Post on 14-Dec-2015
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
PCB INVENTORY AND
INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE
Carlo Lupi
Carlolupi@wasteandchemicals.eu
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
WHY A PCB INVENTORY ?
The PCB inventory has three purposes:
MANAGEMENT
TRACEABILITY
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
WHAT A PCB INVENTORY IS
A PCBs inventory should consist in:• An organized and dynamic list of all
the PCBs contaminated equipment, wastes and sites
• A system for PCBs inventory data management
• Rules and procedures for adding or deleting items from the inventory and for reporting
• A dedicated administrative structure with personnel and responsibilities
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
WHAT A PCB INVENTORY SHOULD CONTAINFollowing the Stockholm convention, the PCB inventory should include all the equipment with internal volume greater than 5Liters and PCBs concentration greater than 50 ppm.
In order to improve the usefulness of the PCB inventory, other items can be added: PCBs wastes, PCBs contaminated sites, equipment with internal volume < than 5 Liters.
Other concentration limits (in any case below 50 ppm) could be considered for inclusion in the PCB inventory
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
WHAT A PCB INVENTORY SHOULD NOT CONTAINEquipment which has been definitively proven to have a PCBs concentration < 50 ppm (or a lower limit selected by the authority) should not be included in the PCBs inventoryWastes with a PCBs concentration which has been definitively proven to be < 50 ppm (or a lower limit selected by the authority) should not be included in the PCBs inventory.
A decision must be made on PCB contaminated soil.
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
PROBLEMS AFFECTING PCB INVENTORIES WORLDWIDE
Announcement effect and miscomunication Lacking of clear rules for PCB owners Unrealistic objectives and timeframe Lacking of a sound inventory plan Economic interest of PCB owners (disposal
cost, missed revenues for scrapped material) Technical issues
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
GOLDEN RULE: IF DATA ARE LACKING ASSUME IS PCBS
If data are lacking, (i.e., equipment is not classified as PCB free or has not been tested), the equipment must be considered as PCB contaminated.
If equipment has been tested for PCB and/or it is certified as PCB free following international accepted methodologies, it should not be includede in the inventory.
• (UNEP, Guidelines for the identification of PCBS and materials containing PCBs, 1999)
• UNEP document “PCB Transformers and Capacitors: From Management to Reclassification and Disposal, may 2002
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
INCLUSION IN THE PCB INVENTORY DOES NOT NECESSARILY MEAN IMMEDIATE DISPOSAL !!!
•They are in a good working condition without any symptom of leaking
•They are not located in sensitive sites.
Transformers do not need to be immediately
decontaminated or disposed if:
•PCBs equipment MUST be included in the inventory!
HOWEVER
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
PERFORMING A PCBS QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
STEP FOR A PCB INVENTORY SURVEY
Gather list of relevant industries• By consumption (i.e. electric contracts > 100 KW) needs EVN support• By production and number of workers (i.e. industries with more than 100
workers) needs Central and Local chamber of commerce support
Arrange telephone survey• Perform simple telephone survey (do not ask for “PCB equipment” but
only for “equipment”); ask also for any equipment requiring hydraulic and heat transfer oil and oil storage.
• Follow up with more detailed survey with industries which have that equipment.
Arrange site surveys and sampling plan• Training and establishment of a network• Collect and process samples• Perform site surveys
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
FORM A INFORMATION CONCERNING THE SITE AND THE PCB OWNER
Site Record info
Site code (to be repeated in form “B” and “C”)Date Inspector
Information about the company
Company name Company type (NIC-2008) *Public / Private Headquarter address
Site Contact and Address Information
State *Site address Geo ref. (°) Location features *Contact person name Contact position Phone Fax Email
Site Information
Number of Staff at the siteNumber of TransformersNumber of Capacitors
Number of other equipment
Electricity Consumption at site (KWh) PCB Elimination plan?
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
FORM B INFORMATION CONCERNING THE EQUIPMENT (1ST PART)
Equipment identification
Site Code (the same as A)
Label Code (univocal code for each equipment, to be placed on the label)
Name of the Manufacturer Country of origin Equipment Type *
Serial Number
Equipment description
Power rating High Voltage (V) Low Voltage (V) Manufacturing date
Equipment weight, including dielectric oil (Kg) Oil Weight (Kg)
Trade name of the dielectric oil or insulating oil
PCB content in the liquid (ppm) PCB analysis performed *Information source
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
FORM B INFORMATION CONCERNING THE EQUIPMENT (2ND PART)
Equipment condition
Operational status *
Condition of the equipment *
Storage *
Retrofilled (Y/N) *
Retrofilling date
Retrofilling liquid
Maintenance company
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
FORM C: INFORMATION CONCERNING WASTE AND CONTAMINATED SITES
Site Code (the same as A)
PCBs Waste identification
Type of Waste including Basel code and Indian Waste Classification code
Estimated quantity (kg)
Packaging modality *
Are containers leak proof ?
Storage conditions. *
Geographical coordinates
PCB contaminated Site identification
Site Name
Land use of the site and of the surroundings
Monitoring report if available (attach documents)
Cleanup plan if available (attach documents)
Cleanup report if available (attach documents)
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
PCBS USES TO BE CONSIDERED DURING IDENTIFICATION AND INVENTORY OF PCBS
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
CLOSED APPLICATIONS
Step up transformers
Power plants A closed application is defined as “an application in which the PCBs
are held completely within the equipment”. In normal condition,
therefore, the exposure of the environment or humans to PCBs
contained in closed application is null. However, exposure may occur in circumstances like maintenance
operations, and damage of the equipment due to the aging of the
equipment or misuse.
Distribution transformers
Power plants, transformer substation, electricity distribution network, large industrial plants, railways, large ships, hospitals
Power capacitors
Electricity distribution network, large industrial plants
Lighting ballasts
Offices, large building, hospitals
Switches Transformer substations, electricity distribution network, large industrial plants, railways, large ships
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
PARTIALLY CLOSED APPLICATIONS
Heat transfer fluids
Chemical industry; petroleum refineries.
Partially closed applications are heat transfer fluids and hydraulic fluids. In partially closed applications, PCBs is not directly in contact with the environment; however
emission to the environment may occur in certain
circumstances during typical use, leading in some cases
to significant release
Hydraulic fluids
Any industrial process requiring hydraulic fluids. Mining equipment; ferrous and non ferrous metal industry.
Vacuum and compressors pumps
Natural gas transfer substations and pipes; any industrial facility requiring large compressors or vacuum pumps.
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
OPEN APPLICATIONS
Lubricants Immersion oil for microscopes; brake linings; cutting oils; lubricating oils
It is reported that PCBs has been used as additive in paint, flame retardant in surface coatings, plasticizers in chlorine based plastic and rubber like PVC and neoprene. PCBs has been also used as an additive to the paint of older ships
Casting waxes
Pattern waxes for casting
Surface coatings:
Paints (including the ones used for ship painting); surface treatment for textiles; carbonless copy paper; flame retardants;
Plasticizers Gasket sealers; filling materials; PVC; rubber sealers
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
WHERE PCBS CAPACITORS CAN BE FOUND IN NON-POWER SECTOR (1)
In general, capacitors with an internal volume in the order of one or more liters are used to compensate for the inductive reactive power required by the electrical load. Very often, capacitors can be found wherever there is:
• An intensive use of fluorescent lamps, like in the case of large buildings, hospitals, railway stations, etc.;
• An intensive use of electrical motors, for instance in industry manufacturing plants;
• A compensation system. Compensation systems in cabinets and electrical panels can be identified by the presence of instruments for indicating and adjusting cos (φ), as well as by the term "Compensation". Normally, the capacitors can be found in a primary or secondary distribution panel (cabinet) located in example in a basement or an ancillary room in a transformer station or in another secure location of the company;
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
WHERE PCBS CAPACITORS CAN BE FOUND IN NON-POWER SECTOR (2)
Power capacitors can be therefore found in • Buildings: Administrative buildings, Hospital,
Museums, Railway Stations, Shopping Centers and in general large buildings (including the old buildings planned for demolition)
• Workshops and Industrial Manufacturing;• Wastewater treatment plants • Power distribution and power distribution
substations;• Refrigeration facilities;• Research institutions.
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
WHERE PCB TRANSFORMERS CAN BE FOUND IN NON POWER SECTOR
All industries connected with an high voltage supply with their internal step-down systems
Industries with high power contracts (for instance > 100 kW)
Large facilities (hospitals, commercial centers, large hotels, universities)
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
SAMPLING
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
An essential part of all investigations is that evidence gathered be controlled.
Sampling operations should to be supervised bY an external observer. Right after sampling, samples have to be sealed and the seal signed.
Sample possession must be traceable from the time the samples are collected until they are analysed.
a sample form must be signed each time a sample is passed from an operator to another.
SAMPLING CHAIN OF CUSTODY
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
Before starting the sampling it is crucial to check:1) status of transformer (any rust, leakage, etc.)2) suitable sampling points: valves, tanks, pipes3) if enough space for sampling operations is
available4) general safety condition at the workplace
CHECK TRANSF.AND ENV. CONDITIONS
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
Before sampling:Take photo of the transformer plateTake note of relevant dataWear PPE (personal protective equipment)Be sure all the necessary equipment is in
place
GATHER INFORMATION
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
Gloves Mask Glasses Helmet
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
SAMPLING VALVE (EASY)
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
SAMPLING VALVE (LESS EASY)
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
SAMPLING VALVE ON A POLE TRANSF.
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
BAD WORKING CONDITIONS
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
SAMPLING POINT WITHOUT VALVE
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
LABELLING
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
BASIC OF LABELING
Labeling is something more than placing a sticker onto an article
Labeling functions may include traceability
• to link articles to a database (with univocal codes);• to ensure that operators and general public are informed
(including, for instance, emergency operators during an accident) about the existence of PCB equipment in their factory, so that they can adopt suitable management measures when needed;
• to enforce obligations on PCBs labeled equipment (for instance, to “track” the status and movement of these equipment)
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
THE 7 STEPS OF LABELING
1. Target identification
2. Clear assignment of responsibilities
3. Clear establishment of rules
4. Selection of the information content
5. Printing and distributing labels
6. Building and mantaining the database
7. Enforcement
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
SOME EXAMPLES OF PCB LABELS
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
SOME EXAMPLES OF PCB LABELS
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
GHS COMPLIANT PCB LABEL
WARNINGThis equipment contains
PCBsPolychlorinated Biphenyls
The PCBs contained in this equipment is capable to cause cumulative permanent effect to the organism and to severely contaminate the environment. It is severely forbidden to open this equipment. If it is necessary to open, move, replace or repair this equipment, call the number 0091 – 11 – 123456789
In case of fire, leakage or any other emergency involving this equipment contact immediatly the emergency number below .
EMERGENCY HOTLINE 0091 – 11 – 987654321
UNIVOCAL EQUIPMENT CODE: ABC123456789CAB
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE
Data and info from PCB inventory worldwide
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
CHINA – A DIFFERENT COUNTRY China produced PCB from 1965 to 1980 (Shanghai, Suzhou,
Xi’an) The cumulated PCBs oil output was 7, 130 tons, of which
PCB3 account for 6, 130 tons and PCB5 account for 1, 000 tons.
Very few PCB transformers found (7 over 1000 > 50 ppm) China has produced about 500 000 capacitors using
domestic PCBs oil About 15 000-25 000 sets of capacitors containing PCBs
may be still in service, but only 2, 027 sets have been verified.
The large majority of PCB capacitors has been buried, recycled or resold.
Several PCB burial sites were lost.
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
THE WORLD BANK PCB PROJECT IN CHINA
Due of the situation, the PCB project in China has been mainly a “PCB site cleanup” project
Around 20 PCB sites treated in Zhejiang PCB soil treated in a thermal desorber PCB capacitors shredded and incinerated Pure PCB oil incinerated
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
Centralized Sealed up in the cave
Site in Gansu Province
Site in the Beijing municipality
ABANDONED PCB WASTE SITES
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
Centralized underground sealed-up
辽宁锦州 PCBs地下封存点
Site in the Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing City
ABANDONED PCB WASTE SITES
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
LIAONING PCB SURVEY RESULT
PCBs capacitors stored
in the open airPCBs capacitors stored in warehouse
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
CHINA – PCB CAPACITORS BURIAL SITES
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
CHINA - REMOVING PCB CAPACITORS FROM SITE
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
CHINA - DISPOSAL OF PCB CAPACITORS
Trial burn test 1 (PCB contaminated soil, PCB 1-2%) PCDD/F 0.104 ngTEq/Nm3
Trial burn test 2 (PCB oil, PCB 20%) PCDD/F 0.042 ngTEq/Nm3
Trial burn test 3 (PCB soil+capacitors, PCB 10%) PCDD/F 0.080 ngTEq/Nm3
Minimize release of POPs from the whole process !!
Site cleanup
Transportation and Storage
Final Disposal
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
CHINA - CLEANUP OF PCB SOIL
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
INDIA
PCB oil wt (metric tons)N of
transf In use StoredTransf. Weight (metric tons)
2000 1081 1066 17 5960
Oil wt N of transf In use StoredTransf. Weight avg conc
7120 436 405 0 20900 19800
Pure PCB transformers
Transformers contaminated by PCB
In India, almost all the inventoried PCB equipment are online. Most of them are pure
PCB transformers
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
INDIA – NON POWER SECTOR
PCB oil wt (metric tons) N of transfTransf. Weight (metric
tons) 971 465 2926
Pure PCB transformers
In India, a large number of pure - PCB transformers were found in the iron and steel
industry
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
CAMBODIA – PRELIMINARY INVENTORY•over the
56 transformers sampled for chlorine testing by means of disposable screening test kits (50 ppm), 32 units were found contaminated by PCBs.
NIP Inventory (2004):
•Over the 216 transformers tested with the LX 2000, 95 were found contaminated by PCBs
Inventory conducted during the
preparation of GEF project
(summer 2011)
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
CAMBODIA PRELIMINARY INVENTORY
0≤C<
25
25≤C<50
50≤C<10
0
100≤
C<200
200≤
C<300
300≤
C<400
400≤
C<500
500≤
C<1...
C>1000
00
10
20
30
40
50
60
PCB concentration (ppm)
Num
ber
of
transfo
rmers
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
CAMBODIA – TRAINING ON LX2000
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
CAMBODIA – EDC WAREHOUSE
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
CAMBODIA – TRANSF. REPAIR WORKSHOP
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
IRAN (FROM NIP)
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
IRAN – PCB STORED AT A FACTORY
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
IRAN – SD MYERS ENERVAC PCB TREATMENT PLANT
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
ORGANISATION OF PCB INVENTORY IN ITALY: CENTRAL AND LOCAL ADMINISTRATION
IMELS
European Commission
National Agency for the Protection of the
Environment
Regions: drafting of PCB management plan
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
ITALY (2003)
PCB production around 28000 tons (most from Caffaro)
98.687 electrical devices contaminated by PCB of which 60% owned by ENEL (National Electric Board)
79.468 devices with PCB conc. between 50 and 500 mg/kg
18.955 devices with PCB conc. > 500 mg/kg
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
PCBS IN ITALY
Northern regions, where the consumption of electricity is higher, have more PCB contaminated equipment than the Southern regions
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Regression analysis NDEV / REQEN
ln REQEN
ln N
DEV
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
FRANCE
7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 116
7
8
9
10
11
12
Regression analysis NDEV / REQEN
ln REQEN
ln N
DEV
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
FRANCE
PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013
USA
The database of USA PCBs transformer still in use is available online