SOLUTIONS

Solutions

Solutions - homogeneous systems

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Solutions - homogeneous systems

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Which is the mixture?

Which is the solution?

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Solutions - homogeneous systems

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solution

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mixture

Solutions - homogeneous systems

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What is the mixture?

What is the solution?

Solutions 2

components:solute

solvent

Solutions 2

components: solute

solventsubstance substance

being being dissolveddissolved

substance substance in which in which

solute is solute is dissolveddissolved

““VATER” VATER”

WHY is water such a good solvent???

What is the chemistry behind it?

H2O is a covalently bonded molecule

H

H O

H

H O++

--

&&

H2O is a bonded molecule

H

H O

H

H O++

--

&&

Bonded COVALENTLY

This is different than an IONIC BOND

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This is water H2O)

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This is water H2O)

The electrons are being shared by the three atoms

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Covalent bonds SHARE Covalent bonds SHARE electronselectrons

BUT, WHAT do you notice, if anything, about the CHARGES….

Where are there more electrons???

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The electrons are being shared by the three atoms

UNEQUALLY

+

+

-

We call this being a : POLAR molecule

H

H O

H

H O++

--

&&

Unequally charged sides of the

molecule

+

+-

H2O is a POLAR molecule

H

H O

H

H O++

--

&&

Unequally charged sides of the molecule

+

+-

Oxygen is an electron HOG!!!

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It acts as a magnet

H

H O

+

+-

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+

-

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+H+

H+

H+

H+

H+H+H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

This is a solution…

The waterwater is the solvent…

The extra HH++ is the solute…

H+

OH-

OH-

OH-

OH-

OH-

OH-

OH-

OH-

OH-

OH-

OH-

OH-

OH-

OH-

OH-

OH-

OH-

OH-

OH-

OH-

OH-

OH-

OH-

OH-

OH-

OH-

OH-

OH-

OH-

This is a solution…

The waterwater is the solvent…

The extra OHOH-- are the solute…

Solutions

solute

solventsubstance substance

being being dissolveddissolved

substance substance in which in which

solute is solute is dissolveddissolved

““VATER” VATER”

Solutions

solventACIDSACIDS & BASESBASES

measure the amount of hydronium ions(H+) or hydroxide ions (OH-)

dissolved in a solution

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+H+

H+

H+

H+

H+H+H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

This is an ACIDIC solution STRONG

The waterwater is the solvent…

The extra HH++ is the solute…

H+

H+H+

H+

H+H+

H+

H+

H+H+

H+

H+

H+This is an ACIDIC solution weaker

The waterwater is the solvent…

The extra HH++ is the solute…

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+This is an ACIDIC solution very weak

The waterwater is the solvent…

The extra HH++ is the solute…

OH-

OH-H+

H+

OH- H+

OH-

OH-

H+

H+

OH-

H+

OH-

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

OH-

OH-

OH-

OH-

H+

OH-

H+

OH-

OH-

H+

This is a neutral solution…

The waterwater is the solvent…

Note: this is NOT a REGUAR NUMBER LINE

•sour tasting…

hmmm TASTEBUD CONNECTION?

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•bitter tasting…

•hmmm TASTEBUD CONNECTION?

* slippery

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Note: this is NOT a REGUAR NUMBER LINE

IT IS LOGARITHMIC

Logarithmic = a way to express EXPONENTS

1=100; 10=101; 100=102; 1,000=103; 1,000,000=106, etc.

and 0.1=1/10=10-1; 0.001=1/1,000=10-3,

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10X H+ than in neutral

100X H+ than in

neutral

1000X H+ than in

neutr.

10,000X H+

100,000X H+

1,000,000X H+ than in

neutral

10,000,000X H+ than in

neutral

1/10X H+ than in neutral

1/100X H+ than in neutral

1/1,000X H+ than in

neutral

1/10,000X H+ than in

neutral

1/100,000X H+ than in

neutral

1/1,000,000X H+ than in

neutral

1/10,000,000X H+ than in

neutral

REM

EM

BER

, th

is is

NO

T

a s

imp

le n

um

ber

line…

* pH between 6.9 - 1

* turns blue litmus paper RED* sour tasting… hmmm TASTEBUD CONNECTION?

* pH between 7.1 - 14

* turns red litmus paper BLUE* bitter tasting… hmmm TASTEBUD CONNECTION?* slippery

Litmus paper

• Gives a Qualitative reading

In an acid, blue litmus paper turns RED

In an base, red litmus paper turns BLUE

Litmus paper

pH paper

• Gives a Qualitative reading

In this lab, you will use:

• Gives a Quantitative reading

pH paper

blue red

•Gives a Qualitative reading

Digital pH meter

• Insert into solution

Digital pH meter

• RINSE with distilled water to clean when you are finished testing each substance.