER,K,MR,PAR,R
• Applies to diameters: MR16, PAR16, PAR20, PAR30S, PAR30L, PAR38
• 45 lm/W• PAR and MR16 center beam intensity:
based on statistical analysis of incandescent/halogen lamps
• Min. lumens = target wattage x 10
Integral LED Lamp Draft Criteria
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Integral LED Lamp Draft Criteria
CBCP vs. Beam Angle
y = 132545x-1.4917
R2 = 0.8913
y = 6553.6e-0.0611x
R2 = 0.8141
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2000
4000
6000
8000
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Beam Angle (Degrees)
Cen
ter B
eam
Can
dlep
ower
(c
d)
SSL Measured
Halogen 20WRatings
Halogen 20WMeasured
Power (Halogen20W Ratings)
Expon. (Halogen20W Ratings)
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Statistical Analysis of Incan/Halogen →Tool for Determining Min. CBCP
• Inputs: target beam angle & wattage
• Output: Min. required CBCP
• Min. required CBCP is 2 σ below predicted value of model
Integral LED Lamp Draft Criteria
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How are real products performing?
• CALiPER Testing
• GATEWAY Demonstrations
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• Lots of marketing hype, but where do we get the truth?– Which products are good? Which products aren’t?– How do they compare to what we know?– How do we avoid the early negative CFL experience?
SSL Luminaires and Replacement Lamps
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Scope• SSL • General
illumination• White light• Market-
available
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CALiPER Testing: Measurable Progress
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CALiPER Results Over Time
Ave
rage
Effi
cacy
of S
SL (l
m/W
) Vertical lines show range from best to worst luminaire efficacy
2006 2009
12/065/076/0712/07
6/089/0810/011/09
1/085/08
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Recent CALiPER Testing: Round 7• Outdoor Fixtures
– Streetlights– Bollards
• Downlights• Replacement lamps
– Directional (MR16, PAR…)– Omni-directional (A-lamp)
• Side-by-side comparisons
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Outdoor Applications
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Streetlights comparison
0.9977425349339870Induction 20.9675390655382869Induction 10.44212042566540117HPS 0.9972310133310595SSL 50.9968521070258837SSL 40.9972605247344073SSL 30.9975622755317958SSL 20.93741462819102855SSL 1
PFCRICCTlm/WLumensW
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SSL
CFL
MH
0
200
400
600
800
0 4 8 12 16 20
Luminaire Efficacy
Lum
inai
re O
utpu
t
Bollards Side-by-Side Comparison
Same ModelSimilar DistributionWith House-Side Shield
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Downlights
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0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70Efficacy (lumens/Watts)
Ligh
t Out
put (
lum
ens)
Round 7 SSL Fixtures, 10-42W
SSL Fixtures andReplacement Lamps 3-40W
Incandescent BR and A-lamps, 45-75W
Halogen PAR38 (FL and IR)Lamps, 50-60W
CFLs (spiral, pin, CCFL, &reflector), 9-43W
Incandescents & Halogens
CFL
SSL
SSL Downlight Performance
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SSLCFL
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500
1000
1500
2000
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Luminaire Efficacy (lm/W)
Lum
inai
re O
utpu
t (lm
)
Downlights Side-by-Side Comparison
Same Model1’ x 1’ SquareVolumetric Recessed LightingSame Color QualitySimilar DistributionSSL Initial Cost ≈ 2 x CFL Initial Cost
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San Francisco
Minneapolis
Atlantic City
Oakland
Demos
Portland
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LED Street Light Assessment - Oakland• Emerging Technologies
Field Assessment– Collaboration with PG&E,
DOE, City of Oakland, Beta LED
– Basecase: 100 W HPS – Phase 2
• November 2007• 3-bar Beta LED Edge
– Phase 3 • July 2008 • Beta LEDWay
www.etcc-ca.com or www.ssl.energy.gov
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LED Street Light Assessment - Oakland• Measured Power Consumption
52%
6358
Phase 3 LED
36%
4378
Phase 2 LED
Savings
HPSFixture
Percent Reduction
121Power (W)
Source: PG&E Emerging Technologies Assessment
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LED Street Light Assessment - Oakland• Lighting Performance
6.5:10.191.210.58Phase 2 LED
6.5:1
19.0:1
Max to Min
1.21
3.53
Max Illum(fc)
0.19
0.19
Min Illum(fc)
0.50
1.00
AvgIllum(fc)
Fixture
Phase 3 LED
HPS
Source: PG&E Emerging Technologies Assessment
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LED Street Light Assessment - Oakland
Source: PG&E Emerging Technologies Assessment
HPS Phase 2 LED Phase 3 LED
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LED Street Light Assessment - Oakland• Customer Acceptance
– 60 households contacted– 20 noticed the new lights– 70% preferred LED lights– Perceived improved visibility, overall appearance
and nighttime safety
Source: PG&E Emerging Technologies Assessment
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LED Street Light Assessment - Oakland• Economic Performance
~20$42$833Phase 2 LED$52
$0
Total Annual Savings
($/yr)
~12
NA
Estimated Payback (yr)
$605
$0
Installed Cost ($)
Retrofit Scenario
Phase 3 LED
HPS
Source: PG&E Emerging Technologies Assessment
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Streetlight payback estimates
Group ReplacementEstimate: 25.5 years
Spot ReplacementEstimate: 19.8 years
Group: 14.2 years
Spot: 11.6 years
Spot: 5.0 yearsGroup: 6.1 years
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
$0 $20 $40 $60 $80 $100
Total Annual Maintenance Savings Estimate (USD)
Simple Payback (Years)
Phase II (Retrofit)
Phase III (Retrofit)
Phase III (New Construction)
Oakland Streetlighting Demonstration Phase III
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LED Street Light Assessment - Oakland• Progress in 12 Months
– Cost reduced 34%– Energy consumption reduced by 20 W
(25%) – Lighting performance maintained
• Same LEDs, better engineeringSource: PG&E Emerging Technologies Assessment
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Questions?
DOE SSL Website: www.ssl.energy.gov
Kelly Gordon503-417-7558
kelly.gordon@pnl.gov