Prof. Hong CHEN, MD, PhD - fdjpkc.fudan.edu.cn

Connective Tissue

Prof. Hong CHEN, MD, PhD

Office: Room 304, Building 9 East

Tel: 54237019-9304

Mobile: 18602109425

Email: hchen30@hotmail.com; hchen@graduate.hku.hk

QQ: 2572491042

WeChat: chenhong990543

http://jpkc.fudan.edu.cn/s/426/main.htm

Review: Tissues• Made of two interacting

components: – Cells

– Extracellular matrix (ECM)

★ Continuum: functions & reacts to stimuli and inhibitors together

• Four basic types of tissue:

★ cell-specific associations

– Epithelial Tissue

– Connective Tissue

– Muscle Tissue

– Nerve Tissue

Prof. Hong CHEN, Shanghai Med. College, Fudan Univ. 2

Review: Characteristics of Epithelia

• A sheetlike structure surrounding “free”

surfaces of body or cavity.

• More cells bound tightly together

structurally and functionally with little ECM.

• Polarity：Apical, Basal

• Rest on basement membrane underlying

connective tissue

• No blood vessels, rich nerve endings

• Functions：protecting surfaces,

absorption or transcytosis, secretion,

contractility, sensory.

Prof. Hong CHEN, Shanghai Med. College, Fudan Univ. 3

Microvilli

QUIZ 1 for Introduction & Epithelia

Prof. Hong CHEN, Shanghai Med. College, Fudan Univ.

General Characteristics of Connective

Tissue (CT)

• Few cells, more ECM.

• No polarity, inside located in

the body as its inner

environment

• Rich in blood and lymph

vessels, nerves.

• Originated from mesenchyme

• Supply a matrix for

connection, support,

nutrients, protection, etc.

Embryonic Mesenchyme • An embryonic tissue from

mesoderm

• Formed by elongated

undifferentiated cells, called

MESENCHYMAL CELLS

– Many thin cytoplasmic process

– Oval nuclei with prominent

nucleoli and fine chromatin

• More viscous ground

substances (hyaluronan) with

few collagen fibers

• Have the multi-potentials in

differentiation

Differentiation of Mesenchymal Cells

Mucous Tissue

• Mainly in the

umbilical cord and

fetal tissue

• Jellylike tissue, as

Wharton’s jelly

– Rich in hyaluronic

– Few cells or fibers

Classification of CT

• Embryonic Connective Tissues:

Mesenchyme, Mucous CT

• Connective tissue proper：

Loose CT

Dense irregular/regular CT

• Specialized Connective Tissue:

Adipose tissue

Reticular tissue

Cartilage, Bone, Blood

Composition of Connective Tissue

---- Cells, ECM (Fibers, Ground Substances)

Cells1. Fibroblasts

2. Macrophages

3. Plasma cells

4. Mast cells

5. Fat cells or Adipocytes

6. Undifferentiated Mesenchymal Cells

7. Leukocytes

Fibroblasts• Most common cells

• Have two levels of activity:

active or quiescent.

• For active: fibroblasts

– With more abundant & irregular

cytoplasm process

– Have a basophilic cytoplasm

rich in RER, Golgi.

– Synthesize and secrete

• collagen and elastin forming fibers

• GAGs, proteoglycans and

multiadhesive glycoproteins

comprising the ground substances

• For quiescent: fibrocytes(small, slim spindle-shaped, fewer

processes, less RER)

Granulation tissue after a wound

Fibroblasts• Most common cells

• Have two levels of activity:

active or quiescent.

• For active: fibroblasts

– With more abundant & irregular

cytoplasm process

– Have a basophilic cytoplasm

rich in RER, Golgi.

– Synthesize and secrete

• collagen and elastin forming fibers

• GAGs, proteoglycans, and

multiadhesive glycoproteins

comprising the ground substances

• For quiescent: fibrocytes (small, slim spindle-shaped, fewer

processes, less RER)

Granulation tissue after a wound

Fibroblasts & Fibrocytes

Small, slim spindle-shaped, fewer

processes, less RER

Large active nuclei, basophilic cytoplasm, more

abundant & irregular cytoplasm process, more RER,

Collagen bundles↑

Fibroblast (TEM)

• Typical features of

a protein-secreting

cell: rich in RER,

• Long cytoplasmic

extensions

• Extracellularly

abundant collagen

or other fibers

Fibrocyte (TEM)

• Inactive fibroblast, with

fewer cytoplasmic

processes

• Inactive in synthesis and

secretion of materials

making ECM

• Reversible to the

fibroblast, in case of

injury and other

repairing situations

Macrophages (1)

• Derived from monocytes

• More cytoplasmic

projections or pseudopodia

involved in amoeboid

movement

• Cytoplasm:

– Acidophilic

– More lysosomes,

phagosomes and

residual bodies.

Macrophages (2)

• Function ：

– Phagocytotic activity

– Antigen processing and

presenting to immune cells

– Secretion of growth factor,

cytokine, and the others

• The mononuclear phagocyte

system: see Table 5-2

– All derived from monocytes of the

– Localized outside of blood vessels

Macrophages

Macrophages (TEM)

Macrophage w/ RBC (SEM)

Macrophage w/ RBC（1）

Plasma Cells

• Differentiated from B

lymphocytes

• Eccentrically spherical nucleus

as “cartwheel” or “clock face”

• Large and ovoid cells with

intensely basophilic cytoplasm

due to its richness in RER.

• Producing antibodies:

– IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE

Plasma Cells

• Most localized

in intestinal

mucosa,

respiratory

tract, and that

with chronic

inflammations.

Plasma Cell

Mast Cells

• More near small blood vessels

• 20 - 30 μm in diameter

• Cytoplasm full of basophilic secretory granules, METACHROMASIA (change the color of some basic dyes from blue to purple or red)

– Histamine

– Heparin

– Eosinophil chemotactic factors, ECF

• Function similar to basophilic leukocytes

• Play an important role in allergic reactions, such as asthma

Mast Cells

Mast Cell (TEM)

Secretion of Mast Cells

Allergens: pollen or bee venom

Fibers

• Collagen Fibers

• Elastic Fibers

• Reticular Fibers

Collagen Fibers

• The most abundant fibers

with various diameters

• Fresh in white

• Bright pink in HE staining

• Composed of collagen

fibrils

• Formed by collagen type I

• Have 60-70 nm periodicity

of transverse striations

Collagen Fibrils (TEM, longitudinal section)

60-70 nm periodicity of

transverse striations

Collagen Fibrils (TEM, Cross section)

Production of Collagen Fibers by Assembly of

Type I Collagen

Type I collagen molecules Fibrils Fibers

Procollagen molecule intertwined

A 67 nm periodicity

of cross striations

Procollagen subunit

Gap region

Bundles

Elastic Fibers

• Fresh in yellow, called

yellow fibers

• Bright pink in HE, purple-

blue in Weigert staining

• Thinner in diameter,

coiled in free ends

• Composed of microfibrils

and core elastins

• More resilience

Elastic Fibers Elasticity

Elastic Fibers (Weigert Staining)

Elastin & Microfibril

Reticular Fibersalso called Argyrophil Fibers

• Extremely thin, more branch, extensive networks

• Not visible in HE, easily stained in silver, Argyrophil fibers

• Collagen type III, 60-70 nm periodicity of transverse striations

• Localized in basal lamina

• Set up a network in various organs (liver, hematopoietic organs)

Ground Substancesas both lubricant and a barrier to the penetration of

invadersP

Core protein

(vertical rod)

Sulfated

GAGs (side

chains)

Branched chains of

monosaccharides

Globular

proteins

Ground Substances –Proteoglycans linked to hyaluronan

Hyaluronic

acids axisLink protein

Sulfated

GAGsCore

proteins

Ground Substances –

Glycoproteins

for cell recognization, adhesion, and migration

Fibronectin LaminiProf. Hong CHEN, Shanghai Med. College, Fudan Univ.

• Connective tissue proper：– Loose CT: the cells as the majors

– Dense CT: the fibers as the majors• Irregular：

• Regular：– Tendon：collagen fibers

– Ligament：elastic fibers, elastic tissues

• Specialized Connective Tissues:– Adipose tissue

– Reticular tissue

– Cartilage, Bone, Blood

• Embryonic Connective Tissues:– Mesenchyme, Mucous CT

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Loose CT (L) & Dense Irregular CT (D)

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Long, parallel bundles of collagen fibers and fibrocytes in a tendon

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Long, parallel bundles of collagen fibers and fibrocytes in a tendon

– Loose CT: the cells as the majors

– Dense CT: the fibers as the majors

• Specialized Connective Tissues:

– Adipose tissue: adipocytes + ECM• White adipocytes:

– unilocular (one large central droplet)

– more common

• Brown adipocytes: – multilocular (multiple small lipid droplets)

– Reticular tissue

White Adipose Tissueunilocular (one large central droplet)

White Adipocytes

unilocular (one large central droplet)

White Adipose Tissue by osmium tetroxide

Brown Adipose Tissuemultilocular (multiple small lipid droplets)

– Loose CT: the cells as the majors

– Dense CT: the fibers as the majors

• Specialized Connective Tissues:

– Adipose tissue: adipocytes + ECM

– Reticular tissue: • Reticular cells

• Reticular fibers

Reticular Tissue

Reticular fibers: irregular black lines Reticular cells: heavily stained and dark

SUMMARY

• General Characteristics

• Classification

• Cells

• Fibers

• Ground substances

SUMMARY 1

General Characteristics of

Connective Tissue (CT)

• Few cells, more ECM.

• No polarity, inside located in

the body as its inner

environment

• Rich in blood and lymph

vessels, nerves.

• Originated from mesenchyme

• Supply a matrix for

connection, support,

nutrients, protection, etc.

SUMMARY 2: Classification of CT

• Connective tissue proper：Loose CT

Dense irregular/regular CT

• Embryonic Connective Tissues:

Mesenchyme, Mucous CT

• Specialized Connective Tissue:

Adipose tissue

Reticular tissue

SUMMARY 3: Cells

• Fibroblasts (fibrocytes): the major cell producing ECM

• Macrophages: the short-lived cells derived from monocytes

function as APC & phagocytosis

• Plasma cells: the short-lived cells derived from B lymphocytes

function as antibody-producing cells

• Mast cells: more METACHROMASIA granules

• Adipocytes (Fat cells): storage of triglycerides by forming adipose

tissue

• Undifferentiated Mesenchymal Cells: stem cell

• Leukocytes

SUMMARY 4: Fibers

• Collagen Fibers:

– The most important & abundant fibers

– Fibrils of Type I collagen bundled together

– 60-70 nm periodic crossbanding

• Reticular Fibers

– Fibrils of Type III collagen bundled together

– 60-70 nm periodic crossbanding

– Stained by silver as dark lines, as Argyrophil fibers

– Abundant in immune and lymphoid tissues

• Elastic Fibers, or sheets called elastic lamellae

– Composed of the proteins Elastin and fibrillin

– Exist in a stretchable conformation

Ground Substancesas both lubricant and a barrier to the penetration of invaders

Core protein

(vertical rod)

Sulfated

GAGs (side

chains)

Branched chains of

monosaccharides

Globular

proteins

SUMMARY 5:

Review Questions 1

• Compare and contrast the different types of

connective tissues as listed in the following table:

Types Fibers Cells Matrix Distribution Function

Loose connective tissue

Dense connective tissue

Adipose tissue

Reticular tissue

Review Questions 2 & 3

• Summarize the structure and function

of the fibroblasts, macrophages, mast

cells, and plasma cells.

• Describe the mononuclear phagocytic

system.

QUIZ 2 for Connective Tissue

Standards of

QUIZ 1

for Introduction &

Epithelia

Standards of

QUIZ 2

for Connective

Tissue

THE END

Prof. Hong CHEN, MD, PhD - fdjpkc.fudan.edu.cn

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