Post on 10-Apr-2018
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The Science of
Ergonomics
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ObjectivesObjectives
Introduce ergonomics & define commonIntroduce ergonomics & define commontermsterms
Review basic anatomyReview basic anatomy
Identify common musculoskeletal disordersIdentify common musculoskeletal disorders
Define scope of the problemDefine scope of the problem
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Workplace SafetyWorkplace Safety
Electrical Safety
Fire Prevention
Hazard Communication
Personal Protective Equipment
Chemical Safety
Asbestos Control
Confined Space
Medical & First Aid
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Ergonomics Defined
Early 1700s, Ramazzinis study of ill-effects of poorposture & poorly designed tools on the health ofworkers
Greek Words Ergon = work, Nomikos = law
Ergonomics Study ofWork Laws
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What Is Ergonomics?
Modern Definition
Science of fitting workplaceconditionsandjob demandstothe capabilities of the working
population
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What Is Ergonomics?What Is Ergonomics?
Ergon work
Nomos laws of
Ergonomics is thelaws of work that
define the limits to
human capability.
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What Is Ergonomics?What Is Ergonomics?
Ergonomics is the science ofimproving employee performanceand well-being in relation to the
job tasks, equipment, and
the environment.
Ergonomics is a continuous improvement effort
to design the workplace for whatpeople do well, and designagainst what people dont dowell.
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What Is Ergonomics?What Is Ergonomics?
Ergonomics is fitting the job to the person.
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Applying Ergonomics
1. Study, research, & experimentation
Evaluate human traits/characteristics weneed to know for engineering design
2. Application & engineering
Design tools, machines, shelter,
environment, work tasks, and jobprocedures to fit and accommodate thehuman
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Ergonomics
Human Machine
Work Environment
Utmost Goal: Humanization of Work
Design withE & E: Easeand Efficiency
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The Basics ofErgonomics
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INDUSTRIAL
ATHLETE
SKILL
WILL
COACHING
GREAT EQUIPMENT
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Occupational Ergonomics
Optimize worker well-being
Optimize productivity
Minimize workplace stress factors Minimize medical/workers compensation
costs
Increase Company Profitability
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Occupational Factors AffectingThe
Worker..
Physical Hazards
Chemical Hazards
Biological Hazards
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Physical Hazards
Heat Stress/Cold Stress
Noise
Illumination
Ventilation
Vibration
Radiation
Falling, Tripping, Slipping
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Chemical Hazards
Liquids
Solids Gases
Dusts
Fumes
Mists
Fibers
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Biological Hazards
Needle Stick Injuries
Blood BornePathogens
AIDS
Anthrax
Tuberculosis Rabies
Hepatitis
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Where Does Ergonomics Fit In?Where Does Ergonomics Fit In?
Physical Hazards
Chemical Hazards
Biological HazardsErgonomics
Human Machine
Work Environment
3
3
3
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Common Ergonomic Terms
Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs)
Repetitive Motion Disorders
Work-Related MusculoskeletalDisorders (WMSDs)
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Cumulative Trauma Disorders
Bodily injuries or physical ailments that
have developed gradually over periods ofweeks, months, or even years as theresult ofrepeated stresses on a particular
body part
Source: (Erdil & Dickerson, 1997)
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Repetitive Motion Disorders
A variety ofmuscular conditions that result fromrepeated motions performed in the course ofnormal work or other daily activities.
RMDs may be caused by: overexertion
incorrect posture
muscle fatigue
compression of nerves or tissue
too many uninterrupted repetitions of an activity or motion
friction caused by an unnatural or awkward motion such as twistingthe arm or wrist
Source: (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke )
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Examples of
Repetitive Motion Disorders Carpel tunnel syndrome
DeQuervains disease Raynauds syndrome (white finger)
Tendinitis
Tenosynovitis Trigger finger
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Musculoskeletal Disorders
An MSD is an injury or illness of
Muscles
Nerves Tendons
Ligaments
Joints
Cartilage
Spinal Discs
A - articular capsule
B - ligament
C - tendon (section view)
D - muscle
E - tendons
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Anterior View:Muscles & Bones
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Posterior View:Muscles & Bones
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Musculoskeletal SystemMusculoskeletal System
The Knee
Left Anterior Forearm
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Work-Related MSDs
Disorders where the work environment &
performance of work contributesignificantly
Made worse or longer lasting by workconditions
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Examples ofWMSDsExamples ofWMSDs
Lower Body Low Back Pain
Back Strain Disc Disorder
Degenerative Disc Disorders
Sciatica
Knee Disorders Foot Disorders
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Examples ofWMSDsExamples ofWMSDs
Upper Body Tension Neck Syndrome
Rotator Cuff Syndrome
Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow) Medial Epicondylitis (Golfers Elbow)
Tendinitis
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
DeQuervains Tenosynovitis Trigger Finger
Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome
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Common Physical Injuries/IllnessesCommon Physical Injuries/Illnesses
A - inflammation of the shoulder tendons
B - tennis elbow
C - inflammation of the wrist tendons
D - lesion of the knee cartilage
E - inflammation or tearing of the Achilles tendon
F - spraining of the thigh musclesG -backache (due to a lesion of the ligaments or muscles)
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Scope of ProblemScope of Problem
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Why is Ergonomics Important?Why is Ergonomics Important?
FinancialFinancial
HumanisticHumanistic
RegulatoryRegulatory Public relationsPublic relations
Employee/labor relationsEmployee/labor relations
$
Human
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Regulatory AgenciesRegulatory Agencies
National Institute for Occupational Safety & HealthNational Institute for Occupational Safety & Health(NIOSH)(NIOSH)
Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA)Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA)
Department of LaborDepartment of Labor
Workers Compensation Insurance CompaniesWorkers Compensation Insurance Companies
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Bureau ofLabor & Statistics
Number of Fatalities
Number of Non-Fatal Injuries & Illnesses
Lost Workday Cases
Injury and Illness Incident Rates
The Bureau ofLabor Statistics is the principal fact-finding
agency for the Federal Government in the broad field of
labor economics and statistics.
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Scope of the problemScope of the problem
Bureau of Labor & Statistics (BLS), 2002Bureau of Labor & Statistics (BLS), 2002
Total cases of nonTotal cases of non--fatal injuries andfatal injuries andillnessesillnesses
4,700,6004,700,600
1,436,194 Cases Involved Days Away From Work
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More about the injuriesMore about the injuries
Carpal tunnel syndromeCarpal tunnel syndrome
cases had morecases had more medianmedian
days away from workdays away from work(30)(30) than eitherthan either fracturesfractures
(29) or amputations (26)(29) or amputations (26)
Source:BLS 2002
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Musculoskeletal DisordersMusculoskeletal DisordersTotal musculoskeletal disorders 487.9 9 (1,000s)Total musculoskeletal disorders 487.9 9 (1,000s)
OccupationsOccupations Number Number MedianMedian
Days AFWDays AFW
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendantsNursing aides, orderlies, and attendants 44.444.4 66
Truck driversTruck drivers 36.836.8 1212
Laborers, nonconstructionLaborers, nonconstruction 24.924.9 88
Janitors and cleanersJanitors and cleaners 15.215.2 77
AssemblersAssemblers 15.215.2 1414
Construction laborersConstruction laborers 11.111.1 1010
Registered nursesRegistered nurses 10.810.8 66
Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupationsSupervisors and proprietors, sales occupations 9.99.9 77
CashiersCashiers 9.39.3 88
Stock handlers and baggersStock handlers and baggers 8.88.8 55
Sales workers, other commoditiesSales workers, other commodities 7.87.8 77
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Sprains, strains, and tears accounted for
over 75.8% ofthemusculoskeletal
disorders that resulted in days away from
work in 2002.
Carpal TunnelSyndrome accountedfor
over 4.6% ofthemusculoskeletal
disorders that resulted in days away from
work in 2002.
More about the injuriesMore about the injuries
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A majority of injured or ill
workers were 20 to 44 years old
Workers 20 to 44 had a higher
incidence of injuries or illnesses,
while workers 45 and older had a
lower incidence of injuries orillnesses than each of their hours
worked shares suggest
More about the injuriesMore about the injuries
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Two-thirds of the injured or ill
workers weremen, well above
their 59 percent share of the
nations hours worked.
Most workers (37.2%) had atleast 1 to 5 years of service
with their employer when they
were injured or became ill.
More about the injuriesMore about the injuries
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Workers Compensation ClaimsWorkers Compensation Claims
Texas Mutual Claims for 2002Texas Mutual Claims for 2002
26,17526,175
For 3 month period, small business policyholders
(premium less than $50,000):
Total Claims: 3,774
Strains 664 (18%)
Sprains 424 (11%)
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 17 (0.45%)
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Workers Compensation CostsWorkers Compensation Costs
Total Claims:Total Claims: 3,7743,774
Total Dollar Loss:Total Dollar Loss: $28,103,240$28,103,240
StrainsStrains $5,044,619 $5,044,619 $7,597$7,597
SprainsSprains $2,549,584$2,549,584 $6,013 $6,013
Carpal Tunnel SyndromeCarpal Tunnel Syndrome $180,232$180,232 $10,602$10,602
Total IncurredCost Average IncurredCost
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Financial BurdenFinancial Burden
In year2001, serious workplace injury & illnessescost $45.8 billion