PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013 Carlo Lupi...

PPG Inception Meeting – Colombo, Sri Lanka 5-10 August 2013

PCB INVENTORY AND

INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE

Carlo Lupi

[email protected]


WHY A PCB INVENTORY ?

The PCB inventory has three purposes:

MANAGEMENT

TRACEABILITY

EMERGENCY RESPONSE


WHAT A PCB INVENTORY IS

A PCBs inventory should consist in:• An organized and dynamic list of all

the PCBs contaminated equipment, wastes and sites

• A system for PCBs inventory data management

• Rules and procedures for adding or deleting items from the inventory and for reporting

• A dedicated administrative structure with personnel and responsibilities


WHAT A PCB INVENTORY SHOULD CONTAINFollowing the Stockholm convention, the PCB inventory should include all the equipment with internal volume greater than 5Liters and PCBs concentration greater than 50 ppm.

In order to improve the usefulness of the PCB inventory, other items can be added: PCBs wastes, PCBs contaminated sites, equipment with internal volume < than 5 Liters.

Other concentration limits (in any case below 50 ppm) could be considered for inclusion in the PCB inventory


WHAT A PCB INVENTORY SHOULD NOT CONTAINEquipment which has been definitively proven to have a PCBs concentration < 50 ppm (or a lower limit selected by the authority) should not be included in the PCBs inventoryWastes with a PCBs concentration which has been definitively proven to be < 50 ppm (or a lower limit selected by the authority) should not be included in the PCBs inventory.

A decision must be made on PCB contaminated soil.


PROBLEMS AFFECTING PCB INVENTORIES WORLDWIDE

Announcement effect and miscomunication Lacking of clear rules for PCB owners Unrealistic objectives and timeframe Lacking of a sound inventory plan Economic interest of PCB owners (disposal

cost, missed revenues for scrapped material) Technical issues


GOLDEN RULE: IF DATA ARE LACKING ASSUME IS PCBS

If data are lacking, (i.e., equipment is not classified as PCB free or has not been tested), the equipment must be considered as PCB contaminated.

If equipment has been tested for PCB and/or it is certified as PCB free following international accepted methodologies, it should not be includede in the inventory.

• (UNEP, Guidelines for the identification of PCBS and materials containing PCBs, 1999)

• UNEP document “PCB Transformers and Capacitors: From Management to Reclassification and Disposal, may 2002


INCLUSION IN THE PCB INVENTORY DOES NOT NECESSARILY MEAN IMMEDIATE DISPOSAL !!!

•They are in a good working condition without any symptom of leaking

•They are not located in sensitive sites.

Transformers do not need to be immediately

decontaminated or disposed if:

•PCBs equipment MUST be included in the inventory!

HOWEVER


PERFORMING A PCBS QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY


STEP FOR A PCB INVENTORY SURVEY

Gather list of relevant industries• By consumption (i.e. electric contracts > 100 KW) needs EVN support• By production and number of workers (i.e. industries with more than 100

workers) needs Central and Local chamber of commerce support

Arrange telephone survey• Perform simple telephone survey (do not ask for “PCB equipment” but

only for “equipment”); ask also for any equipment requiring hydraulic and heat transfer oil and oil storage.

• Follow up with more detailed survey with industries which have that equipment.

Arrange site surveys and sampling plan• Training and establishment of a network• Collect and process samples• Perform site surveys


FORM A INFORMATION CONCERNING THE SITE AND THE PCB OWNER

Site Record info

Site code (to be repeated in form “B” and “C”)Date Inspector

Information about the company

Company name Company type (NIC-2008) *Public / Private Headquarter address

Site Contact and Address Information

State *Site address Geo ref. (°) Location features *Contact person name Contact position Phone Fax Email

Site Information

Number of Staff at the siteNumber of TransformersNumber of Capacitors

Number of other equipment

Electricity Consumption at site (KWh) PCB Elimination plan?


FORM B INFORMATION CONCERNING THE EQUIPMENT (1ST PART)

Equipment identification

Site Code (the same as A)

Label Code (univocal code for each equipment, to be placed on the label)

Name of the Manufacturer Country of origin Equipment Type *

Serial Number

Equipment description

Power rating High Voltage (V) Low Voltage (V) Manufacturing date

Equipment weight, including dielectric oil (Kg) Oil Weight (Kg)

Trade name of the dielectric oil or insulating oil

PCB content in the liquid (ppm) PCB analysis performed *Information source


FORM B INFORMATION CONCERNING THE EQUIPMENT (2ND PART)

Equipment condition

Operational status *

Condition of the equipment *

Storage *

Retrofilled (Y/N) *

Retrofilling date

Retrofilling liquid

Maintenance company


FORM C: INFORMATION CONCERNING WASTE AND CONTAMINATED SITES

Site Code (the same as A)

PCBs Waste identification

Type of Waste including Basel code and Indian Waste Classification code

Estimated quantity (kg)

Packaging modality *

Are containers leak proof ?

Storage conditions. *

Geographical coordinates

PCB contaminated Site identification

Site Name

Land use of the site and of the surroundings

Monitoring report if available (attach documents)

Cleanup plan if available (attach documents)

Cleanup report if available (attach documents)


PCBS USES TO BE CONSIDERED DURING IDENTIFICATION AND INVENTORY OF PCBS


CLOSED APPLICATIONS

Step up transformers

Power plants A closed application is defined as “an application in which the PCBs

are held completely within the equipment”. In normal condition,

therefore, the exposure of the environment or humans to PCBs

contained in closed application is null. However, exposure may occur in circumstances like maintenance

operations, and damage of the equipment due to the aging of the

equipment or misuse.

Distribution transformers

Power plants, transformer substation, electricity distribution network, large industrial plants, railways, large ships, hospitals

Power capacitors

Electricity distribution network, large industrial plants

Lighting ballasts

Offices, large building, hospitals

Switches Transformer substations, electricity distribution network, large industrial plants, railways, large ships


PARTIALLY CLOSED APPLICATIONS

Heat transfer fluids

Chemical industry; petroleum refineries.

Partially closed applications are heat transfer fluids and hydraulic fluids. In partially closed applications, PCBs is not directly in contact with the environment; however

emission to the environment may occur in certain

circumstances during typical use, leading in some cases

to significant release

Hydraulic fluids

Any industrial process requiring hydraulic fluids. Mining equipment; ferrous and non ferrous metal industry.

Vacuum and compressors pumps

Natural gas transfer substations and pipes; any industrial facility requiring large compressors or vacuum pumps.


OPEN APPLICATIONS

Lubricants Immersion oil for microscopes; brake linings; cutting oils; lubricating oils

It is reported that PCBs has been used as additive in paint, flame retardant in surface coatings, plasticizers in chlorine based plastic and rubber like PVC and neoprene. PCBs has been also used as an additive to the paint of older ships

Casting waxes

Pattern waxes for casting

Surface coatings:

Paints (including the ones used for ship painting); surface treatment for textiles; carbonless copy paper; flame retardants;

Plasticizers Gasket sealers; filling materials; PVC; rubber sealers


WHERE PCBS CAPACITORS CAN BE FOUND IN NON-POWER SECTOR (1)

In general, capacitors with an internal volume in the order of one or more liters are used to compensate for the inductive reactive power required by the electrical load. Very often, capacitors can be found wherever there is:

• An intensive use of fluorescent lamps, like in the case of large buildings, hospitals, railway stations, etc.;

• An intensive use of electrical motors, for instance in industry manufacturing plants;

• A compensation system. Compensation systems in cabinets and electrical panels can be identified by the presence of instruments for indicating and adjusting cos (φ), as well as by the term "Compensation". Normally, the capacitors can be found in a primary or secondary distribution panel (cabinet) located in example in a basement or an ancillary room in a transformer station or in another secure location of the company;


WHERE PCBS CAPACITORS CAN BE FOUND IN NON-POWER SECTOR (2)

Power capacitors can be therefore found in • Buildings: Administrative buildings, Hospital,

Museums, Railway Stations, Shopping Centers and in general large buildings (including the old buildings planned for demolition)

• Workshops and Industrial Manufacturing;• Wastewater treatment plants • Power distribution and power distribution

substations;• Refrigeration facilities;• Research institutions.


WHERE PCB TRANSFORMERS CAN BE FOUND IN NON POWER SECTOR

All industries connected with an high voltage supply with their internal step-down systems

Industries with high power contracts (for instance > 100 kW)

Large facilities (hospitals, commercial centers, large hotels, universities)


SAMPLING


An essential part of all investigations is that evidence gathered be controlled.

Sampling operations should to be supervised bY an external observer. Right after sampling, samples have to be sealed and the seal signed.

Sample possession must be traceable from the time the samples are collected until they are analysed.

a sample form must be signed each time a sample is passed from an operator to another.

SAMPLING CHAIN OF CUSTODY


Before starting the sampling it is crucial to check:1) status of transformer (any rust, leakage, etc.)2) suitable sampling points: valves, tanks, pipes3) if enough space for sampling operations is

available4) general safety condition at the workplace

CHECK TRANSF.AND ENV. CONDITIONS


Before sampling:Take photo of the transformer plateTake note of relevant dataWear PPE (personal protective equipment)Be sure all the necessary equipment is in

place

GATHER INFORMATION


Gloves Mask Glasses Helmet

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT


SAMPLING VALVE (EASY)


SAMPLING VALVE (LESS EASY)


SAMPLING VALVE ON A POLE TRANSF.


BAD WORKING CONDITIONS


SAMPLING POINT WITHOUT VALVE


LABELLING


BASIC OF LABELING

Labeling is something more than placing a sticker onto an article

Labeling functions may include traceability

• to link articles to a database (with univocal codes);• to ensure that operators and general public are informed

(including, for instance, emergency operators during an accident) about the existence of PCB equipment in their factory, so that they can adopt suitable management measures when needed;

• to enforce obligations on PCBs labeled equipment (for instance, to “track” the status and movement of these equipment)


THE 7 STEPS OF LABELING

1. Target identification

2. Clear assignment of responsibilities

3. Clear establishment of rules

4. Selection of the information content

5. Printing and distributing labels

6. Building and mantaining the database

7. Enforcement


SOME EXAMPLES OF PCB LABELS


GHS COMPLIANT PCB LABEL

WARNINGThis equipment contains

PCBsPolychlorinated Biphenyls

The PCBs contained in this equipment is capable to cause cumulative permanent effect to the organism and to severely contaminate the environment. It is severely forbidden to open this equipment. If it is necessary to open, move, replace or repair this equipment, call the number 0091 – 11 – 123456789

In case of fire, leakage or any other emergency involving this equipment contact immediatly the emergency number below .

EMERGENCY HOTLINE 0091 – 11 – 987654321

UNIVOCAL EQUIPMENT CODE: ABC123456789CAB


INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE

Data and info from PCB inventory worldwide


CHINA – A DIFFERENT COUNTRY China produced PCB from 1965 to 1980 (Shanghai, Suzhou,

Xi’an) The cumulated PCBs oil output was 7, 130 tons, of which

PCB3 account for 6, 130 tons and PCB5 account for 1, 000 tons.

Very few PCB transformers found (7 over 1000 > 50 ppm) China has produced about 500 000 capacitors using

domestic PCBs oil About 15 000-25 000 sets of capacitors containing PCBs

may be still in service, but only 2, 027 sets have been verified.

The large majority of PCB capacitors has been buried, recycled or resold.

Several PCB burial sites were lost.


THE WORLD BANK PCB PROJECT IN CHINA

Due of the situation, the PCB project in China has been mainly a “PCB site cleanup” project

Around 20 PCB sites treated in Zhejiang PCB soil treated in a thermal desorber PCB capacitors shredded and incinerated Pure PCB oil incinerated


Centralized Sealed up in the cave

Site in Gansu Province

Site in the Beijing municipality

ABANDONED PCB WASTE SITES


Centralized underground sealed-up

辽宁锦州 PCBs地下封存点

Site in the Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing City

ABANDONED PCB WASTE SITES


LIAONING PCB SURVEY RESULT

PCBs capacitors stored

in the open airPCBs capacitors stored in warehouse


CHINA – PCB CAPACITORS BURIAL SITES


CHINA - REMOVING PCB CAPACITORS FROM SITE


CHINA - DISPOSAL OF PCB CAPACITORS

Trial burn test 1 (PCB contaminated soil, PCB 1-2%) PCDD/F 0.104 ngTEq/Nm3

Trial burn test 2 (PCB oil, PCB 20%) PCDD/F 0.042 ngTEq/Nm3

Trial burn test 3 (PCB soil+capacitors, PCB 10%) PCDD/F 0.080 ngTEq/Nm3

Minimize release of POPs from the whole process !!

Site cleanup

Transportation and Storage

Final Disposal


CHINA - CLEANUP OF PCB SOIL


INDIA

PCB oil wt (metric tons)N of

transf In use StoredTransf. Weight (metric tons)

2000 1081 1066 17 5960

Oil wt N of transf In use StoredTransf. Weight avg conc

7120 436 405 0 20900 19800

Pure PCB transformers

Transformers contaminated by PCB

In India, almost all the inventoried PCB equipment are online. Most of them are pure

PCB transformers


INDIA – NON POWER SECTOR

PCB oil wt (metric tons) N of transfTransf. Weight (metric

tons) 971 465 2926

Pure PCB transformers

In India, a large number of pure - PCB transformers were found in the iron and steel

industry


CAMBODIA – PRELIMINARY INVENTORY•over the

56 transformers sampled for chlorine testing by means of disposable screening test kits (50 ppm), 32 units were found contaminated by PCBs.

NIP Inventory (2004):

•Over the 216 transformers tested with the LX 2000, 95 were found contaminated by PCBs

Inventory conducted during the

preparation of GEF project

(summer 2011)


CAMBODIA PRELIMINARY INVENTORY

0≤C<

25

25≤C<50

50≤C<10

0

100≤

C<200

200≤

C<300

300≤

C<400

400≤

C<500

500≤

C<1...

C>1000

00

10

20

30

40

50

60

PCB concentration (ppm)

Num

ber

of

transfo

rmers


CAMBODIA – TRAINING ON LX2000


CAMBODIA – EDC WAREHOUSE


CAMBODIA – TRANSF. REPAIR WORKSHOP


IRAN (FROM NIP)


IRAN – PCB STORED AT A FACTORY


IRAN – SD MYERS ENERVAC PCB TREATMENT PLANT


ORGANISATION OF PCB INVENTORY IN ITALY: CENTRAL AND LOCAL ADMINISTRATION

IMELS

European Commission

National Agency for the Protection of the

Environment

Regions: drafting of PCB management plan


ITALY (2003)

PCB production around 28000 tons (most from Caffaro)

98.687 electrical devices contaminated by PCB of which 60% owned by ENEL (National Electric Board)

79.468 devices with PCB conc. between 50 and 500 mg/kg

18.955 devices with PCB conc. > 500 mg/kg


PCBS IN ITALY

Northern regions, where the consumption of electricity is higher, have more PCB contaminated equipment than the Southern regions

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

Regression analysis NDEV / REQEN

ln REQEN

ln N

DEV


FRANCE

7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 116

7

8

9

10

11

12

Regression analysis NDEV / REQEN

ln REQEN

ln N

DEV


FRANCE


USA

The database of USA PCBs transformer still in use is available online

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