Nerve cellsMuscle cells

Epithelial cellsBone cell

Fat cells

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TYxDoP9ABHc

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFuEo2ccTPA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RrS2uROUjK4

Cytology - the study of the structure, function and diseases of cells

Three main ideas:

1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells2. The cell is the basic unit of organization3. All cells come from preexisting cells (cell division).

Prokaryotic Cell

-cells that lack a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotic Cell

-has a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles

• I. Structure: – A. Cell Membrane is composed of a

phospholipid bilayer with proteins on its surface or embedded in the membrane.

• II. Functions: – A. Cell membrane functions in separating

the inside cell environment from the outside environment and controls what enters and leaves the cell (selectively permeable).

Cell / Plasma Membrane -Selectively permeable membrane -Phospholipid bilayer / Double membrane

“water loving”

“water-fearing”

Cytoplasm - the clear liquid that is essentially the site of metabolic rxns (gas exchange)

Nucleus - control center of cell, contains DNA

Nuclear membrane - a porous double layer membrane that surrounds the nucleus and allows proteins

and chemical messages to pass through

Nucleolus - a dense body composed of RNA and protein, forms ribosomes, control center for cell metabolism and reproduction

Chromatin - loosely coiled chromosomes made of protein and DNA

Centrosome - two hollow cylinderical centrioles

Centriole - active in separating chromosomes in cell division

Cilia - small hairlike structures on the surface of the cell membrane, wavelike motion.

Flagella - longer projection on the surface of the cell, undulating whip-like motion.

Ribosomes - composed of protein and RNA, sites of

protein synthesis

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - a network of tubes that transport materials, contain ribosomes on their surface

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - transports materials, synthesize lipids

Golgi Apparatus - flat sacs that package and transport proteins “post office”

Lysosomes - digest worn out cellular parts or toxins“stomach of cell”

Mitochondria - release and transform energy into useable forms “powerhouse of cell”

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120067/bio01.swf

Microtubules - long, hollow cylindrical tubules involved in cell division and provide support and structure for the cell

Intermediate Filaments – give the cell strength and stability

Microfilaments - long, solid cylindrical tubules involved in cell shape and the movement of organelles

Cytoskeleton - provides support and structure for the cell.

Vesicles/Vacuole - are membrane-bound sacs that hold materials.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RSTB57a6Uzk&feature=related

Plant Cell

Differences 1. Cell wall 2. No centrioles 3. Plastids (Chloroplasts, Leucoplasts, Chromoplasts)4. 1 large vacuole

Plant Cells contain cell wall and chloroplast

Cell Wall – surrounds the plasma membrane; supports and protects the cell from changes in water pressure

Vacuole• Fluid filled sac used for storage of materials

needed by cell.

Chloroplasts - a plastid that contains chlorophyll and traps light energy to produce glucose.

Chromoplasts - contain accessory pigments, especiallycarotenoids. They are common in flowers and fruits.

Red bell pepper Marigold

Leucoplasts - plastids that lack color

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1GQyciJaTA&feature=related

Passive Transport

•substance goes with the concentration gradient•requires no cellular energy

Simple DiffusionFacilitated DiffusionOsmosis Filtration

Diffusion

• Diffusion : the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Key factors in the rate of diffusion: concentration, temperature, and pressure.

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP1903

Diffusion

Simple Diffusion- molecules and ions pass from areasof higher concentration to areas of lowerconcentrations.

http://www.indiana.edu/~phys215/lecture/lecnotes/diff.html

Facilitated diffusion- requires a carrier molecule for diffusion to take place.

What is Equilibrium?

• Equilibrium : when concentrations are equal and the net movement of particles is equal.

Osmosis - water diffuses from higher concentration to lower concentration

*selectively permeable - allows water to flow freely but not glucose

A. Isotonic - equilibrium of water and solute

B. Hypertonic - higher concentration of solute outside the cell (in the solution)

Animal cell – shrink/shrivel

Plant cell – limp, flaccid

C. Hypotonic - lesser concentration of solute outside the cell (in the solution)

Animal cell – burst

Plant cell – swell, stiff

http://www.connect.ab.ca/~lburns/students_tenunit2note.html

*Visual of Hypertonic, Hypotonic and Isotonic

http://www2.nl.edu/jste/osmosis.htm - Osmosis

http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/Biology1111/animations/transport1.html

http://www.nclark.net/BioChapter8

http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/biology107/bi107vc/fa99/terry/membranes.html

Active Transport-requires energy (ATP), goes against concentrationgradient, uses transport proteins

Shortcut to ATPpumA.gif.lnk

http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/biology107/bi107vc/fa99/terry/images/ATPpumA.gif

Vessicular Transport

Endocytosis - when particles enter into the cell by means of a vesicle.

1. Pinocytosis : liquids enter into the cell in a vesicle2. Phagocytosis : solids enter into the cell in a vesicle

Vessicular Transport

Exocytosis : particles and liquids exit out of the cell

• Passive Transport- no energy used1. Diffusion2. Facilitated Diffusion3. Osmosis• Active Transport- Energy used. ATP1. Protein pumps2. Endocytosis3. Exocytosis4. Phagocytosis5. Pinocytosis

Remember………

• http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/cell_structure/cell_structure.htm