GROUP MEMBER:

Mohammad Talha Inayat

Mohammad Taj-Uddin

Saad Mazhar

PRESENTATION

MOTIVATION

1

Definition

Motivation is a process which begins with a physiological or psychological need or deficiency which triggers behavior or a drive that is aimed at a goal or an incentive.

Why people get UNMOTIVATED

Repetitive Failure

Less Support

Less Availability of Resources

Getting JOB where you don’t have interest.

Family problems

Theories of Motivation

Some important theories:

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory

Elton Mayo

Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene theory

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Theory Works on the assumption that the behaviour of

individuals at a particular moment is usually determined by their strongest need.

Based on hypothesis that within every human being there exists a hierarchy of five needs.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Theory(contd)

Five needs:

1. Physiological : Basic needs of hunger, thirst, shelter, sex and

other body needs.

2. Safety: security and protection from physical and emotional harm

3. Social: affection, belongingness, acceptance and friendship

REASONING BEHIND GOAL SETTINGDirection - specific goals direct your focus to relevant activities

Effort - need to devote more intense levels of effort toward difficult goals -

assumes people are goal driven

Persistence - specific, difficult goals encourage you to persist longer at a task than

would be the case without

such goals

Only possible exception is

high “uncertainty

avoidance” cultures.

Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene theory

Based on the conclusion that people have two

different categories of needs:

o Hygiene factors

o Motivating factors

Fredrick Herzberg

Hygiene Factor Motivators

Supervision

Salary

Relationship with

others

Working Condition

(Worker will take these

thing for Granted)

Achievement

Responsibilities

The work itself

Advancement

Job Rotation (Shifting

Job on temporary

Basis)

Motivation as a Form of Learning:

The Law of Effect

Behavior that leads

toward rewards tends to

be repeated

Behavior that tends to

lead toward no rewards

or toward punishment

tends to be avoided

Reinforcers Which Strengthen Behavior: What

managers can do to increase the probability of behavior in

the future

a. Positive reinforcement--rewards contingent on exhibiting the correct behavior.

b. Avoidance Learning—withholding something unpleasant when a desired

behavior is engaged in (e.g., an annoying alarm is avoided when a machine is used

properly, not operating in reverse). Or, using social learning, noticing how engaging

in some behavior avoids an unpleasant outcome (e.g., arrive on time and the boss

does not yell). Text: Negative reinforcement

Reinforcers Which Weaken Behavior:What managers can do to decrease the probability of

behavior in the future

a. Punishment--administering unpleasant

consequences

following an undesirable behavior.

b. Extinction--when there are no rewards for a

behavior which was previously rewarded.