Current situation of important vector-borne diseases in Thailand

Uraiwan Arunyawat & T. Chareonviriyaphap

Kasetsart University, Bangkok Thailand

Outline

• Four main vector-borne diseases

– Malaria

– Lymphatic filariasis

– Chikungunya

– Dengue

• Perspectives

Malaria in the world

43% of 5.6 billion population at risk

Malaria vector in Thailand

Leucosphyrus Group Funestus Group Maculatus Group

An. sawadwongporni (species A) *

An. maculatus (species B, E, F)*

An. pseudowillmori (species I)*

Minimus Complex

An. minimus (species A)*

Aconitus Subgroup

An. aconitus*

Dirus Complex

An. dirus (species A)*

An. baimaii (species D)*

* malaria vector

http://www.typepad.com http://www.typepad.com http://www.typepad.com

Parasite: Plasmodium

• Taxonomy

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Apicomplexa

Class: Coccidia

Order: Haemosporidia

Genus: Plasmodium

• Human malarias

Plamodium falciparum

Plasmodium vivax

Plasmodium malariae

Plasmodium ovale

Plasmodium knowlesi

Parasite rate

Year

Source: BVBD (2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014)

Malaria cases in Thailand (Thai) N

um

ber

of

mal

aria

cas

es

year

Malaria cases in Thailand (Non-Thai) N

um

ber

of

mal

aria

cas

es

Malaria in Thailand (Jan-Sep, 2015)

4,701 cases

4 deaths

Prevalence

Lymphatic filariasis

http://image.dek-d.com/24/2652954/106532183

http://pixshark.com/brugia-malayi-microfilaria.htm

Mosquito vectors of filariasis

Wuchereria bancrofti: Culex quinquefasciatus Brugia malayi: Mansonia spp., Aedes spp.

http://www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2013/857935/fig3/

Lymphatic filariasis in Thailand

Source: CDC, 2003

Current Filariasis cases in Thailand

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Nu

mb

er

of

case

s

Year

7, (0.01)

9, (0.01)

3, (0.00)

11, (0.02) 9, (0.01)

19, (0.03)

13, (0.02)

25, (0.04)

17, (0.03)

6, (0.01)

* Morbidity rate/100000 Pop

0, (0) 0, (0)

Filariasis cases (2005-2014)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Nu

mb

er

of

case

s

Year

Thai

Non-Thai

Chikungunya in Thailand

Aedes albopictus Exophilic and Exophagic mosquito

Aedes aegypti Endophilic and Endophagic mosquito

Vectors of Chikungunya

• The first record found in Bangkok, 1958

• The fever disappeared from Thailand 14 years

• Until some cases were reported in Prachin Buri, 1976

• Since in 2009, Chikungunya fever has re-emerged again with at least 55 provinces

Chikungunya in Thailand

Years Cases Deaths 2008 2,494 0 2009 52,057 0 2010 1,565 0 2011 169 0 2012 84 0 2013 125 0 2014 190 0 2015 13 0

Number of Chikungunya cases

Myanmar

Lao PDR

Cambodia

Malaysia

morbidity rate /100000 population

• Jan 1, 2015 – Oct 5, 2015

• 13 cases

• No death

• 6 Provinces

Chikungunya cases in Thailand

Dengue situation in Thailand

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

46214 64872

88274

55694

114607

68864 77947

148306

40118

88812

615

709

1352

957

2340

936

1646

6138

964

2606

Thai Non Thai

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

59

90 99

47

129

63

82

131

48

90

0

5 3

3

10

0

5

5

1

1

Thai Non Thai

Cases

Deaths

Nu

mb

er o

f d

eath

s N

um

ber

of

case

s

Reported total cases and deaths of dengue fever by Thai and non Thai

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

17062

25446

36645

25194

53149

29759

39911

87502

23170

55408

29024

39053

51355

30480

60770

38639 38263

64645

35029 35029

743 1082 1626 977 3028

1402 1419 2297 558 981

Reported cases of DF, DHF, DSS between 2006-2015

Source: Bureau of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health

DF: Dengue fever

DHF: Dengue hemorrhagic fever DSS: Dengue shock syndrome

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

Health official

Special work

Monk

 livestock

Unknow/preschool

Other

Teacher

Fisherman

Military, Policeman

Student

Housework

Trade

Labor

Government officer

Agriculture work

Reported cases by occupation

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

Seasonal Trend of Dengue in Thailand

North 139.91

Northeast 117.28

Central 187.21

South 82.68

1. Rayong 454.04 2. Rachaburi 416.31 3. Petchburi 416.29 4. Uthaithani 352.54 5. Trad 342.63

Morbidity rate / 100,000 population

Dengue at 1 January 2015 - 12 October 2015

Mosquito breeding habitats

Evolutionary Genetics of Infectious-disease mosquitoes

My main interest is to understand evolutionary aspects of malaria and dengue vectors, using SNP data and statistical analyses of population genetic models, in order to achieve an effective malaria and dengue vectors control program.

1. Molecular population genetics of malaria vectors in Thailand based on SNP data

2. Evolutionary genetic studies of immune system genes in malaria vectors

3. Population structure and linkage disequilibrium of dengue virus vector

Current research projects:

4. Local adaptation of malaria vectors in Thailand

“Local adaptation” research project

NGS Technology

GENOMICS TRANSCRIPTOMICS PROTEOMICS

Climate change Local adaptation vs. Phenotypic plasticity

Circadian clock genes

• Prof. Dr. Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap

• Dr. Michael J. Bangs

• Prof. Dr. Sylvie Manguin

• EGCB lab members at Dept. of Genetics, KU

• Theeraphap’s lab members at Dept. of Entomology, KU

Thanks

Thank you for your attention

uraiwan.a@ku.ac.th