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Chapter 2Chapter 2Carbohydrates
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Chapter 2 Chapter 2
Lesson 2.1 Lesson 2.1
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Key ConceptsKey Concepts
• Carbohydrate foods provide practical energy (calorie) sources because of their availability, relatively low cost, and storage capacity.
• Carbohydrate structures vary from simple to complex, so they can provide both quick and extended energy for the body.
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Importance of Carbohydrates Importance of Carbohydrates
• Basic fuel source
• Widely available and easily grown
• Relatively low in cost
• Easily stored
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Classes of CarbohydratesClasses of Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides Glucose Fructose Galactose
(Cont'd…)
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Classes of CarbohydratesClasses of Carbohydrates(…Cont’d)
• Disaccharides Sucrose Lactose Maltose
(Cont'd…)
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Classes of CarbohydratesClasses of Carbohydrates(…Cont’d)
• Polysaccharides Starch Glycogen
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Summary of Carbohydrate Summary of Carbohydrate ClassesClasses
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Chapter 2 Chapter 2
Lesson 2.2 Lesson 2.2
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Key ConceptsKey Concepts
• Dietary fiber, an indigestible carbohydrate, serves separately as a body regulatory agent.
• Carbohydrate foods provide practical energy (calorie) sources because of their availability, relatively low cost, and storage capacity.
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Dietary FiberDietary Fiber
• Not digestible
• Important in health promotion and disease prevention
• Cellulose Remains undigested in the GI tract and
provides bulk to a diet Bulk helps move the food mass through the
intestine
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Dietary FiberDietary Fiber(…Cont’d)
• Noncellulose polysaccharides Absorb water and swell to a larger bulk
• Lignin Only noncarbohydrate type of dietary fiber
(Cont'd…)
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Dietary FiberDietary Fiber(…Cont’d)
• Divided into two groups based on solubility
• Dietary fiber provided in whole grains, legumes, vegetables, fruits
• Many health organizations recommend increasing intake of dietary fibers
(Cont'd…)
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Dietary FiberDietary Fiber(…Cont’d)
• Sudden increases can result in gas, bloating, constipation
• Excessive amounts of dietary fiber can trap small amounts of minerals and prevent absorption into GI tract
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Summary of Dietary Fiber Summary of Dietary Fiber ClassesClasses
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Other SweetenersOther Sweeteners
• Nutritive sweeteners Sugar alcohols (sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol)
• Nonnutritive sweeteners Artificial sweeteners in food
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Sweetness of Sugars and Sweetness of Sugars and Artificial SweetenersArtificial Sweeteners
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Energy Function of Energy Function of CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
• Basic fuel supply Energy for physical activities and all work of
body cells
• Reserve fuel supply Provided by glycogen Maintains normal blood glucose level
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Special Tissue Functions of Special Tissue Functions of CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
• Liver Glycogen reserves protect cells from
depressed metabolic function
• Protein and fat Carbohydrates regulate proteins and fat
(Cont'd…)
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Special Tissue Functions of Special Tissue Functions of CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
(…Cont’d)
• Heart Glycogen is vital emergency fuel for heart
muscle
• Central nervous system Brain dependent on minute-to-minute supply
of glucose
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Food Sources of Food Sources of CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
• Starches Provide fundamental complex carbohydrates
• Sugars High-sugar diets carry health risks
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Carbohydrate Content of Carbohydrate Content of FoodsFoods
(Cont'd…)
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Carbohydrate Content of Carbohydrate Content of FoodsFoods
(…Cont’d)
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Digestion of CarbohydratesDigestion of Carbohydrates
• Mouth Mechanical or muscle functions break food
mass into smaller particles
• Stomach Peristalsis continues mechanical digestive
process
(Cont'd…)
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Digestion of CarbohydratesDigestion of Carbohydrates(…Cont’d)
• Small intestine Peristalsis continues mechanical digestions Pancreatic secretions Intestinal secretions
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Summary of Carbohydrate Summary of Carbohydrate DigestionDigestion
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Body Needs for Body Needs for CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
• Dietary Reference Intakes 45%-65% of adult’s total caloric intake should
come from carbohydrate foods Limit sugar to no more than 25% of calories
consumed
• Dietary Guidelines for Americans Does not outline specifics for caloric
consumption or where kilocalories should come from