Defining our conceptual lenses

•Revolution•Debate•Democracy•Citizen Action

Organization of Colonial Governments

• 1. Joint Stock Company – self governing colony – operated under shared ownership (like a company)•Jamestown (invest capital, enjoy returns)

• 2. Proprietary Colony – owned by wealthy landlords (PA, MD, DE) and nobles, recognized by king• 3. Royal Colony – royal governor appointed by king with elected representative assembly •NY, NC

Colonial Conflict and the American RevolutionWar and Independence

Competition Over North America

• France, Spain, and England all control colonies in North America• France – All land west of Appalachian Mountains• English – 13 Colonies• Spain – Florida and Southern North America

Why?

•All desire natural resources•Commodity – goods bought or sold for profit•France and England compete for the Ohio River Valley fur trade

Objectives – 3rd period

• TSWBAT•Identify the major players of the F & I War•Identify the outcome of the war and the consequences for the colonists•Analyze the cause and effect of British Taxes in the colonies

EQ

•How did British Acts contribute to the revolutionary spirit of the colonists?

Pathway to war…

• Both England and France push into the Ohio River Valley• England sends a young George Washington to claim the territory from France• French respond by reinforcing positions along the Ohio River•Washington captured and forced back to Virginia; England declares war

Washington, Lieutenant Colonel in English Colonial Army

Albany Plan for Union (1754)

• Delegates from most Northern Colonies and reps. from 6 Iraquois Nations met in Albany, New York

• Adopted a “plan of union” drafted by Ben Franklin

• Each colonial legislature would elect delegates to an American continental assembly

Ft. Necessity

• Battle of Fort Necessity – July 3, 1754

• Pennsylvania

• 1 of the first battles of the war

• Washington’s only surrender

The French and Indian

War

•1754 -1763• France allies with Indian Tribes•England eventually wins the war •England suffers heavy debts (bankrupt) • Proclamation of 1763

Proclamation Line of 1763

How should England get out of debt?

But first… what is a tax?•A tax is…

- a sum of money demanded by a government for its support or for specific facilities or services, levied upon

•What do we pay taxes on?- incomes, property, sales, etc.

Objectives

• TSWBAT•Identify the outcome of the war and the consequences for the colonists•Analyze the cause and effect of British Taxes in the colonies

Causes of the American Revolution• England passes acts to regulate/tax colonistsCauses of the American Revolution1. Navigation Acts – English monopolize trade with

colonies2. Sugar Act (1764)3. Stamp Act (1765)4. Townshend Acts (1767)5. Quartering Act (1765)6. Intolerable Acts (1774)

EQ

•How did British Acts contribute to the revolutionary spirit of the colonists?

British ActsWork with a partner on this cause/ effect sheet.

•Sugar Act (p. 135)•Stamp Act (p. 137-138)•Townshend Acts (p. 139-140)•Tea Act (p. 141-2)•Intolerable Acts (p. 143)

Homework: Question to answer on the back…

• In one paragraph, answer:

• In your opinion, which of the British Acts is the worst or the most unreasonable? Explain your answer.

Tradition of Independence• Salutary Neglect – England controls colonies, but

stays out of everyday affairs

Colonial Opposition

1. Stamp Act Congress – issues a boycott of British goods

“No Taxation Without Representation

-Led by John Adams2. Sons of Liberty – Colonial

Independence Group; protest English Acts/Taxes-Led by Samuel Adams

3. Committees of Correspondence – colonial group voicing concerns to England- Led by Benjamin Franklin

John Adams Samuel Adams

Benjamin Franklin

Further Escalation

1. Boston Massacre-March 5, 1770-colonists rebel to Quartering Act-British open fire-5 colonists die

Propaganda – information used to influence opinion

Further Escalation

2. Boston Tea Party-November 27, 1773-Protest of Tea Act (Townshend Acts)-Sons of Liberty dump 342 chests of English tea into Boston Harbor ($32,000 worth; today $1 million)-leads to Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)

Intolerable (Coercive Acts)

4 Parts:1. Port Act – Closes Boston Harbor2. Mass. Government Act – revokes MA charter3. Quartering Act – Martial Law4. Revoking of Rights Act – no arms or protest

EQ

•What was North Carolina’s role in in the lead-up to the American Revolution?

Objectives

• TSWBAT• Identify North Carolina’s role in the lead-up to the American Revolution•Understand the significance of the Continental Congress to the start of the war

Story of Us

Complete!

Debate # 2• How was it different from the first?•What new issues were brought up?•Who do you think won?

Today’s Plan

• Election Discussion • NC in the Revolution – Individual and

discussion• Discussion – Loyalists vs. Patriots • American Revolution Timeline

TO BE COLLECTED FOR A GRADE!!!!!!

NC in the Revolution:•Complete WHO, WHAT, WHERE, WHEN charts for NC in the Revolution. Read in A Journey through NC

•P. 112-113 – The Regulators •P. 114-115 – The Edenton Tea Party•P. 118-119 – The Mecklenburg Resolves•P. 124 – The Halifax Resolves

NC in the Revolution

• The Regulator Movement•Protested corruption in colony•Refused to pay taxes•Battle of Alamance• Resistance to corrupt political leaders• Stormed large plantations• 6400 regulators were pardoned

Toward Independence

•First Provincial Congress (August 25, 1774) – “First in freedom” – elected leaders to represent NC at the First Continental Congress•Edenton Tea Party – women of NC burned tea to protest British policy

1st Continental Congress

- Called September 5, 1774 in Philadelphia, PA

- Protest Intolerable Acts- Not ready to declare independence (attempting to solve problems with England)

- Issues Declaration of Rights and Grievances (ignored by England)

- Agree to reconvene if problems not solved

The Mecklenburg Declaration

•May 1775•Mecklenburg County citizens vote – eliminate all British offices• Rule the Provincial government the only government of the colony

Second Continental Congress

-Meet in the middle of war-Philadelphia, PA (May 10, 1775)

-1st Job: Appoint General of Continental Army (George Washington)

-2nd Job: Decide how to end war

“Shots Heard Round the World”• Lexington and Concord – 1st Battles of American

Revolution

Washington, Commander of Continental Army

Second Continental Congress

The Halifax Resolves

•April 12, 1776• First colony to call for total independence from Great Britain

Common Sense

-Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine

-Rallies support in colonies for Independence

Declaration of Independence• http://www.history.com/topics/declaration-of-

independence/videos#declaration-of-independence

The Declaration of Independence-June 7, 1776; Independence proposed by

Richard Henry Lee of Virginia-Committee organized to draft document

(John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, Robert Livingstone, Thomas Jefferson)

-Jefferson chosen to write document-July 4, 1776; Declaration of Independence

adopted by Second Continental Congress (America is now independent of England)

Loyalists vs. Patriots

•Who are they?•What do they believe?

July 4, 1776 – Declaration of Independence (NC Signers)

William Hooper Joseph HewesJohn Penn

America & Its new Government• http://www.history.com/topics/constitution/

videos#america-gets-a-constitution

The Articles of Confederation (1781)

GOVERNMENT• Congress – Each State had one Vote.• Powers of Congress 1. Make Laws2. Declare War & Make Peace

3. Make Treaties & Alliances

4. Borrow Money 5. Maintain Army & Navy6. Other Less Important Matters

Problems with the AOC

1) Congress weak – Limited Powers (most needed 9 of 13 states to agree)

2) No Executive Branch – Enforce Laws

3) No Judicial Branch – Settle State Disputes

4) No Power to Tax5) No Money = No Military6) No Amendments – Needed

Approval of all 13 States7) Thirteen Tax and Trade Systems

Accomplishments of the Articles

1. American Revolution2. Treaty of Paris 3. Ordinance of 17854. NW Ordinance of 1787

Treaty of Paris (1783)

•United States gains Independence

•British troops to leave US soil

•United States gains land to the Mississippi River

The United States of America

North America was shared with France and Spain

Issues involving the AOC

•British troops have not left US soil.• French/Spanish will not allow use of Mississippi River.•Debts contracted during the Revolutionary War have not been paid.•Shay’s Rebellion.•Economy is very poor.

James Madison

• After short debate, delegates agree to scrap the AOC• “The Father of the Constitution”• Primary writer

The Philadelphia Convention

• The Constitutional Convention (May-Sept. 1787)•Purpose: Meeting to fix the Articles of Confederation•How Conducted: 12 States represented (55 delegates) Rhode Island refused •Leader: George Washington elected president of the convention• John Adams, Ben Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison all present (no Jefferson)

Problems

1. Representation2. Slavery3. Executive Branch4. Trade5. Checks and

Balances/Separation of Powers

Constitutional Compromises

1. Representation- Virginia Plan – Representation based on population*Bicameral -- 2 house legislative branch* “Big State Plan” – unfair to small states- New Jersey Plan – Equal representation* Unicameral – 1 house legislative branch* “Small State Plan” – unfair to large population states

PBL

•We need to decide how our new government will work!

Discuss:• Do we want to keep the Articles of

Confederation? Why or why not? Do we want to revise or throw them out entirely and start again? Why?• Do we want a strong central (federal)

government? Why? What powers will the central government have?• Do we want a leader? Should we call

him king? Why or why not? What should we call him if he’s not a king? What if the leader gets too powerful? What should we allow the leader to be able to do? How will we make sure he doesn’t get tyrranical?

Discussion:

•What about a group to make laws? Should it be the leader? Should it be a Congress (a group of representatives from each state)? How many people should make up Congress? How will that number be determined? By size of state? Or same representatives from each state?

The Great Compromise• The “Connecticut”

Compromise, written by Roger Sherman of Connecticut

• Structure: Bicameral legislature (2 houses)• One house based on population (House of Reps)• One house based on equal representation (Senate)

Discuss:• If you decided to create a Congress based on the population of states, answer this question. Should children and women count as population even though they probably won’t be allowed to vote? What about slaves? Are slaves considered population?•Who will choose Congress? Who should we let vote? Everyone? Even people who cannot read or write or may know nothing about politics? What if the people vote for an evil leader?

Other Compromises2. Slavery

*3/5 Compromise – of every 5 slaves, three counted toward population

What would the free states have wanted?

What would the slave states have wanted?

What actually happened…

• Did we keep the Articles of Confederation? Why or why not?• Did we create a strong central government? Why? What powers does the central government have?• Did we establish a leader? Did we call him king? What did we call him? What if he gets too powerful? What can the leader do? How do we make sure he isn’t tyrranical?

What actually happened…. continued

•What about a group to make laws? Is it the leader? A Congress? How many people make up Congress? How do we decide how many representatives each state has?•Were children and women counted as population? Were slaves?•Who chooses Congress? Who was allowed to vote?

Electoral College

• Would we have a president?• How do we pick the president?Executive Branch

*Electoral College – our method for electing a president

Ratification (Passage)

• 9/13 states must ratify to pass• DE, NJ, GA, CT 1st to adopt• PA 1st Large State• MA, MD, SC, NH

June 21, 1788 – Constitution is officially adopted

*NY, VA, RI, NC adopt because they have no choice!

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists

• 1st 2 political parties• Federalists – supported the new

Constitution•Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay•Write Essays under penname Publius (Federalist Papers)•Argue for the new constitution

• Anti-Federalists – wanted more protections for individual rights (AKA Democrat-Republicans)•Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, Richard Henry Lee•Write papers known as the Anti-Federalist Papers •Argue for individual rights

What was missing?

Will not be added until 1796

The Bill of Rights (1791) – Washington’s Major Accomplishment

• 1. RAPPS•Freedom of Religion, Assembly, Press, Petition, Speech

• 2. Right to Bear Arms• 3. No Quartering of

Soldiers• 4. No illegal Search

and Seizure• 5. No Double

Jeopardy, Self Incrimination, Eminent Domain, etc…

• 6. Speedy Public Trial, Lawyer• 7. Trial by Jury• 8. No

Cruel/Unusual Punishment or Excessive Bail or Fines• 9. Constitution is

not a limited document• 10. Reserved

Powers

AMENDMENTS ASSIGNMENT• Using your 5 Amendment ideas, work with a partner to pick one Amendment that you both think needs to be added to the Constitution.

• You will present your idea to the class, and we will vote on which one is the best.

• When writing your Amendment, answer the following questions:

1. What is the law being proposed? 2. Why does it needed to be added to the Constitution?

3. How will it be implemented? Who will enforce it?