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Here is a selection from Global Boosters™ on Unit II.

UNIT II EXPANDING ZONES OF

EXCHANGE

PART 1: GUPTA EMPIRE- INDIA

Called the GOLDEN AGE OF HINDU CULTURE

because it was a time of peace and accomplishment

HINT: Gupta. Up- it was a time where they were headed up- accomplishing.

Mathematicians developed the decimal system,

concept of zero, and the concept of infinity

Artist painted magnificent murals

Emperors built universities and supported the arts

Gupta Geography&

Background

Mountains- protected them from invaders

Indus and Ganges River – gave them water, and

fertile soil

HINT: Indus and Ganges rivers are in India

Gupta took over the Maurya dynasty

(Gupta and Maurya were the only early Indian

civilizations to unite India under one rule)

Gupta Government and Family Life

GOVERNMENT:

Efficient, central government where most of the power was given to the

local leaders

FAMILY LIFE:

JOINT FAMILIES: Parents, children, and grandchildren live together

PATRIARCHAL STRUCTURE: The oldest male headed the house with

strong authority

VILLAGE: The center of life. It was a cluster of homes surrounded by

fields

Hinduism

Hinduism had a major affect on all parts of life- the social

system, and culture

The CASTE SYSTEM was extremely strict

The higher class had strict rules to protect them from

getting “contaminated”

The UNTOUCHABLES were outcasts, lived far from

everyone, and had harsh lives. They had all the “impure

jobs”- like cleaning streets, and digging graves.

Gupta Contributions

Zero and decimal system

THIS IS A COMMON REGENTS QUESTION.

Sanskrit Language

Arabic numerals

Herbs, vaccines, plastic surgery!

Architecture: beautiful stone Hindu temples

Literature stories

The Fall of Gupta

WEAK RULERS

FOREIGN INVADORS:

HUNS (a warlike tribe) broke up the Gupta Empire

into smaller states.

Quick Review

Time of PEACE and PROSPERITY

Convenient geography

Strong central government

Unbelievable contributions

PART 2: TANG AND SONG DYNASTIES- CHINA

RISE AND FALL OF CHINESE DYNASTIES:

HAN DYNASTY

China is divided for many years

TANG DYNASTY

SONG DYNASTY

MONGOLS

HINT: Cute rhyme to help you remember this sequence: HAN, TAN, SON, MON

Tang and Song Government

Based on CONFUCIANISM

Tang government: had TRIBUNARY STATES:

independent states that must send tribute/payment

to the ruling government

(Vietnam, Korea, Tibet were tributary states to Tang

dynasty)

Rulers set up schools to prepare males to take the

CIVIL SERVICE EXAM (see previous unit)

Tang and Song Strict

Social Order

GENTRY:

Wealthy landowners

Learned Confucius’s ideas

Tried to pass the Civil Service Exam to get good government positions

HINT: Gentry- Gentleman. Gentlemen is a title used for respectful people. The gentry were the highest in the social class.

PEASANTS:

Majority of the population Farmers

MERCHANTS:

Lower than peasants because they had to work for people Some became rich, bought land, and educated their sons so that they could become

part of the gentry

China Influences Japan

Korea is located in between Japan and China, and is nicknamed

the “BRIDGE” between Chinese and Japanese cultures.

Japan “borrowed” ideas from China and blended it into their own

culture, creating a unique culture.

Tang and Song Economic Achievements

LAND REFORM: They redistributed land to the peasants

TRADE:

Expanded foreign trade- (traded with Persia, India,

Middle East)

Built CANALS so that they can trade all over China

Expert ship builders

Paper money

FYI: This is the world’s first paper money!

Other Tang and Song Achievements

Gunpowder

Block printing (to print Confucian ideas)

Unique gardening method- with rocks, streams, and

Porcelain- shiny, hard pottery

Calligraphy

Short stories, poetry

Quick Review

Efficient government

Confucianism

Civil Service Exam

Strict social structure

Economic, cultural achievements

PART 3: BYZANTINE EMPIRE- RUSSIA

BACKGROUND:

Rome was divided for many years already (since Diocletian-

late 200s)

In 330 Constantine built a beautiful new capitol in

Constantinople in Byzantium (a Greek city) which became

known as the BYZANTINE EMPIRE.

At the height of the Byzantine Empire it included vast

territories:

Rome through Southeast Europe, Asia Minor, Egypt, North

Africa, part of Spain

Byzantine Empire-Geography

Located on the BOSPORUS STRAIT (a narrow body

of water that joins two larger bodies of water) –

which connected the Black Sea and the

Mediterranean Sea

Surrounded on 3 sides by water and thick walls-

which made it very hard for enemies to invade

Byzantine Empire- Preserving & Spreading

Culture

Constantinople controlled the main TRADE ROUTES because

of its location on the BOSPORUS STRAIT.

HINT: Constantinople was located on the Bosporus Strait- boss- Constantinople controlled/ was the “boss” over many great trade routes.

Blended GREEK, ROMAN, CHRISTIAN cultures, and spread

them all over the world

GREEK + ROMAN + CHRISTIANITY = BYZANTINE EMPIRE

Preservation of Greco

Roman Culture

The Byzantine Empire preserved the culture and accomplishments of Greece

and Rome.

They remained a cultural and political force for 1,000 years after the

fall of Rome.

HOW THE GREEK & ROMAN CULTURES WERE PRESERVED:

Rome: Justinian’s code of law preserved Roman law, Byzantine

copied Rome’s engineering and architecture

Greece: Byzantine preserved Greece’s arts, literature, science, and

philosophy

Peak of Byzantine Empire

JUSTINIAN’S RULE:

He was an AUTOCRAT: one ruler with all the power

FYI: Auto means one, Crat means ruler. Autocrat means one ruler.

He reconquered parts of empire that were taken away.

Main accomplishment: JUSTINIAN CODE OF LAW

HINT: Justinian. Just- Justinian codified law to establish Justness.

Gathered and organized ancient Roman laws- codified laws

Later on it was updated and became the basis for Roman Catholic

Church and Medieval laws

Today- International law is based on Justinian’s code!

Byzantine Empire Achievements

HINT: Constantinople- constant. -Constantinople had constant achievements and accomplishments.

Preservation of GRECO ROMAN CULTURE

Codified Roman law

ARCHITECTURE- blended many cultures’ styles (Greek, Roman,

Persian, +).

Built church of HAGIA SOPHIA: has huge arching and dome

ART: Icons: religious images painted on wood

Mosaics: decorations made of colorful inlaid stones that formed

religious pictures

HAGIA SOPHIA

Orthodox Christian Church

Religion was very important in Byzantine life

PROOF: Icons & mosaics with religious pictures

Division started between the:

ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH & BYZANTINE CHURCH

ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH BYZANTINE CHURCH

In the West In the East

AKA: Roman Church AKA: Orthodox Church

AKA: Orthodox Christian Church

Byzantine Church & Roman Church Splits

Differences between the 2 churches:

BYZANTINE CHURCH ROMAN CHURCH

Priests could marry Priests can’t marry

Language: Greek Language: Latin

Byzantine

emperor=authority

Pope=authority

RESULT:

CHRISTIAN SCHISM OF 1054- The 2 churches officially split

Fall of the Byzantine Empire

CAUSES:

Invading armies (took land)

Court struggles

Fourth Crusades (ruled for 50 years)

Ottoman Empire took over in 1453

HINT: (Notice- in the 4 reasons listed above, the 4 underlined letters correspond with the first 4 letters of this phrase.) Fall of Constantinople Leadership

Byzantine influences Russia & East Europe

THESE ARE EXAMPLES OF CULTURAL DIFFUSION.

[BACKGROUND: The first Russian state was Kiev (present day Ukraine) and is located on the Dnieper

River where it was accessible to Byzantine traders.

States were established in Eastern Europe (like Poland, Hungary, and Serbia) where people came to settle

from all over.]

Byzantine had a major influence on these 2 places in 4 different ways:

Written language (CYRILLIC ALPHABET: Byzantine missionaries adapted Greek

alphabet)

Orthodox Christianity

Autocratic Rulers (In Russia, rulers were called CZARS)

Art & Architecture

HINT: Notice- in the 4 reasons listed above, the 4 underlined letters spell out the word CARRY. Christianity, art & architecture, rulers, and “ritten” (written) language.

THESE ARE COMMON REGENTS QUESTIONS.

Quick Review

CONSTANTINOPLE: capitol on the Bosporus Strait

Cultural Diffusion- Byzantine empire blended many cultures

and spread them all over

Justinian code of law

Icons and mosaics

Preservation of Greco Roman culture

Part 4: Islamic Civilization

SPREADING ISLAM:

After Mohammed died, the new leader was called a CALIPH. The

period of Caliphs was called CALIPHATE

HINT: Caliphate – faith: Muslims spread their faith during this time.

Muslims made major military campaigns and conquered huge territories

(including parts of the Byzantine Empire, Persian Empire, Egypt, and Spain)

Reasons for Islamic

Success

Arabs are strong fighters

Muslims were united (they all had same belief)

Muslim rulers treated conquered people fairlymany

converted to Islam

Islamic Daily Life

LAW: Sharia: Islamic law system that regulated all areas of life and

was a uniting force for Muslim empires

DIVISIONS: There is a split within Muslims. They share basic

beliefs, use same texts, but have some differences:

Sunnis believe that the Muslim leader should choose the caliph

and the caliph isn’t the religious authority

Shiites believe that the Muslim leader should be a successor of

Mohammed.

This split lasts until today.

CONQUERED PEOPLE: Muslims were tolerant of other religions,

treated them well, but taxed them

Muslim Empires- Umayyad Dynasty

Took over the 4th

caliph

Conquered a lot, and spread Islam

Gained wealth

Local officials governed empire

Tension between rich and poor

Umayyad left the “simple Islamic ways”

Fighting between Shiites and Umayyads

Muslim Empires- Abbasid Dynasty- Golden Age of

YEARS: 700s and 800s

CAPITOL: BAHGDAD

Preservation of Greco Roman Culture: Muslim scholars translated Greek works, and

based mathematic, astronomy, and medicine advances on Greek knowledge

Education: emphasis on learning, centers of learning (huge libraries and

universities

Art & Architecture: beautiful MOSQUES and palaces (based on Byzantine domes

and arches)

Literature & Philosophy: based on Quran concepts

Algebra advances

Astronomy: calculated circumference based on rotation of earth

Economic: Made large trade network across whole empire, used credit, banks

Influence and Fall of Abbasid Dynasty

Muslims influenced many different places including SPAIN

and SICILY.

CRUSADES were impressed with Islamic culture and

achievements and spread their ideas to Christian Europe

FALL OF ABBASID DYNASTY:

SELJUK TURKS took over Baghdad

Mongols destroyed Baghdad

Quick Review

Caliphate

Spread of Islam

Sharia

Shiites and Sunnis

Umayyad Dynasty

Abbasid Dynasty

Golden Age of Islam

Muslim Influence on Christian Europe

PART 5: MIDDLE AGES / MEDIEVAL EUROPE 500S TO MID 1400S

Germanic tribes overtook Europe and ended Roman rule

GEOGRAPHY:

Present day Europe

Natural resources: forests, timber, iron, coal

Seas and rivers serve for fishing, trade, and transportation

Frankish Empire

Warriors, farmers, herders

Many warrior tribes fought to control territory

Franks were the most powerful from all the tribes

HINT: The Franks ranked pretty high amongst the Germanic tribes.

BATTLE OF TOURS: (732) Franks stopped Muslims from

advancing into Western Europe

HINT: The Franks- ran. Franks stopped Muslims from running (ran) / spreading.

Charlemagne-

Frankish king

Expanded empire a lot!

United Christian church and empire in Europe

Strong government: appointed nobles to rule areas and defend the

empire, gave them land, and supervised them

Encouraged learning- set up schools for educating government officials,

made libraries

HINT: Charlemagne. - main. Charlemagne was a main ruler that accomplished a lot.

When he died, the empire died. His grandsons signed a treaty that

divided the empire into 3 parts.

Feudalism

A loosely structured political system where:

Lords own huge amounts of land. They give the land to lesser lords,

called VASSALS on the condition that they give the lord LOYALTY

and MILITARY PROTECTION.

HINT: Vassal sounds like vessel. A vessel receives the food being poured into it, and protects the food from spilling out. A vassal receives land that his lord gives him, and protects the land from military invaders.

LAND LOYALTY & PROTECTION

Feudalist Society

KNIGHTHOOD: Medieval Europe was always

at warsome people became knights.

Knights had to follow CHIVALRY:

code of conduct to be brave, loyal,

honest, and protect women

LAND=POWER: Economy was based on land

Strict SOCIAL CLASS:

Nobles(king, queen, lord, vassals,

knights) controlled land and power

Peasants (most of society) worked land,

served nobles

MEDIEVAL SOCIETY: KING LORDS VASSELS NOBLES KNIGHTS PEASANTS, TOWN PEOPLE

Manorialism

Economic and social system where serfs were bound to the land and

had to work on the lord’s manor.

Peasants were SERFS

Bound to the land- they couldn’t leave grounds

without lord’s permission

Worked land

In return, the lords gave them protection and farmland

Harsh life- had to work really hard

They were held together by Christianity

Church in Medieval Life

The main church (from the split) was Roman Catholic

Had religious AND worldly power

Revived and preserved learning

CHURCH HIERARCHY:

Pope: head of church

Archbishops, bishops, local priests

Peasants, townspeople

The priests taught the

peasants faith and

comforted them in hard

times.

Life was VERY connected

to the church

Secular Role of the Church

The Church was the unifying factor in the Middle Ages

ECONOMICALLY:

Church was very rich because they owned tons of land

Church collected tithe: tax Christians had to pay

POLITICALLY:

Had their own laws, courts

Pope thought he had more power than the kings, kings disagreed power

struggle

Popes excommunicated (excluded from Roman Catholic Church) rulers who

challenged the pope’s power

Example: Pope Innocent III excommunicated King John (England) because of a

fight about hiring an archbishop

Christians persecuted the Jews and treated them with Anti- Semitism. The Jews weren’t allowed to

own land and do many jobs. Therefore, the Jews left and went to Eastern Europe.

Monasteries

Some people became monks and nuns and left worldly society. They

devoted their lives to Christianity.

MONASTARIES:

communities that focused on spirituality, they lived in

poverty, and did good deeds

centers of learning-they copied ancient texts, taught Greek,

Latin classics

Missionaries: monks/nuns left the monastery to spread

Christianity

Medieval Achievements

In the beginning of this period, life was very chaotic-they were constantly

protecting themselves from invasions. Later there were some achievements:

Agriculture: 3 FIELD SYSTEM: letting some farmland remain

unplanted to increase food production

Literature: stories about knights and lords

Art & Architecture: religious- it reflected the church’s power

Roman influences: they copied Rome’s stone arches with thick

supporting walls and tiny windows

Later: Gothic style - pointed arches, flying buttresses (stone

supports outside building), with huge stained glass windows with

religious sculptures and carvings

Quick Review

Frankish empire

Charlemagne

Feudalism & Manorialism

Roman Catholic Church (religious and worldly)

PART 6: CRUSADES

BACKGROUD:

Seljuk Turks (Muslims) invaded the Byzantine Empire and

conquered Palestine. Byzantine emperor asked pope Urban II to

help chase the Muslims out and get back the Holy Land

(Palestine).

This started a series of Christian religious wars that lasted 200

years to kick the Muslims out of Palestine

HINT: Crusades- sad. Crusades fought many wars, killed out tons of people, and didn’t even succeed.

Reasons for Crusades

WEALTH: Nobles wanted to make money

ESCAPE: Serfs wanted to escape hard manor life

ADVENTURE

POWER: Pope wanted to increase his power over Europe

HINT: Notice that the first letter for each reason spells out WEAP (“weep”) - wealth, escape, adventure, power. Crusades had so many incentives to fight, but many didn’t come back alive.

The 4 Crusades

SUCCESSFUL- They captured Jerusalem.

Saladin (Muslim leader) united Muslim world and took

Jerusalem back

Richard the Lion-Hearted (king of England) tried to take

Jerusalem back, but wasn’t successful

Failure to get Jerusalem back

Impact of the Crusades

Religious hatred between Christians and Muslims

Crusades destroyed many Jewish communities

Trade increased- when Crusaders traveled, they brought

goods back and forth (fabric, spices, perfumes)

Power changed from LAND power (feudalism) to MONEY

Pope’s power increased

Quick Review

Crusades were unsuccessful in getting the Holy Land

Created major hatred with Christians and Jews

Trade increased and the economy became a MONEY

economy

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