Microbiology•Part 1 -- Microbiology & Immunology•Pare 2 -- Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Text Book

•Pharmaceutical Microbiology• By

• Hugo W.B.& Russell A.D.

•6th edition (1998)• Blackwell Science

Part 2pharmaceutical Microbiology

• ##introduction to pharmaceutical Microbiology

• ##biology of microbes (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites), with their Pathogenicity

• ##recombinant DNA technology

•

##antibiotics & synthetic antimicrobial agents with the mechanism of their action & the clinical uses of antimicrobial agents.

• ##dynamics of disinfection, antiseptics, & evaluation of preservatives

• ##microbial spoilage

• ##preservation of pharmaceutical products

• ##sterility control of pharmaceutical products

•First exam. = 20 marks

•Second exam. = 20 marks

•Quiz & reports = 20 marks

•Final exam. = 40 marks

•Total = 100 marks

Introduction

•Pharmaceutical Microbiology

• ##is one of the many facts of applied Microbiology === aspects of Microbiology in Pharmacy industry

Pharmaceutical Microbiology

•Is a part of Microbiology which has a special bearing on Pharmacy in all its aspects.

• It ranges from the manufacture & quality control of Pharmaceutical products in general to an understanding of the mode of action of antibiotics

•Drug safety

•Modern Pharmaceutical Microbiology developed after World War II , with the introduction of the production of antibiotics

•All antibiotics were originally the products of microbial metabolism &/or microbial fermentation

•Streptomyces hygroscopius • **has different strains that make 200 different

antibiotics

•Antibiotics are made industrially by inoculating a solution of growth medium with bacteria or mold-----after the antibiotic reaches a satisfactory concentration –it is extracted & precipitated with standard industrial procedures

•Vaccines are a products of industrial Microbiology

•Steroids are a very important chemicals that include cortisone = which used as an anti-inflammatory drug

•Estrogens & progesterone = used in oral contraceptives

•Microorganisms can synthesize steroids from sterols or from related compounds

•Most of amino acids used in medicine & foods are produced by bacteria = lysine

•Corynebacterium glutamicum produce == Lysine & glutamic acid

•Aspergillus niger === citric acid

•Enzymes & Vitamins used in medicines & food are produced by bacteria

Scope of MicrobiologyThe role of Microorganisms in the production

of antibiotics & other pharmaceutical products

•Antibiotics = are substances produced by microorganisms (bacteria & fungi) and are capable of inhibiting the growth of other microorganisms

•Bacteriostatics = inhibit the growth of bacteria•Bactericidal = kill the bacteria

Scope of Microbiology

Alexander Flaming (1928)

Penicillin ===== Penicillium notatum

List of some bacteria which produce antibiotics

Name of bacteria Name of antibioticStreptomyces aureofaciens TetracyclineStreptomyces venezuelae ChloramphenicolStreptomyces rimosus OxytetracyclineStreptomyces erythraeus ErythromycinStreptomyces fradiae NeomycinStreptomyces kanamyceteus kanamycinStreptomyces griseus StreptomycinBacillus subtillis bacitracin

List of some fungi which produce antibiotics

Name of fungi Name of antibiotic

Penicillium notatum Penicillin

Penicillium chrysogenum Penicillin

Claviceps purpurea Ergot

Penicillium griseofulvum Griseofulvin

Scope of Microbiology

•In alcohol industry = yeast is used in the fermentation of carbohydrate to produce alcohol

•C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + energy• glucose ethyl alcohol

•Clostridium acetobutylicum== manufacture of butyl alcohol

•

yeast

Scope of Microbiology

•In vinegar industry= the production of vinegar (acetic acid) takes place with the help of bacterial actions in two steps

•First step

•C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + energy• glucose ethyl alcohol

yeast

•Second step – aerobic bacteria oxidize the alcohol into acetic acid

•Acetobactor aceti & Mycoderm aceti

•C2H5OH + O2 CH3COOH + H2O•Ethyl alcohol acetic acid

Acetobacter

Scope of Microbiology•Vitamin production

•Vitamins obtained from bacteria:•Riboflavins - B2 = Clostridium butylicum

•Cobalamins - B12= Pseudomonas denitrificans

•Vitamins A,C,D,& E are mostly found in algae•Fungi (yeast) have high content of

vit.B1,B12,& C

Scope of MicrobiologyProduction of Acids & Enzymes

Name of acid or enzyme Name of microorganism

Citric acid Mucor

Amylase Aspergillus oryzae

Protease Bacillus subtilis

Invertase Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Streptokinase Streptococcus pyrogens

Scope of Microbiology

•Used in cosmetics & perfumes•Some species of lichens (= combination of

green algae & fungus – rocks & trees) are used to make perfumery goods & soaps

•Carrageenin is extracted from sea weeds and used in the manufacture of ice cream, paints, & shampoo

Scope of Microbiology

•Used in Baking industry•Yeast is used in the manufacture of bread

•Starch sugars alcohol + CO2•

• bread becomes spongy• & light weight

yeast zymase

Scope of Microbiology•Used in the production of dairy products•All milk products are manufactured from

bacterial activityName of product Name of bacteria

Cheese Lactobacillus lactis

Yoghurt Lactobacillus vulgaricus

Curd Streptococcus lactis

Butter Streptococcus lactis

Butter milk Streptococcus lactis & streptococcus cremoris

Scope of Microbiology•Used in agriculture or soil fertility

•Nitrogen is an essential for the synthesis of protein, nucleic acids & other nitrogen containing compounds

•Plants take nitrogen in the form of nitrates •Nitrogen fixation is done by many organisms

Scope of Microbiology

•Used as food•Many algae produce agar-agar (=a jelly-like

substance) used in the manufacture of ice cream

•Some seaweeds contains a lot of iodine which is an important mineral in the thyroid gland

•Food for cattle & domestic animals