Panndagarna 2011

Nya karaktäriseringsmetoder för fasta bränslen -Malbarhet, tändvillighet och sintring

9-10 februari

S:t Gertrud Konferens Malmö

Johan WadenbäckChemistry & Materials

Outline

1. Background

2. Scope of the EXAS project

3. Grindability

2 | Panndagarna 2011, 9-10 February, Malmö | Malbarhet, sintring och tändvillighet | Johan Wadenbäck, Chemistry & Materials |

3. Grindability

4. Ignitability

5. Sintering

1. Background

The demand of an extensive CO2 reduction indicates, that many qualities of biomass will be utilized in power plant boilers in the future

• The biomass will be used alone or together with coals as co-firing

• The grindability properties for biomass (or biomass/coal blends) are not characterized by the current ”standard – classic” methods

3 | Panndagarna 2011, 9-10 February, Malmö | Malbarhet, sintring och tändvillighet | Johan Wadenbäck, Chemistry & Materials |

characterized by the current ”standard – classic” methods

• The combustion processes for biomass or biomass/coal blends are not characterized by the current ”standard – classic” methods

• Fly-ash deposits at ”low” temperatures (Sintering) can cause trouble with biomass firing

2. Scope of the EXAS project (1)

• Purchase of three lab-scale apparatus developed by Prof. śelkowski, Berg, Wadenbäck et al. for the determination of grindability-, sintring- and ignitiability properties of solid fuels

– Installation in the fuel laboratory at the Amager Power Plant in Copenhagen

4 | Panndagarna 2011, 9-10 February, Malmö | Malbarhet, sintring och tändvillighet | Johan Wadenbäck, Chemistry & Materials |

• Initial evaluation of the hardware with a three solid fuels; coal, straw- and wood pellets

– The results are compared with full-scale experiences in Vattenfall

• Further evaluation of solid fuels and solid fuel blends used within Vattenfall such as torrified- or steam exploded biomass etc.

continues…

2. Scope of the EXAS project (2)

continues…

• The novel methods are intended to be incorporated into the “routine analysis toolbox” of solid fuels

• Different parts of Vattenfall will gain experience from the project through reference group attendance as well as seminars/workshops/reports

5 | Panndagarna 2011, 9-10 February, Malmö | Malbarhet, sintring och tändvillighet | Johan Wadenbäck, Chemistry & Materials |

reference group attendance as well as seminars/workshops/reports – In addition: The possibility to test additional solid fuels and solid fuel

blends relevant for different parts of Vattenfall

• The novel methods are applied prior to introduction of new and unfamiliar solid fuels at power plants throughout Vattenfall

• Ackreditaded analyses and standardization?

• Simple test with simple device

• 8 steel balls overroll 60 times a 50 g sample of the fraction

• 0.600-1.18 mm

• The mass M [g] of the produced material finer than 75 µm

determines the HGI

3. Grindability – Hardgrove index (HGI)

6 | Panndagarna 2011, 9-10 February, Malmö | Malbarhet, sintring och tändvillighet | Johan Wadenbäck, Chemistry & Materials |

determines the HGI

13 6.93HGI A B M M= + ⋅ ≈ +

3. Grindability – CMT-mill principle

Feed (Mahlgut)Ground material

Suspended particles(staub)

airsieve

Measuring

0,15

0,2

0,25

m(S

taub

) /

m(M

ahlg

ut)

Mahlgut

7 | Panndagarna 2011, 9-10 February, Malmö | Malbarhet, sintring och tändvillighet | Johan Wadenbäck, Chemistry & Materials |

E

Recycled material

Raw sample

Modeling of the recycling in a large mill

0

0,05

0,1

0 2 4 6Durchlaufzahl

m(S

taub

) /

m(M

ahlg

ut)

Staub

3. Grindability - The EXAS CMT-mill

8 | Panndagarna 2011, 9-10 February, Malmö | Malbarhet, sintring och tändvillighet | Johan Wadenbäck, Chemistry & Materials |

3. Grindability – Solid fuels tested so far…

Characteristic particle size vs. energy in the CMT- mill

100

E [k

Wh/

ton

solid

fuel

] Black pelletsWood pellets

Straw pellets

9 | Panndagarna 2011, 9-10 February, Malmö | Malbarhet, sintring och tändvillighet | Johan Wadenbäck, Chemistry & Materials |

1

10

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Characteristic particle size, ds [µm]

E [k

Wh/

ton

solid

fuel

]

Coal

• Loesche mill

• 3 installed in Unit 1 on Amager CHP

• Samples can be taken before and after the mill

3. Grindability – Correlation with full scale (1)

10 | Panndagarna 2011, 9-10 February, Malmö | Malbarhet, sintring och tändvillighet | Johan Wadenbäck, Chemistry & Materials | 10

• The grinding energy and capacity can be recorded

3. Grindability – Correlation with full scale (2)

Good correlation!

11 | Panndagarna 2011, 9-10 February, Malmö | Malbarhet, sintring och tändvillighet | Johan Wadenbäck, Chemistry & Materials | 11

4. Ignitability – Combustion principles

12 | Panndagarna 2011, 9-10 February, Malmö | Malbarhet, sintring och tändvillighet | Johan Wadenbäck, Chemistry & Materials |

Loo and Koppejan 2008

At the moment: No standardized methods

The EXAS method: Ignitability index „Zündwilligkeitszahl“ (Zelkowski):

Ignition(tZünd)

Recirculation(tRez)

The Ignitability index can be interpreted in praxis as the ability of a fuel to develop and maintain a stabile “strong” flame.

4. Ignitability – Ignitability Index

13 | Panndagarna 2011, 9-10 February, Malmö | Malbarhet, sintring och tändvillighet | Johan Wadenbäck, Chemistry & Materials |

The Ignition Temperature of a cloud of suspended fu el particles (tZ150 in °C)

(which models the initial stages in the combustion process), the temperature of the gases, of a defined particle size probe, which is injected in a defined gas environment and ignites after 150 msec.

°⋅=

CKohlekg

MJ

t

NZWZ

Z

Z

150

500

Ignitability IndexThe Ignition potential N z500 (in MJ/kg solid fuel)

is the chemical energy per kg, which is released (volatile matter) from a dry solid fuel up to 500 °C.

4. Ignitability – Ignitability oven

14 | Panndagarna 2011, 9-10 February, Malmö | Malbarhet, sintring och tändvillighet | Johan Wadenbäck, Chemistry & Materials |

4. Ignitability – TU Clausthal / E2

15

20

25Zü

ndw

illigk

eits

kenn

zahl

ZW

Z k

J/(k

g*°C

)SteinkohlenBraunkohlenENERGIEKohlenBIOMASSEN Rusva-Spitzbergen

Kisselewsky

Poduff

Holz

15

20

25Zü

ndw

illigk

eits

kenn

zahl

ZW

Z k

J/(k

g*°C

)SteinkohlenBraunkohlenENERGIEKohlenBIOMASSEN Rusva-Spitzbergen

Kisselewsky

Poduff

Holz

15 | Panndagarna 2011, 9-10 February, Malmö | Malbarhet, sintring och tändvillighet | Johan Wadenbäck, Chemistry & Materials |

0

5

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

flüchtige Bestandteile F(i.waf) %

Zünd

willi

gkei

tske

nnza

hl

ZWZ

kJ/

(kg*

°C)

ADARO

Poduff

Stroh

0

5

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

flüchtige Bestandteile F(i.waf) %

Zünd

willi

gkei

tske

nnza

hl

ZWZ

kJ/

(kg*

°C)

ADARO

Poduff

Stroh

4. Ignitability – EXAS ignitability oven

Ignitability oven

16 | Panndagarna 2011, 9-10 February, Malmö | Malbarhet, sintring och tändvillighet | Johan Wadenbäck, Chemistry & Materials |

Jenkner device

6. Ignitability – Some results…

0,3

0,35

0,4

0,45

0,5

0,55

Zü

nd

ze

it [m

sec]

BP1

RuPod60%+BP40%

RuPod80%+BP20%

RuPod 100%

0,25

0,3

0,35

0,4

0,45

0,5

0,55

Zü

nd

ze

it [m

sec]

BP1

RuPod60%+BP40%

RuPod80%+BP20%

RuPod 100%

0,3

0,35

0,4

0,45

0,5

0,55

Zü

nd

ze

it [m

sec]

BP1

RuPod60%+BP40%

RuPod80%+BP20%

RuPod 100%

0,25

0,3

0,35

0,4

0,45

0,5

0,55

Zü

nd

ze

it [m

sec]

BP1

RuPod60%+BP40%

RuPod80%+BP20%

RuPod 100%

100% Fuel 2

60/40 Fuel 1/Fuel 2

80/20 Fuel 1/Fuel 2

100% Fuel 1

17 | Panndagarna 2011, 9-10 February, Malmö | Malbarhet, sintring och tändvillighet | Johan Wadenbäck, Chemistry & Materials |

0

0,05

0,1

0,15

0,2

0,25

550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000

Temperatur im Ofen °C

Zü

nd

ze

it [m

sec]

0

0,05

0,1

0,15

0,2

0,25

550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000

Temperatur im Ofen °C

Zü

nd

ze

it [m

sec]

0

0,05

0,1

0,15

0,2

0,25

550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000

Temperatur im Ofen °C

Zü

nd

ze

it [m

sec]

0

0,05

0,1

0,15

0,2

0,25

550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000

Temperatur im Ofen °C

Zü

nd

ze

it [m

sec]

6. Ignitability – Some more results…

Zündtemperatur tz(150)

680

700

720

740

760

780

800

820

840

tz(1

50)

[°C]

d(Probe) < 63 µm

d(Probe)

d(Probe) < 200 µm

d(Probe)

Zündtemperatur tz(150)

680

700

720

740

760

780

800

820

840

tz(1

50)

[°C]

d(Probe) < 63 µm

d(Probe) < 200 µm

d(Probe) < 200 µm

d(Probe)

Zündtemperatur tz(150)

680

700

720

740

760

780

800

820

840

tz(1

50)

[°C]

d(Probe) < 63 µm

d(Probe)

d(Probe) < 200 µm

d(Probe)

Zündtemperatur tz(150)

680

700

720

740

760

780

800

820

840

tz(1

50)

[°C]

d(Probe) < 63 µm

d(Probe) < 200 µm

d(Probe) < 200 µm

d(Probe)

d(Probe)

< 200 µm

Zündtemperatur tz(150)

680

700

720

740

760

780

800

820

840

tz(1

50)

[°C]

d(Probe) < 63 µm

d(Probe)

d(Probe) < 200 µm

d(Probe)

Zündtemperatur tz(150)

680

700

720

740

760

780

800

820

840

tz(1

50)

[°C]

d(Probe) < 63 µm

d(Probe) < 200 µm

d(Probe) < 200 µm

d(Probe)

Zündtemperatur tz(150)

680

700

720

740

760

780

800

820

840

tz(1

50)

[°C]

d(Probe) < 63 µm

d(Probe)

d(Probe) < 200 µm

d(Probe)

Zündtemperatur tz(150)

680

700

720

740

760

780

800

820

840

tz(1

50)

[°C]

d(Probe) < 63 µm

d(Probe) < 200 µm

d(Probe) < 200 µm

d(Probe)

d(Probe)

< 200 µm

16Nz(500) MJ/kg14

16Nz(500) MJ/kg

16Nz(500) MJ/kg14

16Nz(500) MJ/kg

18 | Panndagarna 2011, 9-10 February, Malmö | Malbarhet, sintring och tändvillighet | Johan Wadenbäck, Chemistry & Materials |

660

680

RuPod 1 100%

80%RuPod+20%Black

Pellets

60%RuPod+40%Black

Pellets

100%BlackPellets

d(Probe) < 200 µm d(Probe)

< 200 µm660

680

RuPod 1 100%

80%RuPod+20%Black

Pellets

60%RuPod+40%Black

Pellets

100%BlackPellets

< 200 µm d(Probe) < 200 µm

660

680

RuPod 1 100%

80%RuPod+20%Black

Pellets

60%RuPod+40%Black

Pellets

100%BlackPellets

d(Probe) < 200 µm d(Probe)

< 200 µm660

680

RuPod 1 100%

80%RuPod+20%Black

Pellets

60%RuPod+40%Black

Pellets

100%BlackPellets

< 200 µm d(Probe) < 200 µm

660

680

RuPod 1 100%

80%RuPod+20%Black

Pellets

60%RuPod+40%Black

Pellets

100%BlackPellets

d(Probe) < 200 µm d(Probe)

< 200 µm660

680

RuPod 1 100%

80%RuPod+20%Black

Pellets

60%RuPod+40%Black

Pellets

100%BlackPellets

< 200 µm d(Probe) < 200 µm

660

680

RuPod 1 100%

80%RuPod+20%Black

Pellets

60%RuPod+40%Black

Pellets

100%BlackPellets

d(Probe) < 200 µm d(Probe)

< 200 µm660

680

RuPod 1 100%

80%RuPod+20%Black

Pellets

60%RuPod+40%Black

Pellets

100%BlackPellets

< 200 µm d(Probe) < 200 µm

Fuel 1: 100% 80% 60% 0%

Fuel 2: 0% 20% 40% 100%

4

6

8

10

12

14

Ru

Po

d 1

10

0 %

80

%R

uP

od

+

20

%B

lac

k

Pe

llets

60

%R

uP

od

+

40

%B

lac

k

Pe

llets

10

0%

Bla

ck

Pe

llets

Nz(500) MJ/kg

ZWZ kJ/(kg*[°C])

4

6

8

10

12

14

Ru

Po

d 1

10

0 %

80

%R

uP

od

+

20

%B

lac

k

Pe

llets

60

%R

uP

od

+

40

%B

lac

k

Pe

llets

10

0%

Bla

ck

Pe

llets

ZWZ kJ/(kg*[°C])

4

6

8

10

12

14

Ru

Po

d 1

10

0 %

80

%R

uP

od

+

20

%B

lac

k

Pe

llets

60

%R

uP

od

+

40

%B

lac

k

Pe

llets

10

0%

Bla

ck

Pe

llets

Nz(500) MJ/kg

ZWZ kJ/(kg*[°C])

4

6

8

10

12

14

Ru

Po

d 1

10

0 %

80

%R

uP

od

+

20

%B

lac

k

Pe

llets

60

%R

uP

od

+

40

%B

lac

k

Pe

llets

10

0%

Bla

ck

Pe

llets

ZWZ kJ/(kg*[°C])

Fuel 1:100% 80% 60% 0 %

Fuel 2: 0% 20% 40% 1 00%

Often used methods: Leitz-Method: Determination of the ash-melting behavior (Influence of the temperature : e.g. DIN 51730, CEN/TS 15370);Change in physical form of a relatively fast (10 K/min) heated ash probe.

5. Sintering – Classic analysis of ash melting

19 | Panndagarna 2011, 9-10 February, Malmö | Malbarhet, sintring och tändvillighet | Johan Wadenbäck, Chemistry & Materials |

The EXAS Method: Determination of ash melting properities: Influence of the temperatureand time on the physical- and mechanical properties of an ash probe.

5. Sintering – EXAS sintering oven

20 | Panndagarna 2011, 9-10 February, Malmö | Malbarhet, sintring och tändvillighet | Johan Wadenbäck, Chemistry & Materials |

Manufacturing ofash pellets

>17 hoursin oven

Strength of pellets

Presentation of solid fuel results – An example

0,00

0,25

0,50

0,75

1,00

1,25

1,50Asche(wf)

Fl.Best,(wf)

C(i.waf)HGI

Dichte

RuPod 1Black Pellets

0 ,0 0

0 ,2 5

0 ,5 0

0 ,7 5

1 ,0 0

1 ,2 5

1 ,5 0A s c he (w f )

F l.B e s t,(w f )

C (i.w af )HG I

D ic hte

R uP o d 1B lac k P e lle ts

0,00

0,25

0,50

0,75

1,00

1,25

1,50Asche(wf)

Fl.Best,(wf)

C(i.waf)HGI

Dichte

RuPod 1Black Pellets

0 ,0 0

0 ,2 5

0 ,5 0

0 ,7 5

1 ,0 0

1 ,2 5

1 ,5 0A s c he (w f )

F l.B e s t,(w f )

C (i.w af )HG I

D ic hte

R uP o d 1B lac k P e lle tsFuel 1 Fuel 2

1,00

1,20

1,40Rel m(Br)

100% RuPud

80% RuPod+20%BP1l

60%RuPod+40%BP11,00

1,20

1,40Rel m(Br)

100% RuPud

80% RuPod+20%BP1l

60%RuPod+40%BP1

100% Fuel 1

80/20 Fuel 1/Fuel 2

60/40 Fuel 1/Fuel 2

21 | Panndagarna 2011, 9-10 February, Malmö | Malbarhet, sintring och tändvillighet | Johan Wadenbäck, Chemistry & Materials |

H(waf)

S(waf)

Hu(wf)H(w af)

S (waf )

Hu(w f)H(waf)

S(waf)

Hu(wf)H(w af)

S (waf )

Hu(w f)

0,40

0,60

0,80

1,00

Hu(mittl)(i,wf)

A(i,wf)F(wf)

tz(150)

60%RuPod+40%BP1

0,40

0,60

0,80

1,00

Hu(mittl)(i,wf)

A(i,wf)F(wf)

tz(150)

Acknowledgements

• Prof. śelkowski, TU Clausthal

• Mogens Berg, Vattenfall

• Nader Padban, Vattenfall

• The laboratory staff at AMV

22 | Panndagarna 2011, 9-10 February, Malmö | Malbarhet, sintring och tändvillighet | Johan Wadenbäck, Chemistry & Materials |

• Troels Christansen, DTU

• Mr, Schäfertöns, SBS, Braunschweig

• Etc.

And the work goes on…

Thank you for your attention!

02/22/10 | EXAS - EXpanded Analysis of Solid Fuels | 23