Solute

Any substance that is dissolved in a liquid. (dissolvedparticles like salt in broth or sugar in koolaid)

Solvent

Any substance that dissolves another substance.(typically water "the universal solvent")

Solution

a mixture of a solutes in a solvent

Cell membrane (plasmamembrane)

thin, flexable barrier that surrounds all cells andregulates what enters and leaves the cell

Lipid Bilayer

the double-layer of lipids that forms the cellmembrane.

Channel Proteins/Pore Proteins

Proteins in the cell membrane that regulate the passage of water andother molecules across the cell membrane. (Like a door in the cell

membrane)

Concentration gradient

the difference in the concentration of solutes (dissolvedparticles) in a solution inside and outside of a cell membrane.

Active Transport

Any process when ENERGY IS REQUIRED to move molecules across acell membrane. Any movement against a concentration gradient

going from LOW concentration to HIGH concentration.

Facilitated Diffusion

A type of Active Transport when SOLUTES need a protein channel toopen in order to move across the cell membrane. (requires energy)

Endocytosis

A type of Active Transport: when a cell takes materialinto the cell by engulfing it in the cell membrane

Exocytosis

A type of Active Transport; when a cell releases large amountsof material by making a bubble in the cell membrane.

Passive Transport

Any process of transport where NO ENERGY IS REQUIRED. Whenmolecules move down a concentration gradient from HIGH to LOW

Diffusion

A type of Passive Transport (no energy required) when SOLUTESmove across a cell membrane from an area of HIGH concentration to

an area of LOW concentration

Osmosis

A type of Passive Transport (no energy required) when WATER movesacross a cell membrane from an area of HIGH concentration to an

area of LOW concentration

Isotonic solution

When the concentration of solutes inside and outside of a cell is theSAME.

(two solutions are in equilibrium)

Equilibrium

Balanced, equal, the same.

Hypertonic solution

A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes/dissolvedparticles ( and therefor a lower concentration of water/sovent).

Hypotonic solution

A solution that has a lower concentration of solute/dissolved particles( and therefore a higher concentration of water/solvent)

Crenate

occurs when an animal cell shrinks due to loss ofwater

Cell Lysis

occurs when a cell swells and bursts, killing thecell due to too much water.