Social Fabric Fitness: The Design and Evaluation of Wearable E-Textile Displays to Support Group...

WHAT IF OUR CLOTHES COULD

SHOW HOW FAST

WE RUN?

Human Computer Interaction Laboratory

makeability lab

Social Fabric Fitness: The Design and Evaluation of Wearable E-Textile Displays to Support Group Fitness

Matthew Louis Mauriello

Michael Gubbels

Jon E. Froehlich

CHI 2104

April 30th, 2014

http://www.runningusa.org/state-of-sport-2013-part-II; http://www.sfia.org/press/133_Fitness,-Family,-&-Social-Activities-Drive-Sports-Participation

Plethora of Run Trackers

• Cal icon : http://thenounproject.com/term/calendar/404/ • Education : http://thenounproject.com/term/education/3012/ • Joy: http://thenounproject.com/term/celebration/6215/ • Intensity: http://thenounproject.com/term/weight-

lifting/19008/

Carron et al., 1996; Hanc, 2005; Kolata, 2009; Robbins, 2009; Youngren, 2009 Barder & Knight, 2010

lifting/19008/

Group Running Benefits

Adherence to training

Educational benefits

Aids training intensity

Increases enjoyment

Carron et al., 1996; Hanc, 2005; Kolata, 2009; Robbins, 2009; Youngren, 2009 Barder & Knight, 2010

lifting/19008/

Group Running Benefits

Adherence to training

Educational benefits

Aids training intensity

Increases enjoyment

Social facilitation theories posits: the presence of others can increase a person’s drive and focus (e.g., Carron, 1996; Strauss, 2002)

Bond reframes social facilitation in terms of Goffman’s presentation of self. Presence of others can motivate the individual to project image of competence. For tasks perceived to be too difficult, however, performance may actually decline as individual becomes self-conscious

SFF: Theoretical Underpinnings

Potential Dichotomy

Increased motivation

vs. increased anxiety

SFF Externalizes Performance

Wearables & Sports

Wearables for Sensing Wearables for Sensing & Visualization

Wearables & Sports

Under Armour E39 Real-time athlete monitoring

Adidas miCoach Elite Real-time athlete monitoring

Wearables & Sports

Reebok Checklight Co-located sensing & feedback on athlete

TeamAWear Page & Vande Moere, Pervasive’07

TIMELINE

SFF: DESIGN AND EVALUATION PROCESS

TIMELINE

Parallel Prototyping 3 Designs

Informal Pilot Studies

Refine Final Design

Field Study of 10 Running Groups

2 Race Studies

Final Pilots

Ideation & Lo-Fi Proto.

Refine Final Design

2 Race Studies

Final Pilots

DESIGN GOALS

Comfort

Robustness

User Experience

Display Content

SFF: SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Battery

Android Smartphone with RunKeeper

SFF: SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Wirelessly

transmits run data

to wearable display WEARABLE PROTOTYPE

Designing the

Visual Content Glanceable & Easy-to-understand

09:37 PACE/MI

SFF: PRIMARY VISUALIZATIONS

09:37 PACE/MI

52:43 DURATION

09:37 PACE/MI

4.5 mi DISTANCE

52:43 DURATION

Although RunKeeper

tracks a single user,

these measures are

shared across the

running group as they

run together.

09:37 PACE/MI

4.5 mi DISTANCE

132 bpm HEARTRATE

52:43 DURATION

Comfort Low-Fidelity Prototypes

Engineering Responsive & Robust

Refine Final Design

2 Race Studies

Final Pilots

Refine Final Design

2 Race Studies

Final Pilots

3 PROTOTYPE DESIGNS

Prototype #1 Custom LED Matrix Display

Prototype #2 Electronic Ink Display

Prototype #3 Erogear LED Matrix Display

3 PROTOTYPE DESIGNS

Prototype #1 Three prototyping dimensions

Prototyping Technology Prototyping Visualization Prototyping Materials

Prototyping Circuits

Select MCU Platform

Build & Test Software

Layout Circuit Manufacture

Design Test Final PCB

& Software

Select MCU Platform

& Software

Select MCU Platform

1 Prototype Circuit Designs

2 Build Software

3 Layout PCB

4 Manufacture PCB

5 Test Final PCB & Software

Prototype #1 Prototype Circuit Designs

Prototype #1 Single Letter Display Test

Prototype #1 Scrolling Display

Select MCU Platform

& Software

Select MCU Platform

2 Build Software

3 Layout PCB

4 Manufacture PCB

Select MCU Platform

& Software

Select MCU Platform

2 Build Software

3 Layout PCB

4 Manufacture PCB

Prototype #1 Prepare PCB Schematic

PCB Layout Slide

Prototype #1 Prepare PCB Schematic

http://PCBUniverse.com http://tristateelectronicmfg.com

Prototype #1 Manufactured Flexible PCB

Manufactured at PCBUniverse.com and pick-and-place performed by Tristate Electronics

Flexible PCB 24 x 6 Matrix

Green or Blue LEDs

Prototype #1 Manufactured Flexible PCB

Manufactured at PCBUniverse.com and pick-and-place performed by Tristate Electronics

Prototype #1 Flexible PCB

Prototype #1 Prototype Evolution

Flexible PCB

Select MCU Platform

& Software

Select MCU Platform

2 Build Software

3 Layout PCB

4 Manufacture PCB

Select MCU Platform

& Software

Select MCU Platform

2 Build Software

3 Layout PCB

4 Manufacture PCB

Prototyping Technology Prototyping Materials Prototyping Visualization

2 x Arduino Pro Minis

2 x LED Matrices on Flexible PCB

2 x 3.7V (2000 mAh) LiPoly Batteries

Velcro Perimeter

Pleather Enclosure

Cotton Diffusion Layer

Prototype #1 Final Prototype

Prototype #1 Prototype #2 Prototype #3

Display Weight 66.9 g 25.4 g 46.8 g

Total Weight 152.9 g 411.7 g 161.2 g

Pixels 24 x 12 320 x 240 32 x 16

Refresh Rate 5 Hz 1.1 Hz 38 Hz

Dimensions* 21.3 x 12.2 cm 18.4 x 14 cm 20.3 x 15.2 cm

Display Thickness* 13.5 mm 4.9 mm 4.8 mm

* With enclosure

As a comparison:

iPhone 4S = 140 g

SFF: THREE PROTOTYPES

Total Weight 152.9 g 411.7 g 161.2 g

Pixels 24 x 12 320 x 240 32 x 16

* With enclosure

Prototype #2 Three steps

Find Manufacturer Prototyping Software Prototyping Materials

Plastic Logic Flexible e-Ink Display 4.7” (320 x240)

4 x 1.5V (2000 mAh) AA Batteries

32-bit BeagleBone (AM335x 720MHz ARM)

Plastic Logic Display Controller (HummingBird)

Nylon Enclosure

Prototype #2 Final e-Ink Prototype

Total Weight 152.9 g 411.7 g 161.2 g

Pixels 24 x 12 320 x 240 32 x 16

* With enclosure

Prototype #3 Early Erogear Visualizations

Prototype #3 Extremely Flexible/Lightweight

2 x 3.7V (2200 mAh) Li-Ion Batteries

2 x 32x8 Erogear LED Matrices

2 x 32-bit MCU; 16-bit LED Matrix Driver; Bluetooth Modem

Prototype #3 Final Erogear Prototype

Total Weight 152.9 g 411.7 g 161.2 g

Pixels 24 x 12 320 x 240 32 x 16

* With enclosure

Refine Final Design

2 Race Studies

Final Pilots

Refine Final Design

2 Race Studies

Final Pilots

Evaluate Comfort

Examine Viewability

Gain qualitative reactions

Investigate Robustness

Prototype #3

Prototype #1

Prototype #2

Pilot Studies In-situ observation

Data Collection In-situ observation

Data Collection Pre- and Post-Surveys

Analysis Post-hoc review

Viewability Examining Diffusion Layers

Viewability Prototype #1 & #2

Viewability Prototype #3: Lighting Conditions

Refine Final Design

2 Race Studies

Final Pilots

Refine Final Design

2 Race Studies

Final Pilots

09:37 PACE/MI

4.5 mi DISTANCE

132 bpm HEARTRATE

52:43 DURATION

SFF: FINAL VISUALIZATIONS

Group set target pace

Last 9 mins of the run

SFF: SHARED GOAL VISUALIZATION

Running faster than set pace

Still faster than set pace but slowing down

Now running slower than set pace

Final Prototype Shared Goal Visualization

SFF: Design and Evaluation Process

Refine Final Design

2 Race Studies

Final Pilots

SFF: Design and Evaluation Process

Refine Final Design

2 Race Studies

Final Pilots

SFF Overview

SFF: STUDY PROCEDURE

SFF Overview

Pre-Study Questionnaire

SFF Overview

SFF Run (30-60 minutes)

SFF Overview

Post-Study Questionnaire

SFF Overview

Post-Study Questionnaire

Post-Study Interviews

5:30AM Obligatory Red Bull

FIELD STUDY PARTICIPANTS 10 GROUPS; 52 INDIVIDUALS (35 FEMALE)

Avg Group Size:

5 Avg Age:

40.7 Avg Target Pace:

10:14 Avg Distance:

3.5 mi

SFF: ANALYSIS

We analyzed the Likert scale survey data to

uncover trends and use the interview and

open-form data to provide context.

Comfort

Display Content

Awareness

Motivation

User Experience

Cohesiveness

Other Technology

Self-Consciousness

SFF: FIELD STUDY RESULTS

Comfort

Display Content

Awareness

Motivation

User Experience

Cohesiveness

Other Technology

Self-Consciousness

FIELD STUDY RESULTS

COMFORT

5.5 5.2 5.1 4 0

COMFORT; WEARERS (N=19)

Battery Display Heart Monitor Armband

7-Point Likert Scale Higher is more comfortable

COMFORT Higher is better

5.5 5.2 5.1 4 0

FIELD STUDY RESULTS COMFORT; WEARERS (N=19)

5.5 5.2 5.1 4 0

“I thought [the system]

would be uncomfortable;

it turned out to be

unnoticed.” -G5P2-W

5.5 5.2 5.1 4 0

“Armband is heavy; other

[equipment] was fine…” -G2P1-W

Comfort

Display Content

Awareness

Motivation

User Experience

Cohesiveness

Other Technology

Self-Consciousness

Comfort

Display Content

Awareness

Motivation

User Experience

Cohesiveness

Other Technology

Self-Consciousness

COMFORT

Rank Order List

FIELD STUDY RESULTS DISPLAY CONTENT; ALL (N=52)

Pace 1.5

Distance 2.2

Duration 3.1

Visualization 3.9

Heart Rate 4.3

Average Scores

Comfort

Display Content

Awareness

Motivation

User Experience

Cohesiveness

Other Technology

Self-Consciousness

Comfort

Display Content

Awareness

Motivation

User Experience

Cohesiveness

Other Technology

Self-Consciousness

“It made me more aware

of our pacing and kept me

more focused on the run.” -G2P2-W

FIELD STUDY RESULTS DATA AWARENESS; ALL (N=52)

Comfort

Display Content

Awareness

Motivation

User Experience

Cohesiveness

Other Technology

Self-Consciousness

Comfort

Display Content

Awareness

Motivation

User Experience

Cohesiveness

Other Technology

Self-Consciousness

“Made me feel like I was pushing

my efforts, which is good.” -G7P8

FIELD STUDY RESULTS MOTIVATION; ALL (N=52)

“Motivated me to go faster than

the pace displayed.” -G7P7

Comfort

Display Content

Awareness

Motivation

User Experience

Cohesiveness

Other Technology

Self-Consciousness

Comfort

Display Content

Awareness

Motivation

User Experience

Cohesiveness

Other Technology

Self-Consciousness

FIELD STUDY RESULTS SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS; WEARERS (N=19)

“Yes, I expected to feel

more conspicuous;

didn’t really mind it.” -G2P2-W

Refine Final Design

2 Race Studies

Final Pilots

Refine Final Design

2 Race Studies

Final Pilots

RACE STUDY PARTICIPANTS 4 INDIVIDUALS (1 FEMALE)

Part. ID Age Gender Race Target Pace

R1P1 34 M County 8K 6:15

R1P2 33 F County 8K 8:20

R2P1 26 M Labor Day

10K 7:45

R2P2 18 M Labor Day

10K 8:30

Male, 34 Target Pace: 6:10 County 8K

Female, 33 Target Pace: 8:20 County 8K

Male, 26 Target Pace: 7:45 Labor Day 10K

Male, 18 Target Pace: 8:30 Labor Day 10K

Race Deployment Competitive Interactions

Gold Medal

“It made me run faster

because my performance

was on display.” -R2P1-W

RACE STUDY RESULTS MOTIVATION; WEARERS (N=4)

Limitations

Novelty

Observational Bias

Job! GOOD

Future Work Encouragement

Going! Keep

Future Work Social Media Integration

Future Work Spectator Sports

Future Work Cross Domains

Summary

This work contributes to two rapidly growing areas:

personal informatics and wearable technology.

Through parallel prototyping, iterative design,

and exploratory studies we demonstrate the

potential to motivate group fitness performance

with wearable technology.

makeability lab

Thanks to our collaborators: RunKeeper and Erogear

Thanks to Nokia for funding

Matt Mauriello

@mattm401

Michael Gubbels

@mokogobo

Jon Froehlich

@jonfroehlich

Our Research Team:

Noun Project Icon Credits

Tshirt

Nithin Viswanathan

http://thenounproject.com/term/tshirt/25531/

Jop van der Kroef

http://thenounproject.com/term/fire/8023/

Running

Dillon Arloff

http://thenounproject.com/term/running/17825/

Andrew J. Young

http://thenounproject.com/term/medal/3798/

Kiran Malladi

http://thenounproject.com/term/watch/20778/

Awareness

Ivan Colio

http://thenounproject.com/term/awareness/30176/

Warning

Christopher Holm-Hansen

http://thenounproject.com/term/warning/52375/

Notepad

Lemon Liu

http://thenounproject.com/term/notepad/8155/

Celebration

Scott Lewis

http://thenounproject.com/term/celebration/6215/

Weight Lifting

Nithin Viswanathan

http://thenounproject.com/term/weight-lifting/50882/

Calendar

Edaward Boatman

http://thenounproject.com/term/calendar/6730/

Education

Chris Matthews

http://thenounproject.com/term/education/3012/

Image Credits

“Marathon” US Road Sports

“Watch” Garmin Ltd.

“Mobile Application” MapMyFitness, Inc.

“Group Running” Unknown

“Goffman” Open Library

“E39” Under Armour, Inc.

“Reebok Checklight” Reebok International

“TeamAWear” Pervasive Computing, 2007

“Adidas miCoach Elite” Adidas America Inc.

“iPhone” Apple Inc.

“Google Maps” Google Inc.

“Heart Rate Monitor” Polar Electro

“Twitter” Twitter Inc.

“Swimming” International Olympic Committee

Social Fabric Fitness: The Design and Evaluation of Wearable E-Textile Displays to Support Group...

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