Types of Perceptual constancy:

(a) Size constancy(b) Brightness constancy (b) Shape constancy

Role of constancy in Perception

Friend at shorter distance -- big retinal image

Friend at longer distance – small retinal image

Key points:

• In spite of the apparent change in the retinal image, we recognize our friend with accurate size and we do not assume that his size has been changed.

“The way you think about or understand someone or something”.

Definition

There are four types of Perception:

Object Perception.Depth and Space Perception.Perception of Movement.Perception of Time.

Types of Perception

“Form perception allows us to see a two dimensional image as a three dimensional image”.

Form perception

Organization is the basic characteristics of every perceptual act. We achieve the sensory information in the form of figures. This process is known as the Perceptual organization.

Perceptual organization:

Perceptual organization is based on two things:

Figure

Ground

According to Woodworth

An object which is selected and attracted by the individual and becomes the center of his attention is called figure.

Figure:

The other objects in the field which are not attended and are not the focus of his attention are called ground

Ground:

laws

Law of nearness or proximity Law of similarity or likeness Law of continuity Law of closure

Laws of Perceptual Organization

Object near each other tend to be grouped together.

The circles on the left appear to be grouped together in vertical columns, while those on the right appear to be grouped in horizontal rows.

Law of Proximity

Items that are similar appear to be grouped together.

In the image below, most people see vertical columns of circles and squares.

Law of Similarity

Lines are seen as following the smoothest path.

In the image below, the top branch is seen as continuing the first segment of the line. This allows us to see things as flowing smoothly without breaking lines up into multiple parts.

Law of Continuity

Objects grouped together are seen as a whole.

We tend to ignore gaps and complete contour lines. In the image below, there are no triangles or circles, but our minds fill in the missing information to create familiar shapes and images.

Law of Closure:

“Perceptions are stronger than believes but these are always incorrect”.