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Political GeographyReviewKaplan Review Book
7 things to learn from this chapter 1) A nation is a group of people with
common cultural characteristics, whereas a state is an area with defined boundaries that has sovereignty within its borders. A nation-state is a country whose political boundaries correspond with its cultural boundaries
Iraq is a state divided between 3 nations Sunni Muslims Shiite Muslims Kurds Disputes over political power of the
state
Nation-state: when cultural boundaries correspond with state boundaries
Same ethnicity, speak same language, practice the same religion
Examples: Japan & Denmark
A ______ is a group of people with a common political identity, and a ______ is a country with recognized borders Territory…federalism Nation….territory State…nation Nation….state Territory….state
A ______ is a group of people with a common political identity, and a ______ is a country with recognized borders Territory…federalism Nation….territory State…nation Nation….state Territory….state
For many years, French Canadians from Quebec sought ____, or the right to govern themselves and to establish their own independent state Nationalism Self-determination Anticolonialism Reapportionment colonization
For many years, French Canadians from Quebec sought ____, or the right to govern themselves and to establish their own independent state Nationalism Self-determination: Sovereignty Anticolonialism Reapportionment colonization
7 things to learn from this chapter 2) The Heartland Theory established by
MacKinder suggests that whoever owns the Heartland of Eastern Europe will control the world. The Rimland Theory by Nicholas Spykman suggest that sea power is more valuable and that alliances will keep the Heartland in check. The Domino Theory, a response to the spread of communism, suggested that when one country falls, others around it will experience the same political instability
Which international organization could best be incorporated into Spykman’s Rimland Theory? United Nations European Union NATO NAFTA Warsaw Pact
Which international organization could best be incorporated into Spykman’s Rimland Theory? United Nations European Union NATO: Military Alliance between
Western European countries NAFTA Warsaw Pact
7 things to learn from this chapter 3) Colonialism has had a profound
impact on the world today. The major colonial powers were Great Britain, Portugal, Spain and France. Meinig’s colonial empire themes describe how these empires were colonized. Great Britain and France used the settler empire, Portugal used the sea empire, and Spain used the land empire
Types of Empires Meinig, geographer at Syracuse
University Created a list of 3 different empires
Europeans used when colonizing an area
Land Empire: involves conquest by force Sea Empire: use sea power to control an
area Settlement Empire: settlers establish
colony over long period of time
Land Empire
Involves conquest by force Armies attack & take resources by force “Might makes right” Ex: Spanish in Mexico
Sea Empire Used sea power to control area Settlements along coast Excursions to interior for goods Then shipped off to home country Ex: Portuguese in Brazil
Settlement Empire Settlers intend to stay a long time Establish a settlement Send resources/agric products to home
country Supplies provided by home country Eventually become independent & pay
back home country Ex: British in US & French in SE Asia
7 things to learn from this chapter 4) Ethnicity is determined by race, skin
color, language, religion and other factors. Race is different from ethnicity and is determined by perceived inheritable biological characteristics
Previous Chapter in our Textbook
The civil war in Rwanda is most closely an example of A religious conflict An ethnic conflict A pluralism conflict Ethnocentrism An ethnic enclave
The civil war in Rwanda is most closely an example of A religious conflict An ethnic conflict: Hutu & Tutsi tribes A pluralism conflict Ethnocentrism An ethnic enclave
7 things to learn from this chapter 5) There are five shapes to countries:
compact, elongated, fragmented, perforated and prorupted. Each of these has advantages and disadvantages
Shape Description
Example Pros Cons
Compact Circle/square UruguayPoland
communication resources
Elongated Long & skinny Chile Transportation IsolationFragmented Not attached/
IslandsUS: AlaskaIndonesia
Difficult to be invaded entirely
Communicationtransportation
Perforated Hole in country
South Africa
Enclave has its own state
Communicationtransportation
Prorupted Eruption off country
NamibiaCaprivi Strip
Access to a raw material
Fiercely fought over
Which of the following states is the best example of an enclave? Lesotho Gambia Brazil Belize Papua New Guinea
Which of the following states is the best example of an enclave? Lesotho: In South Africa Gambia Brazil Belize Papua New Guinea
Which of the following is best example of a perforated state? France Vatican City Singapore Ecuador Italy
Which of the following is best example of a perforated state? France Vatican City Singapore Ecuador Italy: has 2 states completely inside,
San Marino & Vatican City
7 things to learn from this chapter 6)Supranational organizations, such as
the European Union and the United Nations have a strong influence on the world’s political climate
The United Nations’ International Law of the Sea gave countries access to drill for mineral rights up to how many miles from shore 3 miles 10 miles 12 miles 100 miles 200 miles
The United Nations’ International Law of the Sea gave countries access to drill for mineral rights up to how many miles from shore 3 miles 10 miles 12 miles 100 miles 200 miles to explore/exploit resources
3 mile limit applies to foreign ships
Supranationalism extends state borders through outside organizations for economic and/or political cooperation European Union NAFTA NATO OPEC
7 things to learn from this chapter 7) Boundary disputes arise for various
reasons. Some arise from the demarcation of the boundary, while others arise from the allocation of resources along the border. Inappropriate boundary lines in Africa led to wars from the moment they were drawn, because European countries used geometric and physical features to establish boundaries in Africa instead of cultural features, such as language and religion
The redrawing of political districts for political gain is termed what? Reapportionment Core-periphery federalism Gerrymandering Immigrant statehood Electoral regions
The redrawing of political districts for political gain is termed what? Reapportionment Core-periphery federalism Gerrymandering Immigrant statehood Electoral regions
_____forces work to pull countries apart, while ______ forces work to bind them together Centripetal….centrifugal Centrifugal…centripetal Communist…democratic Capitalist…socialist Socialist…centripetal
_____forces work to pull countries apart, while ______ forces work to bind them together Centripetal….centrifugal Centrifugal…centripetal Communist…democratic Capitalist…socialist Socialist…centripetal
Which of the following was a centrifugal force in the India/Pakistan relationship in the late 1940s? Commonality of Language Commonality of Religion Differences in Political border
interpretation Differences in religion Commonality of climate
Which of the following was a centrifugal force in the India/Pakistan relationship in the late 1940s? Commonality of Language Commonality of Religion Differences in Political border
interpretation Differences in religion: broke up the
state Commonality of climate
With its system of regional provinces, Canada is an example of a Microstate Electoral state Reapportioned state Federal state Nation-state
With its system of regional provinces, Canada is an example of a Microstate Electoral state Reapportioned state Federal state Nation-state
Ch.8 Free-Response Question
Free Response Question The European Union and NAFTA are two
common examples of international organizations.
A) Describe each of these two organizations and their purposes
B) What do each of these two organizations have in common? How are they different?