New geographies of innovation Innovative India on the map · New geographies of innovation...
Transcript of New geographies of innovation Innovative India on the map · New geographies of innovation...
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New geographies of innovation
Innovative India on the map
R A Mashelkar, India
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Thapar lecture booklet
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Material Science
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R&D in Global Context
R&D Expenditure as % of GDP
Researchers in R&D per million
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India is a developing country but it is
a developed country as far as its
intellectual infrastructure is
concerned. We get the highest
intellectual capital per dollar here.
John Welch
CEO, GE
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Intellectual Capital per Dollar
• SCI publications per dollar ?
• Citations per dollar ?
• Patents per dollar ?
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CountryUS
Patents
GDP per
capita
US patents per GDP per capita
1United States
50000 (est.)
36,006 1.389
2 Japan 36889 31,407 1.175
3 India 444 487 0.913
4 China 724 989 0.732
5 Germany 12960 24,051 0.539
6Korea, Rep.
4246 10,006 0.424
7 France 4906 24,061 0.204
8 Canada 4368 22,777 0.192
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272
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Indian IQ Creating IP for Foreign Firms
16.2991683Lucknow
51.91819487Pune
68.526718384Mumbai
29.91344094Hyderabad
56.5329186143Delhi
91.847443539Bangalore
%IP Created
For foreign firms
Total PatentsUS Patents granted to
foreign firms with Indian inventors
US Patents granted for Indian firms
City
Shifting Geography of Innovation
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Emerging TrendsEmerging Trends
•• Approx 30,000 R&D Approx 30,000 R&D professionals returned to professionals returned to India in the last 3 yearsIndia in the last 3 years
•• IIT graduates migrating IIT graduates migrating abroadabroad–– ~70% (ten years ago)~70% (ten years ago)
–– ~30% (today)~30% (today)
NASSCOM Study (2005)
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Flight of Human Capital
• Brain drain ?
• Brain bank ?
• Brain Circulation ?
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A Flight to a land of opportunity
• “ A scientist is like a painter. Michael
Angelo became a great artist because he had
been give a wall to paint. My wall was
given to me by the United States”
• Riardo Giacconi, Nobel Laureate(Physic)
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• IT specialists are coming to India
because frontline development work is
being done here.
• Executives, managers and supervisors
are coming in at all levels because
India is no longer hardship country
• Even interns coming to companies like
Infosys, Biocon, and Mahyco to learn
first hand about a real happening place
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New Role for In-house R&D :
Managing Innovation Networks
• Monitoring external developments and capabilities
• Managing access to external technology
• Shifting focus from creation to access
• Assembling and managing R&D networks
• Dependence of external sourcing has increased from 5% to 15-20%, anticipated to grow to 40-50%
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Demographic Challenge(US)
• 85% working doctorates in Sc & Engg. > 55
yrs
• 76% working doctorates in Sc. & Engg. >
60 yrs
NSF Data (2003)
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Strategy
• Supply side
– Massive expansion of high quality education & research system
• Demand side
– Bold policy to enhance competition & hunger for R&D coupled with judicious government support for R&D
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Expenditure on R&D (in billion US $ PPP)
As % of GDP
2.962.60Korea
1.090.60China
1.050.77Brazil
0.780.55India
20011996Country
Source : UNESCO Institute of Statistics (1996-2002)
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Govt.’s commitment to R&D spend
“
“We are committed to
increasing the annual
expenditure on science
and technology from less
than 1% of our GDP to
2% of our GDP in the
next 5 years”
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh,
94th Indian Science Congress-2007
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Some recent initiatives
• TRIPS compliant IP laws
• 3 new institute of science
• Autonomous National Science & Engineering Foundation
• Scheme to attract back migrated talent
• New progressive
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Growth of Corporate R&D
Europe (+2.3%)
USA (+5.2%)
Chindia (+17%)
Booz Allen Hamilton-2006
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Reverse Engineering to Forward
Engineering
• Drugs & pharmaceutical
industry
– Copying molecules to
creating molecules
• Auto industry
– New indigenously designed
models launched globally
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(Pre 1991)
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Wheels Turns the Full Circle
• 1950
• British Morris Oxford ---- Indian
Ambassador
• 50 years later
• Indian Indica – British Morris Rover
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