Setting the Scene

The Kingdom of Aksum

This civilization arose after 1000 B.C.E. and lasted until about 600 B.C.E. At times, the kingdom stretched to include lands across the Red Sea.

Chapter 20 Section 2

Pg.374

The Red S

ea

1

An East African Kingdom

The Kingdom of Aksum

The civilization

was based on controlling the trade across the Red Sea.

2

Obelisks in AksumThe kingdom of Aksum produced many different obelisks which seem to have had some religious significance.

One of the largest obelisks (seen here) is 78 ft tall.

3

Obelisks in AksumThis obelisk was taken by Mussolini’s Italian soldiers during World War II and taken back to Rome in 1947.

It was returned to where it belongs in modern-day Ethiopia in 2003.

4

Christianity in the Kingdom of Aksum

Some amazing stone / rock churches have been left behind from the Ancient Kingdom of Aksum.

This one is called the church of Lalibela. 5

Church of Lalibela

6

Church of Lalibela

7

West African Kingdoms• Trading gold for salt• salt - as a spice, to help preserve food,

and to help keep you hydrated

• gold - oooh shiny… and it’s a soft metal which is easy to create things out of

because it has a low melting point

8

West African Kingdoms- Bantu peoples

(until 1000 A.D.)- Kingdom of Ghana (1000 A.D to 1200 A.D.)- Kingdom of Mali (1200 A.D. to 1500 A.D.)- Kingdom of Songhai (started around 1500 A.D.) All three empires were centered around the Niger and Senegal Rivers and the trade city of Tombouctou (Timbuktu) with trade across the Sahara Desert. (Trans-Saharan trade)

9

The Kingdom of Ghana

Not in the same location as modern Ghana

Known for the gold found there.

Kingdom of GhanaModern country of Ghana

11

The Kingdom of Ghana

In this area, lot of gold could be found near the surface of the earth.

sifting (mining) for tiny bits of gold.

12

The Kingdom of Mali

This kingdom was also based on the Trans-Saharan trade of gold, salt, and many other goods.

They did not use wagons. Instead

goods were carried on the backs of

camels, which were known as the “ships

of the desert”. 13

The Kingdom of Mali

A caravan of traders crossing the Sahara desert.14

Mansa Musa

“Mansa” = emperor

Ruler of the Kingdom of Mali

15

Part of a map showing Mansa Musa16

Richest man in the world

17

18

This is a historical map showing the trade routes and the important rulers and empires including Mansa Musa.

19

Trans-Saharan Trade Routes

20

Trans-Saharan Trade Routes

21

Mansa Musa’s Pilgrimage to Mecca

60,000 people

80 camels

Lots of gold22

Mansa Musa’s Pilgrimage to Mecca

OUTCOMES

+ Positive - opened up new trading routes with other Muslim states to the east.

-Negative - became so famous for its gold, that European nations became

interested in Mali… and eventually colonized

23

Djenné Mosque in Djenné, Mali

This is NOT the original mosque built during the time of Mansa Musa, but it has been rebuilt in a similar style in the same spot as the original.

24

The Songhai Empire (1500-1591 A.D.)

26

The Songhai Empire (1500-1591 A.D.)

Another great trading empire

centered around the important

trading city of Tombouctou (Timbuktu).

27

The Songhai Empire (1500-1591 A.D.)

The city of Tombouctou (Timbuktu)

28

The Songhai Empire (1500-1591 A.D.)

The city of Tombouctou (Timbuktu)

29

VIDEO BREAK

Islam Comes to Timbuktu (4 min 16 sec)

30

East AfricanCity-States

After the decline of the

Aksum kingdom, other

smaller civilizations

developed on the east coast of Africa. They

were also based on trade. 31

East AfricanCity-States

Because of the trade between

Arabs and Africans a new

language developed. It is called swahili

and is a blend or combination of

Arabic and Bantu-African. 32

Ibn Battuta(Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Battuta)

33

Ibn Battuta

34

Kilwa

35

Kilwa

Ruins of the trading city of

Kilwa.

36

Let’s REVIEW

Ch.20 sec.2 Kingdoms and EmpiresI. Trade in Aksum (Setting the Scene)

A. There was an important trade city named

Adulis in the Kingdom of Aksum.

B. There were many items available for trade in

Adulis

1. cloth from Egypt2. brass used for jewelry and money3. copper used for cooking utensils

and bracelets.4. Iron used for making spears and

other weapons.

Ch.20 sec.2 Kingdoms and EmpiresII. An East African Kingdom

A. Aksum1. Located in East Africa near present-day

Ethiopia and Eritrea.

2. Aksum controlled trade along the Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea.

B. Trade and cultural diffusion in Aksum

1. Christianity came to Aksum though traders

2. Started the early Ethiopian Christian Church

C. Kingdom of Aksum ends

1. Arabs took control of area and trade

Ch.20 sec.2 Kingdoms and EmpiresIII. West African Kingdoms

A. Great kingdoms started in West Africa around 600 A.D after the decline of Aksum

1. kingdoms formed to trade

2. traded gold from West Africa for salt from

North Africa.

Ch.20 sec.2 Kingdoms and EmpiresB. Ghana (The Kingdom of Ghana)

1. Located between Senegal and Niger Rivers

(not exactly where modern Ghana is)

2. Controlled trade across West Africa by

controlling the rivers.

3. Taxed goods being bought and sold in Ghana

4. Ghana nicknamed “the land of gold”

5. The Kingdom of Ghana eventually lost

control of trade.

Ch.20 sec.2 Kingdoms and EmpiresC. Mali and the Spread of Islam

1. This kingdom started in the mid-1200s A.D.

2. Kings of Mali controlled gold mines and salt

supply.3. “mansa” means emperor

Ch.20 sec.2 Kingdoms and Empires D. Mansa Musa

1. Famous king of Mali, Mansa Musa used Islam

to keep peace.

2. In 1324, Mansa Musa made a pilgrimage to

Mecca (Saudi Arabia). 3. 60,000 people, 80 camels, and 300 lbs

of

gold per camel went with him.

4. Mansa Musa shared gold and his message

of Islam along the way.

5. The trip made new trading ties with other

Muslim countries. 6. Europe heard about all of the gold Mali

had.

Ch.20 sec.2 Kingdoms and Empires D. Mansa Musa

1. Famous king of Mali, Mansa Musa used Islam

to keep peace.

2. In 1324, Mansa Musa made a pilgrimage to

Mecca (Saudi Arabia). a. 60,000 people, 80 camels, and 300

lbs of

gold per camel went with him.

b. Mansa Musa shared gold and his message

of Islam along the way.

c. The trip made new trading ties with other

Muslim countries. d. Europe heard about all of the gold

Mali had.

Ch.20 sec.2 Kingdoms and EmpiresE. Songhai

1. Songhai became powerful after Mali died off.

2. It was the most powerful of the West African

kingdoms.3. controlled Tombouctou (Timbuktu)

which was an important trading city and

Muslim

learning center.

4. Songhai was located near the Niger River.

Ch.20 sec.2 Kingdoms and EmpiresIV. East African City-States

A. After Aksum, many other trading cities developed

on the coast of East Africa.

1. Traded animal skins, ivory, gold, and other metals with China and India

2. Traders brought back goods from China and

India (like silk, spices, indigo, rice)

3. Swahili language which is a mixture of Bantu

and Arabic developed because of the trade.

Ch.20 sec.2 Kingdoms and Empires4. A new form of government called a

city-state

developed.

a. it is a government that controlled a city

and the surrounding land.

b. Malindi, Mombasa, and Kilwa were a few

of these trading city-states

c. City-states made money by charging taxes

on trading done in the city.

Ch.20 sec.2 Kingdoms and EmpiresB. Kilwa

1. A man named Ibn Batuta visited Kilwa when

it was powerful and wrote about it.2. Ibn Batuta (Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Battuta)

traveled to many places like China, India,

and West Africa.

3. Batuta said Kilwa was “one of the most

beautiful and best-constructed towns in the

world”