Father of pharmacy

Full name: Claudius Galenus

Born: 130 AD, Pergamon, TurkeyDied: Rome, Italy

Classification and medicinal importance of all type of alkaloids

Submitted byKeshob kumer ghose

Submitted toAfifa parvin ShantaLecturerDepartment of pharmacySoutheast University

outline

Biosynthetic classification(5-18) Chemical classification(19-38) Pharmacological classification(39-64) Taxonomical classification(6-74) Summary(75) Reference(76-77)

Rakibul IslamID: 2016000300008

alkaloids

Naturally occurring chemical compounds containing basic nitrogen atoms.Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals and are part of the group of natural products .Example: atropine,nicotine,morphine etc.

nicotine Nicotine structure

Classification of alkaloids

1.biosynthetic classification2.chemical classification3.pharmacological classification4. taxonomic classification

Biosynthetic classification

(i) Indole alkaloids derived from tryptophan. (ii) Piperidine alkaloids derived from lysine.(iii) Pyrrolidine alkaloids derived from ornithine.(iv) Phenylethylamine alkaloids derived from tyrosine.(v) Imidazole alkaloids derived from histidine.

indole alkaloids

Apocynaceae

Indole alkaloids

Used to treat snake bites.(reserpine) Used as Antiarrhythmic agent.(ajmaline) Used as anti hypersensitivity.(ajmaline) Used as antitumor agent.(vinblastine) Used to treat heroine, coccaine, alcohol addiction.

Chemical formula 

C8H7N 

Molar mass  117.15 g/mol 

appearance  White solid density  1.1747 g/cm3,

solid Melting point  52 to 54 °C Boiling point  253 to 254 °C  Solubility in water  Soluble in hot

water Acidity (pKa)  16.2 

Basicity (pKb)  17.6 

Physical properties

piperidine

Black pepper

Piperidine

Used as stimulant. Used as bronchodilator. Used as sedative.

Chemical formula  C5H11N 

Molar mass  85.15 g·mol− 

appearance  colorless liquid density  0.862 g/mL, liquid 

Melting point  −7 °C (19 °F; 266 K) 

Boiling point  106 °C (223 °F; 379 K) 

Solubility in water  miscible 

Acidity (pKa)  11.22 

Physical properties

Pyrrolidine alkaloids

Nicotina sp(tobacco)

Pyrrolidine alkaloids

Used as anticonvulsants(antiepileptic drugs )Physical PropertiesChemical formula C4H9N

Molar mass 71.12 g·mol−1

Appearance Clear colorless liquidDensity 0.866 g/cm3

Melting point −63 °C (−81 °F; 210 K)Boiling point 87 °C (189 °F; 360 K)Solubility in water Miscible

Acidity (pKa)

11.27 (pKa of conjugate acid in water)19.56 (pKa of conjugate acid in acetonitrile)

Phenylethylamine alkaloids

Acacia rigidula

Phenylethylamine alkaloids

Used for improving athletic performance.

Used to treat depression. Used for improve mood and attention.

Physical properties

Density 0.9640 g/cm3

Melting point −60 °C (−76 °F) 

Boiling point 197.5 °C (387.5 °F) 

Phenylethylamine alkaloids

Clinical dataRoutes of administration: Oral

Chemical dataFormula: C8H11NMolar mass 121.18 g/mol

Pharmacokinetic dataBiological half-life Exogenous: 5–10 minutes Endogenous: ~30 seconds

Imidazole alkaloids

Pilocarpus jaborandi

Imidazole alkaloids

Used as amoebicidal in amoebic dysentery.

Used as anti in gram negative bacteria. Used as antimicrobial agent. Used as antidepressant drug. Angiogenesis inhibitor.

Physical PropertiesChemical formula C3H4N2

Molar mass 68.077 g/mol

Appearance white or pale yellow solid

Density 1.23 g/cm3, solid

Melting point89 to 91 °C (192 to 196 °F; 362 to 364 K)

Boiling point 256 °C (493 °F; 529 K)

Solubility in water Soluble

Acidity(pKa)14.5 (for imidazole) and 7.05 (for the conjugate acid) 

Chemical classificationMARIA AKTHER MITU

Pyrrolidine alkaloids (hygrine)

It is under biosynthetic classification.that are discussed slide 7 it is used as anticonvulsants.

hygrine

Physical PropertiesChemical formula C4H9N

Molar mass 71.12 g·mol−1

Appearance Clear colorless liquidDensity 0.866 g/cm3

Melting point −63 °C (−81 °F; 210 K)Boiling point 87 °C (189 °F; 360 K)Solubility in water Miscible

Acidity (pKa)

11.27 (pKa of conjugate acid in water)19.56 (pKa of conjugate acid in acetonitrile)

Piperidine alkaloids(lobeline)

use as a smoking cessation. Used to treat addiction to amphetamines.

lobeline

Physical properties

Molecular formula C22H27NO2

Molecular weight 337.45528 g/mol

Melting Point 178-180 DEG C

Solubility1 G DISSOLVES IN 40 ML WATER, 12 ML ALC; VERY SOL IN CHLOROFORM

pH WATER SOLN ARE SLIGHTLY ACID TO LITMUS

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids(Senecionine)

Capable of forming DNA adducts. Act as alkylating agent.

senecionine

Physical properties

Molecular Formula C18H25NO5

Molecular Weight 335.3948 g/mo

Taste Bitter

Melting Point 236 deg C

SolubilityPractically insoluble in water; freely sol in chloroform; slightly sol in alcohol ether

Tropane alkaloids(Atropine)

First drug to symptomatic sinus and bradycardia.

May be beneficial AV block or asystole. Second drug in asystole or PEA. Organophosphate poisoning.(large dose

needed)

atropine

Physical properties Molecular Formula C17H23NO3

Molecular Weight

289.36942 g/mol

Melting Point 118.5 °C

SolubilityWater Solubility2200 mg/L (at 25 °C)

pHpH of 0.0015 molar solution: 10.0

Chemical classificationBISWOJIT GHOSH

Quinoline alkaloids(Quinine)

Used as antimalarial medicines. Used in treatment of nocturnal leg cramp.

quinine

Physical properties

Molecular Formula C20H24N2O2

Molecular Weight 324.41676 g/mol

Odor ODORLESS

Taste Very bitter taste

Melting Point 177 deg C (some decomposition)

Solubility In water, 500 mg/L at 15 deg C

pHpH of saturated aqueous solution = 8.8

Isoquinoline alkaloids(morphine) Used as anesthetics. Used as antifungal agent. Used as anti hypertension agent. Used as vasodilator. Used as disinfectants.

morphine

Physical properties

Molecular Formula C17H19NO3

Molecular Weight 285.33766 g/mol

Color Prisms

Odor Odorless

Taste Bitter

Boiling Point 190 deg C

Melting Point 255 °C

pH pH of saturated solution, 8.5

Aporphine alkaloids(boldine) hepatoprotective, cytoprotective, antipyretic

and anti-inflammatory effects. Used as antioxidant. it has alpha-adrenergic antagonist activities in

vascular tissue

boldine

Chemical formula  C19H21NO4 

Molar mass  327.38 g·mol−1 

Physical properties

Purine alkaloids(caffeine)

Cocoa beans

caffeine

Chemical dataFormula: C8H10N4O2

Molar mass: 194.19 g/mol

Clinical dataPregnancy category : ARoutes of administration: oral, insufflation, enema, rectal, intravenous

Pharmacokinetic dataBiological half-life Adults: 3–7 hoursExcretion: urine (100%)

Purine alkaloids(caffeine)

bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants for both prevention and treatment.

Used as apnea of prematurity as a primary treatment.

Used as orthostatic hypotension treatment

Chemical classificationROBIUL ISLAM

Steroidal alkaloids(Solanidine)

Solanum americanum

Steroidal alkaloids(Solanidine)

Used as Precursor for the synthesis of hormones.

ephedrine

Ephedra sinica

Amino alkaloids(ephedrine)

Able to increase blood pressure. act as bronchodilators.

mescaline

Lophophora williamsii

Mescaline(use)

treatment of alcoholism treatment of depression

Diterpene alkaloids(Aconitine)

used as an antipyretic Used as analgesic.

aconitine

Pharmacological ClassificationKESHOB KUMER GHOSE

Pharmacological classification

Mechanism of action Physiologic effect Chemical structure

morphine

opium poppy

morphine

It acts directly on CNS It is a •schedule 2 drug in USA •schedule 1 drug in Canada •class A drug in UK

morphine

Clinical dataTrade names: MS contin, Oramorph, SevredoPregnancy category: c

Chemical dataFormula: C17H19NO3Molar mass: 285.34 g/mol

Pharmacokinetic dataDuration of action: 3 to 7 hoursExcretion Renal: 90%, biliary 10%

morphine

Used as narcotic analgesic. used to treat moderate to severe pain. Used as opiate substitution therapy. beneficial in reducing the symptom of

shortness of breath Pain associated with trauma.

Mechanism of action(morphine)

Morphine binds to opioid receptors. 1. μ receptor(μ1, μ2 and μ3 ) 2. κ receptor 3. δ receptor

μ receptor

Present in the brainstem and the thalamus. Result of activation of these receptor • sedation •euphoria •respiratory depression

K receptor

This receptor is present in the limbic system. Result of activation of this receptor •loss of breath

δ receptor

This receptor is widely distributed in the brain and also present in the spinal cord and digestive tract.

Result of activation of this receptor •respiratory depression.

strychnine

Strychnos nux-vomica

Strychnine

Used as Reflex excitability. once prescribed as a remedy for heart and

respiratory complaints and as a stimulant (or body "upper").

strychnine is a poison

Mechanism of action(strychnine)

lobeline

Lobelia inflata

Lobeline(use)

Used as respiratory stimulant. Used in smoking cessation. used to treat asthma Used treat Allergies Used to treat whooping cough Used to treat Congestion Used to treat bronchitis

Mechanism of action(lobeline)

Lobeline inhibits nicotine-evoked dopamine release and [3H]nicotine binding, thus acting as a potent antagonist at both alpha3beta2(*) and alpha4beta2(*) neuronal nicotinic

pilocarpine

Pilocarpus microphyllus

Pilocarpine

stimulates the secretion of large amounts of saliva and sweat.

used to treat dry mouth (xerostomia) used in the treatment of chronic open-angle

glaucoma and acute angle-closure glaucoma

pilocarpine

Chemical dataFormula:C11H16N2O2Molar mass:208.257 g/mol

Clinical dataTrade name:solagenPregnancy category:BRoutes of administration:topical (eye drops)

Pharmacokinetics dataBiological half-life 0.76 hours (5 mg), 1.35 hours (10 mg)

Excretion: urine

Mechanism of action

It directly stimulates the muscarinic receptors in the eye, causing constriction of the pupil and contraction of the ciliary muscle.

ergonovine

Turbina corymbosa

Ergonovine

Preventing and treating bleeding after delivery of a baby.

uterine stimulant.

Mechanism of action

While it acts at alpha-adrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotonin receptors (the 5-HT2 receptor), it exerts on the uterus (and other smooth muscles) a powerful stimulant effect not clearly associated with a specific receptor type.

ergonovine

Chemical dataFormula: C19H23N3O2Molar mass: 325.41 g/mol

Clinical dataPregnancy category: xRoute of administration: oral

Pharmacokinetic data

Biological half-life 2-phase (10 min; 2 hrs)Excretion: Biliary

narceine

Papaver somniferum

Narceine

used as a substitute for morphine. Used as antitussive.

It was formerly used as a substitute for morphine

Taxonomic ClassificationSIZZIL MAHMUD NOVA

Sub classification

Cannabinaceous Alkaloids Rubiaceous Alkaloids Solanaceous Alkaloids

Cannabinaceous Alkaloids(marijuana)

Cannabis sativa

marijuana

Source: Cannabis sativaPart(s) of plant: flowerActive ingredients: Tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol,cannabinol, tetrahydrocannabivarin

Cannabinaceous Alkaloids(marijuana)

used to treat Glaucoma. control epileptic seizures. may decrease anxiety. treats inflammatory bowel diseases. relieves arthritis discomfort. improves the symptoms of Lupus, an

autoimmune disorder. might be able to help with Crohn's disease. helps veterans suffering from PTSD.

Rubiaceous Alkaloids( quinine)

approved for treatment of malaria. prescribed to treat leg cramps.

quinine

Solanaceous Alkaloids(Ashwagandha)

used for arthritis Used in insomnia tuberculosis, Used in fibromyalgia menstrual problems chronic liver disease.

ashwagandha

protoalkaloids

contain nitrogen originate from amino acids

Mescaline(use)

treatment of alcoholism treatment of depression

adrenaline

used to treat severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) Stop bleeding Glaucoma Cardiac arrest

Ephedrine (use)

act as bronchodilators used for asthma Narcolepsy obesity

Reference(text)

summaryKESHOB KUMER GHOSE

Reference(picture)

Wikipedia.org The scientist.com Pub.chem

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