Review Images #4: Political Geography
Transcript of Review Images #4: Political Geography
Review Images #4:Political Geography
Territorial Morphology
Advantages and disadvantages?
Prorupt
Enclaves and Exclaves
Advantages and disadvantages?
Landlocked
Advantages and disadvantages?
8 Characteristics of a State(Synonym = Country)
1. Territory with recognized boundaries2. Permanent population3. Economic system (currency, exchange of
goods & services, trade, etc.)4. Social system (health care, education etc.)5. Transportation system6. Government providing services & order7. Sovereignty (independence)8. External recognition
States Recognizing Kosovo
External Recognition Example: Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia in 2008. Only the green countries on the map recognize Kosovo as
an independent State.
Sovereignty Established
When were independent States established in China? India? Europe? The Americas? The Middle East?
Southeast Asia? Africa?
Multinational States and Multistate Nations
• Multinational State: many nations, one State
• Multistate nation: many States, one nation
Nations: England, Scotland, Wales, N. Ireland
State: United Kingdom
Nation: Arab States: 22
Nations Becoming States Greatly Changed the World Map in the 20th Century
Note Africa, Eastern Europe and Central Asia
1945 = 51 U.N. Members 2017 = 193 U.N. Members
Territories Are Not States - No Sovereignty
• Examples:– Hong Kong– Bermuda– Greenland– Puerto Rico
Microstates
• Have very small population or very small land area
• Examples:– Monaco– Andorra– Liechtenstein– Vatican City– Nauru– Palau
Many Stateless Nations
Example: Palestine - A nation, but no State
ColonialismOne state takes control of
another, controlling its government and ruling its
territory as its own.
2 Waves of European Colonization
1500-1800 and 1800-1975
Dominant Colonial Influences
Animation: 1492 to 2007
2 Waves of Decolonization1st Wave: the Americas
2nd Wave: Africa and Asia
Only 5 countries escaped European colonialism!
Legacy of European Colonialism =Capitalism
People, corporations, and states produce goods and services
and exchange them in the world market, with the goal of
achieving profit.
Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory
1. The world economy has one market and a global division of labor.
2. Although the world has multiple states, almost everything takes place within the world economy.
3. The world economy has a three-tier structure.
Three Tier Structure
Core Places & Processes
*Higher levels of education, higher salaries, more technology
* Generate more wealth
Semi-periphery Places & Processes
*Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring. Exploited by the core, they then exploit the periphery.
* Buffer between core and periphery
Periphery Places & Processes
*Lower levels of education, lower salaries, less technology
* Generate less wealth
Make sure you can identify and explain the spatial patterns.
Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces
• Major Centripetal Forces: forces that unify– Form of government– Nation-state status– Long history as unified state– Accepted boundaries
• Major Centrifugal Forces: forces that divide– Form of government– Ethnic, language, religious, cultural differences– Lack of history as unified state– Disputed boundaries
Forms of Government
Democratic Forms of Government• Democratic Republic: elected President or
Prime Minister– Examples: U.S., France, Brazil, India, Mexico
Brazil’s Former President Rousseff
Democratic Forms of Government
• Democratic Constitutional Monarchy: elected Prime Minister, King or Queen as symbolic leader– Examples: United
Kingdom, Spain, Japan
England’s Queen Elizabeth and former U.K. Prime Minister David
Cameron
Constitutional Monarchies
Spain’s King Felipe VI Japan’s Emperor AkihitoNorway’s King Harald V
Authoritarian Forms of Government
• Absolute Monarchy: rule by monarch or royal family
• Theocracy: rule by religious leaders• Dictatorship or One Party: rule by one person,
one group or one political party such as the Communist Party
• Military junta: rule by military leadersCitizens do not vote for their leaders
through free and fair elections.
Most Absolute Monarchies Today Are in the Middle East
Saudi Arabia
Qatar
Oman
United Arab Emirates
Absolute MonarchyExamples: Brunei, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
Swaziland, United Arab Emirates
Saudi Arabia’s King Salman
Qatar’s Emir Tamim bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
Swaziland’s King Mswati III
Theocracy• Examples: Iran, Vatican City
Iran’s Supreme Ruler Khamenei
Iran’s President Rouhani
Pope Francis
One Party Rule (Communist Party)• Examples: China, Cuba, North Korea,
Eritrea, Laos, Vietnam
North Korea’s Kim Jong-un
Cuba’s Raul CastroChina’s Xi Jinping
Military Junta• Current Example: Thailand
Thailand’s Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha
Transitional Government
Emergency or interim government set up to rule in time of transition, typically after a civil war.
Currently Burkina Faso, Egypt, Eritrea, Libya, Yemen
Division of Power Within a State
• Unitary: power centralized in capital• Federal: power distributed between
central and regional governments
Federal States
Devolution of States
the movement of power from central government to regional
governments
a matter of degree …
Devolutionary MovementsFueled by:
• Ethnocultural forces: ethnic and cultural differences among regions
• Economic forces: economic differences among regions
• Spatial (territorial) forces: geographic location
Devolutionary Movements
• Vary in degree: range from desire for more autonomy to desire for secession
• May be peaceful or violent
• Often occur on margins of states
Balkanization“Balkanization is a geopolitical term originally used to describe the process
of fragmentation or division of a region or state into smaller regions or states that are often hostile or non-cooperative with one another.”
Scotland Referendum
South Sudan
http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/12/30/9-questions-about-south-sudan-you-were-too-embarrassed-to-ask/
Ethnolinguistic Groups in Africa
Former USSR
Ethnic Regions in Former USSR
Former Yugoslavia
Ethnic Regions in Former Yugoslavia
Until 1992 Yugoslavia’s 6 republics included much ethnic diversity. Brutal ethnic cleansing occurred in Bosnia, Croatia, and Kosovo during civil wars in the 1990s.
Hawaii
U.S. overthrew Hawaiian monarchy in 1893, annexed Hawaii in 1898, granted statehood in 1959
Hawaiian Queen Liliʻuokalani
Partition of India
Former Czechoslovakia
Tibet
East Turkistan (Uighurs)
Chechnya & Dagestan
http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/04/19/9-questions-about-chechnya-and-dagestan-you-were-too-embarrassed-to-ask/
Ukraine & Crimea
http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/01/30/9-questions-about-ukraine-you-were-too-embarrassed-to-ask/
http://fsi.fundforpeace.org/map/2016heatmap.png
Boundaries Are Vertical Planes Extending Below The Ground and Into
Airspace
The Law of the Sea
• Territorial waters: 12 nautical miles from coastline• Exclusive Economic Zone: 200 nautical miles from coastline
(fishing, mining, etc. allowed)
1 nautical mile = 1.15078 miles
Establishing Boundaries• Define: create legal description• Delimit: map• Demarcate: mark with fence, wall, etc.• Administrate: maintain, monitor crossing of
people and goods
U.S. - Mexico Border Pres. Bush in Border Patrol Dune Buggy
Types of International Boundaries
• Geometric: based on a grid system• Physical-political (natural): based on natural
features– Mountain ranges, rivers, lakes, deserts, etc.
• Anthropographic (cultural): based on cultural features– Ethnicity, language, religion, etc.
Boundary Related Problems Often Arise When International Boundaries Clash with
Cultural Boundaries
Geometric, Not Cultural Boundaries = Trouble
Boundary Related Problems Often Arise When International Boundaries Clash with
Cultural Boundaries
Boundary Related Problems Often Arise When International Boundaries
Clash with Cultural Boundaries
Additional Types of Boundaries• Antecedent Boundary: boundary established
before a region is populated• Subsequent Boundary: boundary established after
a region is populated, respects existing cultural patterns
• Superimposed boundary: boundary created by outside force, typically by treaty, may not respect existing cultural patterns
• Relict Boundary: boundary no longer used but signs of boundary still exist on cultural landscape
• Fortified Boundary: boundary marked with physical barrier (wall, fence, berms)
Common Types of Boundary Disputes
• Definitional: dispute regarding legal description
• Locational: dispute regarding delimiting and demarcation
• Operational: dispute regarding strict or lenient administration of the boundary– migration, smuggling, etc.
• Allocational: dispute regarding resources that straddle the boundary– coal, natural gas, oil, water
Frontier Regions• Frontier: zone where no country exercises
complete political control
Example: Federally Administrated Tribal
Areas (FATA) between Pakistan and Afghanistan.
Example: Antarctica
Antarctic Treaty (1961 - signed by 47 countries) establishes freedom of scientific investigation, bans military activity.
Majority of Antarctica is claimed, but most countries don’t recognize those claims.
Example: Arctic Seafloor
Berlin Conference of 1884-85
Africa After Berlin Conference of 1884-85
Geometric, Not Cultural Boundaries = Trouble
Determining # Seats in U.S. House of Representatives per State
Reapportionment
Determining Boundaries of U.S. Congressional Districts and State Legislative Districts
Redistricting
Each Representative is to represent approximately 710,767 people.
Gerrymandering
R and R NOT ONLY Reflect Population Changes THEY ALSO Reflect Changes in Regional Political Power
So What?
U.S. Presidential Electoral Votes by State
Presidential Election 2016
Electoral Votes = # Senators + # U.S. Reps
Winner of popular voteIn each state gets ALL of that state’s electoral votes (with exception of
ME and NE).270 electoral votes
required to win.
Clinton WON popularvote, but LOSTelectoral vote.
GeopoliticsThe relationship between geography
and international relations
G7 Meeting June 2015
German School
• Ratzel’s Organic State Theory – German professor Friedrick Ratzel
(1844-1904)– State is a living organism, surviving by
“eating” less powerful neighbors and gaining territory
– Later used as justification for Nazi Germany’s territorial expansion
British / American School• Mackinder’s Heartland Theory:
– British geographer Halford Mackinder (1861-1947)
– Land-based power would rule the world, as it would have ample natural resources
• Spykman’s Rimland Theory:– Dutch geographer Nicholas Spykman– Sea-based power would rule the world– Rimland must “contain” the Heartland
Post WW II Geopolitical World Order
• Bipolar - Cold War - 1945 to 1991 – 2 superpowers: U.S. & Soviet
Union– 2 military alliances: NATO &
Warsaw Pact
• Multipolar - “New World Order” - 1991 to 2000– More International cooperation
• Unilateral - 2000 to 2008– Individual States, particularly U.S.,
taking individual action– Example: Invasion of Iraq
Cold War Allies
NATO and Warsaw Pact Countries
Warsaw Pact Disbanded In 1991
Domino Theory• When one country experiences rebellion or
disunity, so will others around it– Term coined by President Eisenhower (1953-
1961)– Used to justify U.S. intervention in Southeast Asia
in the 1960s and Central America in the 1980s
Critical Geopolitics• Statements by leaders about places
influence foreign policy and citizen attitudes– “Evil Empire”: Reagan’s term for Soviet
Union– “Axis of Evil”: George W. Bush’s term for
Iraq, Iran and North Korea
“Axis of Evil” and Beyond …
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M0NXs_uWPgg&safe=active
Supranationalism - U.N.
United Nations - 193 Member States Taiwan, Vatican City, Kosovo non-members
Supranationalism - EU
28 European Member States - 19 use EURO
Supranationalism - African Union
54 Member States
Supranationalism - NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization 28 Member States
Supranationalism - Arab League
22 Member States
(Syria currently suspended due to civil war)