Objectives

Understand which artists were responsible for bringing the Italian Renaissance to the North.

Identify the works of individual artists. Define the role played by the Reformation in

the works of some sixteenth century artists. Recognize how the Renaissance spread

throughout Europe.

Peeps You Should Know

Reformation: Martin Luther of Germany John Calvin of Switzerland King Henry VIII of England Printing Press

Historical Context

Leading the Catholic cause during the Reformation was Holy Roman Emperor Charles V

Religious strife impacted patronageReformation = Destruction of Religious Art

Iconoclasm

Still life became increasingly popular

Early 16th Century in Germany

Albrecht Durer and Matthias Grunewald Renaissance Top Dawgs in Germany

Durer Observation of natural worldGrunewald German mysticism and

emotional spiritualityGermany = Strong Businesses

Isenheim Altarpiece

Closed = Shocking image of the Crucifixion Gruesome Detail Lamb

Predella = LamentationOpened = Happy Events

Annunciation Nativity Resurrection

Isenheim AltarpieceMatthias Grunewald1510-1515

Durer…The German Michelangelo

Apprenticed as a goldsmith and stained glass design

Famous for painting and woodcutsTraveled to extend his educationTrip to Italy introduced him to Renaissance

ideas and attitudesHis prints made his living

Represents himself as an idealized Christ-like figure

Triangle shape = unity

Self-Portrait Albrecht Durer 1500

Self-Portrait

Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

Based on figures in RevelationsConquest – War – Plague/Famine – DeathIntense overlapAttention to detail

Four Horsemen of the ApocalypseAlbrecht Durer

1497-98Engraving

Adam and Eve

Represents his first use of ideal human proportions

Based on Greco-Roman sculptureDepicts nature in naturalistic detailBody fluids controlled human

temperament Excess of Black Bile = Melancholy = Elk Excess of Yellow Bile = Anger = Cat Phlegm = Lethargy = Ox Excess of Blood = Optimism and Pleasure of the

Flesh = Rabbit Mouse = Satan Parrot = False Wisdom

Adam and EveAlbrecht Durer1504Engraving

Four Apostles

Durer admired Martin LutherProfessed his Lutheranism in these panelsLeft

Elderly Peter: Back John: Front

“In the beginning was the Word”

Right Mark: Back Paul: Front

Four ApostlesAlbrecht Durer

1526Oil on Wood

“For a Christian would no more be led to superstition by a picture or effigy than an honest man to commit murder because he carries a weapon by his side. He must be an unthinking man who would worship picture, wood, or stone. A picture therefore brings more good than harm, when it is honourably, artistically, and well made.” Durer

Nymph of the Spring

Lucas Cranach the ElderLuther’s favorite painterInspired by Italian artists

Hence nudity

Sleeping Nymph = Renaissance themeNOT ancient

Nymph of the SpringLucas Cranach

1537Oil on Wood

Danube Landscape

Landscape without figures became popular in 16th century

Most famous landscape painter was Albrecht Altdorfer

No religious significanceJust pretty

Danube LandscapeAlbrecht Altdorfer

1525Oil

Renaissance Art in France

Catholics V. ProtestantsEdict of Nantes

Granted tolerance to Protestants 1598

King Francis I = great patron of the arts

Francis I

Jean Clouet Royal portrait painter

Created an image of power

Francis I

Jean Clouet

1525

Oil/Tempera on Wood

Chateau of Chenonceau

Chateau = Rural PalaceReflects classical

principles of symmetry

Chateau of Chenonceau

1513-1581

France

Palais du Louvre

Modernized by Francis IReplaced the west wing

Cour CarreFrench Flamboyant

Style

Cour Carre

Palais Du Louvre

Pierre Lescot

1546

Paris

Spain and Portugal

High point of political power

King Phillip = art collector Navy = Spanish Armada

Halted the advance of Islam in the Mediterranean

El Escorial

Monastery complexOutside MadridBuilt by Phillip

Summoned Juan Bautista de Toledo from Italy Used Bramante’s principles of design

HUGEEmbodies Italian classicism in its geometric

clarity and symmetry

El Escorial

Juan Bautista de Toledo and Juan de Herrera

1563

Madrid

El Greco

“The Greek”Trained as an icon painter

Byzantine Manner

Native of CreteStudied in Titian’s studioSettled in Toledo, Spain

Burial of Count Orgaz

Commissioned by the Orgaz familyCount Orgaz = Church benefactorSaints Augustine and Stephen were said to

have lowered his body in the tombFilled the space with portraits of local

aristocracy and religious peepsEliminated spatial setting

Sound familiar???

Burial of Count Orgaz

El Greco

1586

Oil

View of Toledo

MysticalNaturalism V. POWER OF NATURE

View of Toledo

El Greco

1610

Oil on Canvas

Netherlands

16th century = Bitter religious and political conflict

Led artists to to seek patronage outside the Church

Carel van Mander = The Flemish Vasari Recorded artists

Characterized by Imaginative art

Bosch

Fantastic imaginationReligiousLabeled a mystic and

social critics

Garden of Earthly Delights

TriptychChristian belief of human being’s natural state of

sinfulnessRight = DamnedLeft = Adam and EveCenter = Everything you shouldn’t do

Gluttony Lust Greed Sloth

Strawberry = Sexual symbolismConverted into a tapestry

Saint Luke Painting the Virgin Mary

Jan Gossaert Served Phillip

Influenced by Jan Van Eyck Italian Mannerism Ancient Rome

Artists studio scene Classical structures

Mary and Christ appear to Saint Luke in a vision

Saint guided by an angelMoses in the background

Saint Luke Painting the Virgin Mary

Jan Gossaert

1520

Oil

The Banker and His Wife

Marinus van Reymerswaele Painted “everyman”

Banker counts his moneyRecalls the sins of lust and greed

The Banker and His Wife

Marinus van Reymerswaele

1540

Oil

Caterina van Hemessen

Portraits became a major source of work for artists as religious art declined Reformations fault

Caterina from AntwerpLearned to paint by her

father

Self-Portrait

Caterina van Hemmessen

1548

Oil

Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Began his career by imitating BoschOften painted large narrative worksCrowded figuresMoralizing and satirical subject matterTraveled ItalyReflected contemporary social, political, and

religious conditions

Fall of Icarus

Peter Bruegel the Elder

1555

Oil

Pieter Bruegel the ElderThe Tower of Babel. 1563. Oil on panel.

Pieter Bruegel the ElderThe Flemish Proverbs. 1559. Oil on panel.

Pieter Bruegel, The Flemish Proverbs (DETAILS), 1559.

Pieter Bruegel the ElderThe Hunters In the Snow. 1565. Oil on panel.

Pieter Bruegel the ElderThe Peasant Wedding. 1568. Oil on panel.

England

Tudor dyanstyMusic, literature, and art flourishedHenry VIII

Loyal to the Catholic Church…At first Broke with the church and became head of the Church

of England Dissolved monasteries

Elizabethan Age = 16th CenturyLots of royal portraits

Henry VIII

Han HolbeinAppointed court painterFrench fashionEnhanced Henry’s figure

Henry VIII

Hans Holbein the Younger

1540

Oil

Princess Elizabeth

Painted by levina Bening Teerlinc

Designed Elizabeth’s first official seal

Princess Elizabeth

Levina Teerlinc

1559

Oil

Hardwick Hall

Home of Countess Elizabeth

Medieval Hall

Hardwick Hall

Robert Smythson

1591

England