New geographies of innovation

Innovative India on the map

R A Mashelkar, India

Thapar lecture booklet

Material Science

R&D in Global Context

R&D Expenditure as % of GDP

Researchers in R&D per million

India is a developing country but it is

a developed country as far as its

intellectual infrastructure is

concerned. We get the highest

intellectual capital per dollar here.

John Welch

CEO, GE

Intellectual Capital per Dollar

• SCI publications per dollar ?

• Citations per dollar ?

• Patents per dollar ?

CountryUS

Patents

GDP per

capita

US patents per GDP per capita

1United States

50000 (est.)

36,006 1.389

2 Japan 36889 31,407 1.175

3 India 444 487 0.913

4 China 724 989 0.732

5 Germany 12960 24,051 0.539

6Korea, Rep.

4246 10,006 0.424

7 France 4906 24,061 0.204

8 Canada 4368 22,777 0.192

272

Indian IQ Creating IP for Foreign Firms

16.2991683Lucknow

51.91819487Pune

68.526718384Mumbai

29.91344094Hyderabad

56.5329186143Delhi

91.847443539Bangalore

%IP Created

For foreign firms

Total PatentsUS Patents granted to

foreign firms with Indian inventors

US Patents granted for Indian firms

City

Shifting Geography of Innovation

Emerging TrendsEmerging Trends

•• Approx 30,000 R&D Approx 30,000 R&D professionals returned to professionals returned to India in the last 3 yearsIndia in the last 3 years

•• IIT graduates migrating IIT graduates migrating abroadabroad–– ~70% (ten years ago)~70% (ten years ago)

–– ~30% (today)~30% (today)

NASSCOM Study (2005)

Flight of Human Capital

• Brain drain ?

• Brain bank ?

• Brain Circulation ?

A Flight to a land of opportunity

• “ A scientist is like a painter. Michael

Angelo became a great artist because he had

been give a wall to paint. My wall was

given to me by the United States”

• Riardo Giacconi, Nobel Laureate(Physic)

• IT specialists are coming to India

because frontline development work is

being done here.

• Executives, managers and supervisors

are coming in at all levels because

India is no longer hardship country

• Even interns coming to companies like

Infosys, Biocon, and Mahyco to learn

first hand about a real happening place

New Role for In-house R&D :

Managing Innovation Networks

• Monitoring external developments and capabilities

• Managing access to external technology

• Shifting focus from creation to access

• Assembling and managing R&D networks

• Dependence of external sourcing has increased from 5% to 15-20%, anticipated to grow to 40-50%

Demographic Challenge(US)

• 85% working doctorates in Sc & Engg. > 55

yrs

• 76% working doctorates in Sc. & Engg. >

60 yrs

NSF Data (2003)

Strategy

• Supply side

– Massive expansion of high quality education & research system

• Demand side

– Bold policy to enhance competition & hunger for R&D coupled with judicious government support for R&D

Expenditure on R&D (in billion US $ PPP)

As % of GDP

2.962.60Korea

1.090.60China

1.050.77Brazil

0.780.55India

20011996Country

Source : UNESCO Institute of Statistics (1996-2002)

Govt.’s commitment to R&D spend

“

“We are committed to

increasing the annual

expenditure on science

and technology from less

than 1% of our GDP to

2% of our GDP in the

next 5 years”

Prime Minister Manmohan Singh,

94th Indian Science Congress-2007

Some recent initiatives

• TRIPS compliant IP laws

• 3 new institute of science

• Autonomous National Science & Engineering Foundation

• Scheme to attract back migrated talent

• New progressive

Growth of Corporate R&D

Europe (+2.3%)

USA (+5.2%)

Chindia (+17%)

Booz Allen Hamilton-2006

Reverse Engineering to Forward

Engineering

• Drugs & pharmaceutical

industry

– Copying molecules to

creating molecules

• Auto industry

– New indigenously designed

models launched globally

(Pre 1991)

Wheels Turns the Full Circle

• 1950

• British Morris Oxford ---- Indian

Ambassador

• 50 years later

• Indian Indica – British Morris Rover