Power from the windPower from the wind

Sailcloth turbines for water pumping, Lasithi plateau, Crete

Modern waterpumping turbine

with metal blades, Kenya.

Mechanical drive from turbine rotor

shaft to verticalpump actuating

rod

Contours ofmean annualwind speedsin Europe.

UK (andespeciallyScotland)have the

best resources

Typical windturbine for electricityproduction from the

late 1970’s.

9m rotor diameter,15 kW rated poweroutput, rigid tower

construction

250 kWprototype by

James Howden,Glasgow in

early 1980’s.

28m diameterrotor, wood

laminate blades,thin tubularsteel tower

Howden turbinesite erection

process, usingsimple A-frame

Access toblade tip

adjustmentmechanism

from platformon tower

Maintenance ofwind turbineswill demandspecial skills;

access is more problematicfor smallermachines

Nacelle layout of typical horizontal-axis turbine

Disc brakeGearbox

GeneratorAnemometer

Yaw bearingand drive gear

Vestas 75 kW and 100 kW turbines atAltamont Pass, California, early 1980’s

UK Wind Energy Group (WEG) 250 kWturbines at Altamont Pass

Howden 330 kW production machines in California

WEG 300 kWturbine inCalifornia;2 blades,

full-span pitchcontrol

WEG 2-bladed turbine in a UK setting:Cemmaes wind farm, Wales

Wind turbines at Tarifa in southern Spain

Wind farm in an industrial area:Blyth Harbour, Tyne and Wear, UK

First commercial offshore windfarm, Vindeby, Denmark

Turbines atVindeby wind

farm:Bonus 450 kWmachines withfull-span pitch

control

Yttre Stengrundoffshore windfarm, Sweden

5 turbines,water depth 8.5m

Contrastingapplications

of windpower at

Yttre Stengrund

Yttre Stengrundwind farm:NEG Miconturbines of

2 MW ratedpower output;rotor diameter

72m

Horns Reefoffshore wind

farm, Denmark.Erection oftower and

mounting ofready-assembledturbine nacelle

Vestas V80turbines, eachof rated power

2 MW

Horns Reef wind farm off the west coast of Denmark.80 turbines, each rated at 2 MW

UK offshorewind farm at

Blyth Harbour,Tyne and Wear.

2 turbineseach ratedat 2 MW,

approx. 1 kmfrom shore

Single-bladedwind turbinemanufactured

by Riva Calzoni, Italy.

Rated at225 kW

Direct driveto generatorfor 500 kWturbine byEnercon,Germany

Model of Enerconturbine showing

enlarged hubrequired tocontain thedirect-drivegenerator

750 kW turbinewith direct-drive

generator byJeumont, France

Vertical-axisturbines: 100Wbattery-charging

prototype byMMEW, Dundee.

Direct drive togenerator,

variable-pitchblades

150 kW vertical-axiswind turbine at

Carmarthen Bay,Wales.

UK-designedprototype withvariable blade

geometry.

Concrete tower,composite blades

18m in height

Fixed-geometryvertical-axisturbine ratedat 100 kW,

Isles of Scilly,UK

500 kW developmentof 150 kW turbine

with fixed-geometryblading, on test siteat Carmarthen Bay

Project EOLE 4 MW vertical-axis prototype, Quebec.Tower height 110m, catenary-profile blades