Post on 20-Aug-2020
Modellare necesse est…
Béla Tolnai
Sewage recycling instead ofwastewater treatment
BioModel Bt.1112 Budapest Vadon u. 21.
www.biomodel.hu 1
Re-Water Braunschweig 2015„Integrated Concepts”
wastewater treatment
Modellare necesse est…
Cleaning only the used water(the last slide in 2013)
2013
Use
dw
ate
r
2Sewage recycling instead of wastewater treatment
The whole amount
of sludge
Modellare necesse est…
The CARISMO process
2014
3Sewage recycling instead of wastewater treatment
Modellare necesse est…
Definition of wastewater
Wastewater is the end-product ofindustrial or communal waterconsumption; essentially it is any kindof water that has been polluted to theeffect of anthropogenic impact or,respectively, its original quality hasdegraded.
Wikipédia
toilet bathroom
laundry room
kitchen
ra
inw
ate
r
4Sewage recycling instead of wastewater treatment
The sewage is the complex mix ofdifferent pollutants and water. Thepolluters' big part may not be withaccurate molecule combination and aconstruction, or in no way notnecessary (not economical) to define.
Pulai Judit (VE) - Helmut Kroiss - Karl Svardal
(TU Wien - Austria)
Sewage = the mix of waters with different contamination, which we mix up !
Wastewatertreatment =
ambition onto the re-separation of
the components.
Modellare necesse est…
Local sewage utilization(No mixture !!!)
Blackwater
Stormwater
5Sewage recycling instead of wastewater treatment
Storage tank
Blackwater
Greywater
Heat
Current
Greywater
treatment
Blackwater
treatmentBiogasSludge
digestion
Vacuum pump
Clean water
Heat
exchanger
220 ~
Gen
era
tor
Ga
s en
gin
e
Irrigation water
Only the greywater is needed to clean!
Modellare necesse est…
Sewage utilization in LWWTP (large wastewater treatment plant)
Grid
Pre-
sedimentators
ReciverWastewater
Lignit
powder
Ozo
ne
do
sin
g
Cas
ca
de
aer
atio
n
Biological filters
(Pe ~10)
Gas engine
Sludge digestion
towers
Griddust
Rinsewater
reservoir
Rinsewater
pumpstationAeration
Th
e w
hu
le
am
ou
nt
of
slu
dge
Cleaned water
Use
d w
ate
r
6Sewage recycling instead of wastewater treatment
Cav
itro
n
(Des
inte
grat
ion
) Sludge
thickener
MBiogas storage
Lignimix
granules
Dehydrating &
desiccative
equipment
Dehydrated sludge
Dehydrating
machine Composting
Row
slu
dg
e
Dig
este
d s
lud
ge
G Generator
Heat-exchanger
Watewater treatment plant
Emulsion
Modellare necesse est…
Some remarks to Integrated Concepts
1Sewage utilization instead of wastewater treatment
Row sludge 25-26 MJ/ dry kgExcess sludge 20-21 MJ/ dry kgDigested sludge 11-12 MJ/ dry kg
Cleaning only the used water without the sludge as biofilmholder.
Use the degisted sludge in the agrickulture!
7Sewage recycling instead of wastewater treatment
Use the degisted sludge in the agrickulture!Simple drying, Composting or LIGNIMIX ?
2The problem of heavy metals
4Phosphorus removal : why?
3Discharge fee, but we are not pollutants !
Modellare necesse est…
Listing the charcteristical variables
Variable name Sign SI dimension
Nutrient degradation rate ∆S kg/m3
Kinematic viscosity ν m2/s
Velocity of filtration w m/s
Diffusion coefficient of oxygen DO2 m2/s
Redoxpotentiall Eh m2kg/s3/A
Biologically active layer thickness L m
Faraday constant F As/mol
Abszolute temperature T K
Molar gas constant R m2kg/s2/K/mol
Diffusion coefficient of substrate D m2/s
2013
8Sewage recycling instead of wastewater treatment
∆S ν w DO2 Eh L F T R DS CO2 dm
m -3 2 1 2 2 1 0 0 2 2 -3 1
B kg 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 A
s 0 -1 -1 -1 -3 0 1 0 -2 -1 0 0
K 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -1 0 0 0
A 0 0 0 0 -1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
mol 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 -1 0 0 0
Diffusion coefficient of substrate DS m2/s
Dissolved oxygen level CO2 kg/m3
Size of standard particle dm m
Dimension matrix
Modellare necesse est…
Reduction the number of variables
∆S ν w DO2 EhL F T R DS CO2 d
m -3 2 1 2 2 1 0 0 2 2 -3 1
B kg 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 A
s 0 -1 -1 -1 -3 0 1 0 -2 -1 0 0
K 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -1 0 0 0
A 0 0 0 0 -1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
mol 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 -1 0 0 0
Π11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0
Π20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0
D Π30 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 1 C = - (A-1B)T
Π 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0
Dimension matrix
2013
9Sewage recycling instead of wastewater treatment
Π1 = ∆S / CO2 Ratio of concentrations
Π2 = ν / DS Sc-number (Schmidt)
Π3 = w d / DS Pe-number (Peclet)
Π4 = DO2 / DS Ratio of diffusion coefficients
Π5 = Eh F / RT Ne-coefficient (Nernst)
Π6 = L / d Geometric ratio
Π40 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0
Π50 0 0 0 1 0 1 -1 -1 0 0 0
Π60 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 -1
Results matrix
Modellare necesse est…
The formula trough heuristic ideas
2
1 1( )O
m
LS C Sc rH Pe
Pe d Peµ µ ϕ∆ = =
where rH = rH ( Ne, pH)
dimensionless redoxpotential
2013
10Sewage recycling instead of wastewater treatment
Interval of bank filtration
φ1 < φ2
Modellare necesse est…
Interpretation of the Pe-number
m
S
w dPe =
D
where w [m/s] is the filtering ratedm [m] is the standard particle diameter
(in the case of sand filter it is equal tothe typical particle diameter)
Ds [m2/s] is the diffusion factor of substrate
11Sewage recycling instead of wastewater treatment
Ds [m2/s] is the diffusion factor of substrate
(the decomposable pollutant)
convective velocity
conductive velocity=
S
m
wPe =
D
d
diffusion time
retention time
= =
2
m
2
s m m
m s m s
d
D d w dτ wPe = = =
d t D d D
w
1Pe �
Modellare necesse est…
The bank filtration process
Partial Process Driving force Maintened by
Convective flow (persolation)
to the biofilmPressure different Pumping
2013
12Sewage recycling instead of wastewater treatment
Serialproceeding
to the biofilmPressure different Pumping
Conductive flow (diffusion)
into the biofilmConcentration different Work of bacteria
Bio-chemical degradation
inside the biofilmRedox envinronment
Life-drive of
bacteria
Feedback
Logistic
terms
„Climatic”
conditions
Modellare necesse est…
Enzyme kinetics (Michaelis-Menten)
E enzyme
S substrate
ES complex
P product
1
1
k
k−←→ →2k
E + S ES P + E
0 Km [S]
vmax
vmax / 2
mm
m
K
v
K
kk
dt
d
Kk
kk
k
kk
kkkdt
d
+=
+==
=+
++
=
=+
=+−=
−
−
−
]S[
]S[
]S[
]S[E][]ES[
]P[
,
]S[
]S[E][]ES[
E][]ES[]E[
0]ES)[(]S][E[]ES[
max022
1
21
1
21
0
0
211
The resultThe differntial equastion system
13Sewage recycling instead of wastewater treatment
0 [S]
Substrate
Active centre
The substrate
enters the
enzyme’s active
centre
Enzyme-substrate
complex
Enzyme and
end-product
complex
The enzyme’s shape changes
as soon astha substrate is
adsorbed
End-products
The end-products leave the
enzyme’s active centre
(the enzyme recovers its
original shape)
mm KKdt ++ ]S[]S[
With enzyme
Without enzyme
Product
Reaction time
En
erg
ie
Substrate aktiválásiE∆
aktiválásiE∆
∆E
∆Eactivate
∆Eactivate
Reduce the activate energyPitching the patterns
Modellare necesse est…
Kinetics of microbial reproduction(Monod)
n = 0
n = 1
n=2
n = 3
n = 4
n
0x = x 2n: the number of generations
Microorganism
dividing by binary
fission
M
dx= µ x
dt
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 5 10 15
idő
x
óra
x
t
0exx µ=
∞Mµ t
0x = x eFundamental
relationship of micro-
reproduction
x [
-]
t [h]
g
tn
t=
Reproduction of relative growthBinary fission
ln 2 0,693= =
14Sewage recycling instead of wastewater treatment
Exponenciális növekedés X0=2 és µ=0,5Exponential growth x0=2, µM=0,5
M
dx x= µ x 1-
dt KM-µ t
0
Kx =
1+ x e
K=800 x0=399, µM=0,5
M-µ t
0
Kx =
1 + x e
t [h]
x [-]
Monod-coefficientLogistics function
ln 2 0,693g
M M
tµ µ
= =
Modellare necesse est…
Reproduction and mortality
15Sewage recycling instead of wastewater treatment
x
x0
Time
Sta
tion
ary
ph
ase
Dest
ru
ctio
n p
ha
se
LA
G s
tage
Acce
lera
tin
g g
row
th s
tage
Ex
po
nen
tial
ph
ase
Decc
lin
ing
ph
ase
Modellare necesse est…
The biological filter-theorie
2 -
1 1( )
1O b Pe
m
LS Pe C rH Sc
Pe d a e Pe
βµ ϕ∆ = =
+
9
10
11
12
13
14
dS∆S
-( ) :
1 b PePe
a e
βµ µ= =
+
0<Pe<1
The microbes are hungry because they
do not recieve enough nutrient
Pe~1
16Sewage recycling instead of wastewater treatment
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
−1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Pe
Slender
biological filtration
Efficient
Unstable range
„Hungry” biofilm: the biofilm do not recive nutrient
„Hungry” biofilm:
the nutrient do not get in.
Filter cofficient
Nutrient degradation
Pe
φ1
φ2
φ1 < φ2
Pe~1
Instable range
Pe>1
Effective biological filtration
Pe>>1
The food does not get into because it
passes quickly in front of the biofilm.
The biological filtration is not effective.
Modellare necesse est…
Measure of efficiency
Bank filtration Slow filtration Rapid filtraton
dm 1,3 mm 1,3 mm 1,3 mm
w 0,1 m/d 0,1 m/h 15 m/h
Ds 5,00E-10 m2/s 5,00E-10 m2/s 5,00E-10 m2/s
17Sewage recycling instead of wastewater treatment
Ds 5,00E-10 m2/s 5,00E-10 m2/s 5,00E-10 m2/s
ν 1,30E-06 m2/s 1,30E-06 m2/s 1,30E-06 m2/s
Re 0,0012 Laminar flow 0,03 Laminar flow 4,17 Laminar flow
Pe 3,0 Effective biology 72,2 Some biology 10833,3Very small
biology
Modellare necesse est…
Interconnecting processes
Michaelis-Menten
kineticsMonod kinetics
Theory of
biologocal filtration
Bacteria
-------------------------
Logistical function
Enzyme
-------------------------
Semi-saturation factor
18Sewage recycling instead of wastewater treatment
Theory What is it about?The place of occurrence
Key parameter
Michaelis-Menten kinetics
Metabolism of cells Cell Reaction rate
Monod kineticsMicrobial reproduction
Biofilm Relative growth factor
Theory of biological filtering
Biological filteringBiological reactor
Filtering factor
Modellare necesse est…
Axioms of biological filtration
1. Bacteria does not know in wich process or equipmnet workshe.
2. For the adhesion the biofilm a firm surface is required.Biofilmholders primal attributes are the equivalence and standard grain diameters
3. The nutrients has to transport to the biofilm.It is not enough to transport it, the nutrient must go in .
19Sewage recycling instead of wastewater treatment
The logistics task is characterized by the Pe-number and has basically physical character.
4. The reactions within the biofilm are controlled by the Michaelis-Menten and Monod kinetics.
The „climatic” conditions of biochemical eventsis given by pH and rH = rH (temperature, redox potential).
Modellare necesse est…
Measurements observe the biofilm
Electron microscopy imageBioreactor
20Sewage recycling instead of wastewater treatment
Microbial balance in function of time
∆ CODps, ∆ BOD5
PCR polymerase chain reaktion
Modellare necesse est…
The Biological Diversity
Variety of enzyms, that the„Great Creator” has constructed,
The Biological (Bacteria) Diversity
Houshold of microorganisms
the result of PCR measurement
100%
Nutrient
21Sewage recycling instead of wastewater treatment
measurement
Modellare necesse est…
Filtration of the pharmaremains
Jekel’ Expeiment Result of Experiment
22Sewage recycling instead of wastewater treatment
w= 0,28 m/d (~bankfiltration)
Dosage of known compoundsEasily and difficult degradation of
materials
Modellare necesse est…
Do some homework
Newton’s laws and Maxwell’s equations are axioms. They are sound not just because they are straight reasonable, rather because the consequences drawn from them are equal to reality.
Károly Simonyi
What happens in winter?
23Sewage recycling instead of wastewater treatment
What happens in winter?
Could be explained by means of the filtration theory!How?
Modellare necesse est…
Anaerob sludge digestion
These are actionsto reduce the Pe-number
Three matter are important:• to mix,• to heat,• end dezintegration
Here are working inside bacteria !
24Sewage recycling instead of wastewater treatment
Temperature °C
Generation / hour
Exterme termofil
Termofil
Mezofil
Psichofil
How can we explain this„quantum” character?
Modellare necesse est…
Thank you for attention!
25Sewage recycling instead of wastewater treatment
Béla TOLNAI
worked in watersupply
at the Waterworks of Budapest