Post on 15-Jul-2015
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Definition
Motivation is a process which begins with a physiological or psychological need or deficiency which triggers behavior or a drive that is aimed at a goal or an incentive.
Why people get UNMOTIVATED
Repetitive Failure
Less Support
Less Availability of Resources
Getting JOB where you don’t have interest.
Family problems
Theories of Motivation
Some important theories:
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory
Elton Mayo
Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene theory
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Theory Works on the assumption that the behaviour of
individuals at a particular moment is usually determined by their strongest need.
Based on hypothesis that within every human being there exists a hierarchy of five needs.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Theory(contd)
Five needs:
1. Physiological : Basic needs of hunger, thirst, shelter, sex and
other body needs.
2. Safety: security and protection from physical and emotional harm
3. Social: affection, belongingness, acceptance and friendship
REASONING BEHIND GOAL SETTINGDirection - specific goals direct your focus to relevant activities
Effort - need to devote more intense levels of effort toward difficult goals -
assumes people are goal driven
Persistence - specific, difficult goals encourage you to persist longer at a task than
would be the case without
such goals
Only possible exception is
high “uncertainty
avoidance” cultures.
Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene theory
Based on the conclusion that people have two
different categories of needs:
o Hygiene factors
o Motivating factors
Fredrick Herzberg
Hygiene Factor Motivators
Supervision
Salary
Relationship with
others
Working Condition
(Worker will take these
thing for Granted)
Achievement
Responsibilities
The work itself
Advancement
Job Rotation (Shifting
Job on temporary
Basis)
Motivation as a Form of Learning:
The Law of Effect
Behavior that leads
toward rewards tends to
be repeated
Behavior that tends to
lead toward no rewards
or toward punishment
tends to be avoided
Reinforcers Which Strengthen Behavior: What
managers can do to increase the probability of behavior in
the future
a. Positive reinforcement--rewards contingent on exhibiting the correct behavior.
b. Avoidance Learning—withholding something unpleasant when a desired
behavior is engaged in (e.g., an annoying alarm is avoided when a machine is used
properly, not operating in reverse). Or, using social learning, noticing how engaging
in some behavior avoids an unpleasant outcome (e.g., arrive on time and the boss
does not yell). Text: Negative reinforcement
Reinforcers Which Weaken Behavior:What managers can do to decrease the probability of
behavior in the future
a. Punishment--administering unpleasant
consequences
following an undesirable behavior.
b. Extinction--when there are no rewards for a
behavior which was previously rewarded.