Review QuestionOne category of organic compounds contains molecules composed of long hydrocarbon chains. The hydrocarbon chains may be saturated or unsaturated. Which of the following categories of organic compounds contains these molecules?

 A carbohydrates

B lipids

C nucleic acids

D proteins

Objective:B2 - Compare the structures & functions of

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids & their organization into long complex molecules

(Polypeptides)

Proteins

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and NITROGEN

Consist of:

Building Blocks of Proteins Amino Acids There are 20 of them Held together by peptide bonds Proteins range in size from 10 amino acids to 34,350 amino acids!

(monomers)

Amino Acid monomer

Protein polymer

Protein Functions:- Control rate of reactions- Regulate cell processes- Form bones & muscles- Part of cell transport- Help fight disease

Examples of Proteins

Structural (collagen, keratin) Hormones (insulin) Defensive (antibodies) Transport (hemoglobin) Receptor (part of cell membrane) Enzymes

Etymology Peptide: (Gk. PEPTEIN, to digest) Polypeptide: poly- (many) + -peptide (to digest) Monomer: mono- (one) + -mer (part) Polymer: poly- (many) + -mer (part)

What do enzymes have

to do with soft-drinks?

Enzymes

ObjectivesB4 - Identify & investigate the role of enzymes and summarize the importance of enzymes in living systems

Enzyme Characteristics proteins that act as biological catalysts

speed up (or catalyze) chemical reactions

lower activation energies

(speed up)

Activation energy

(continued) reversible are used over and over (are not changed by the reaction) most work best at normal pH & body temperature

Substrate

ActiveSite

Enzyme

Product

(reusable)

Enzyme(unchanged)

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

S

If homeostasis is not maintained, denaturing can occur

Enzymes

Enzymes Specific – lock & key hypothesis Usually end in “-ase”

ATP synthase synthesizes ATP Lactase breaks down lactose Sucrase breaks down sucrose Pepsin breaks down protein (exception)

A person that is lactose intolerant lacks the enzyme lactase rendering him unable to digest lactose in milk

Lock & Key Model

Enzyme-Substrate Complex Substrate - chemical substances acted upon

such as Food & Waste Active Site - region of an enzyme where the

substrate binds prior to the reaction on the enzyme

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=5H9lh7PT9zzEFM&tbnid=mGWlHpD1yVpl1M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.pinterest.com/pin/491736853034625483/&ei=pf71U_PkA8W-8gGD_oCAAw&psig=AFQjCNH7JszdS1FRhLikmnPyVq-MKcCRrQ&ust=1408715217955530

Practice Question Use the diagram of the enzyme to

determine which substrate below would be broken down by this particular enzyme.

a.substrate Q

b.substrate R

c.substrate S

d.substrate T

Practice QuestionWhich is the best way to describe the fit between an enzyme and its substrate?

A The fit between them varies with the cell.

B The enzyme fits tightly with the substrate.

C The enzyme loosely fits inside the substrate.

D The substrate loosely fits inside the enzyme.

Practice Question

To what macromolecule do enzymes belong?

Protein

Practice Question

Which organic molecule is part of an enzyme?

A fatty acid

B nucleotide

C amino acid

D monosaccharide

StarchAmylase & Glucoamylase

Glucose isomerase

If an enzyme is breaking down a carbohydrate, what would the products be after the reaction?

Simple sugars / Monosaccharides

Now…for the soda…