Post on 11-Mar-2021
t h i n k p a r t s T h i n k T o r n o s
MedicalProven solutions in the medical sector
for over twenty years.
� Medical
dialogue which has been set up between com-
panies which design and produce products in
Medtech (e.g. implants for orthopedics, trauma,
spine, dentistry, tooling, etc.) and Tornos enables
us to have a better appreciation of our clients’
needs. in this way, we are able to define, develop
and propose optimum machine equipment, solu-
tions and machining processes.
Our end objective is to provide optimum manu-
facturing solutions which meet our clients’ expec-
tations, based around a productivity platform
defined by market segmentation.
a knowledge of the market and its needs enable
us to develop machines which are perfectly in
tune with the different sub-sections of this mar-
ket, which are : traumatology orthopedics area of the spine tooling dentistry …
The challenge Of The Medical indusTry…
�Medical
…is Our challenge
doctors
Tornosresearch
Manufacturers
Tornos have been pioneers in this sector for over
twenty years. By virtue of our developments and
practical expertise in the medical sector, we are in
a position to propose different machining options
for parts up to 32 mm, on our range of single-
spindle and multispindle turning machines.
competition means that Medtech manufacturers
and subcontractors are under ever-increasing-
pressure to reduce prices. This must not affect
zero defects which must be enforced. depend-
able and highly productive production methods
are paramount.
A challenge taken up by Tornos with its
machining solutions.
� Medical
Our TechnOlOgy aT yOur service…
… for all types of parts.
you make highly demanding products, Tornos
can offer you proven solutions within a very wide
range of parts. We are at your disposal to find
a tailor-made solution for your manufacturing
process. hundreds of Tornos turning machines
delivered in the Medtech sector produce parts in
a range of dimensions on site at our customers’
locations.
These are machined from a bar of material which
can range from 1 mm to 32 mm in diameter.
as far as the product is concerned, we offer
expert advice to guarantee you the best choice in
terms of kinematics, machining, equipment and
tooling performances. By virtue of our expertise
we have acquired in materials specific to this
field, (e.g. stainless steel for implants, titanium,
peek, biodegradable materials, etc.), we offer the
best tools and machining conditions to optimise
cycle times and increase productivity.
The Medtech sector has been enjoying a period
of continuous business growth for several years.
Technology is changing very quickly, r&d depart-
ments from leaders in the Medtech market and
other OeM are bringing new products onto the
market at an ever-increasing pace. new materials
and alloys, some of which prove very challenging
to work with, are appearing on the market. Man-
ufacturing and machining some parts, or even
certain groups of parts, can be a real challenge.
By virtue of their experience and expertise which
have been built up over more than fifteen years
working in this sector, Tornos develops products
which meet the needs of the market, high-
performance equipment in terms of machining
and reliability, new software developments, as
well as machine features and other programming
options in order to anticipate the needs of the
market and meet their customers’ expectations.
in the different sub-sections of Medtech (trauma,
spine, orthopaedics, dentistry, tooling, etc.),
requirements are not always the same.
The optimum machining method for this type of
part must therefore be selected.
Tornos is the world’s only manufacturer to offer
machining solutions dedicated to Medtech on
single- and multispindle turning machines for bar
diameters up to 32 mm (small and medium-sized).
Product ranges, their technical specifications and
their performances are dedicated to machining
parts of mid- to high-level complexity : Sliding headstock single-spindle turning
machines : DECO Sigma and DECO product
range "a". Multispindle fixed headstock turning
machines : MultiDECO or MultiAlpha range
(6 or 8 spindles).
By virtue of the decO concept, productivity
remains the number one usP at Tornos, who are
aiming to consolidate their position on the inter-
national automatic turning machine manufactur-
ers market.
Peripherals
adviceservices /support
customisedmachining Turn Key
�Medical
complete command of machining processes,
practical expertise built up over many years and
close collaboration with highly competent part-
ners in the Medtech sector (tooling, materials,
lubricants, peripheral equipment, etc.) enable us
to position ourselves as "solutions provider" on
this demanding market.
The Medtech market and sub-sections.
as far as dedicated solutions are concerned, it’s
important to know how to design and adapt
products to the type and dimensions of the parts
to be machined. The concept of product families
and lines that we manufacture is a benefit when
it comes to use by our customer base. Whether
it’s a question of kinematics or programming
tools, we always strive to standardise the use,
programming and settings of different products.
every machining operation, whether whirling
external and internal threads, tangential thread
milling, gear hobbing, drilling deep bores at high
pressure of up to 350 bar, stamping, shaping
using high-speed milling (e.g. Torx forming), is
possible on virtually all the products we offer
(single-spindle and multispindle). These opera-
tions are also possible during a counter operation
(second spindle), which very often means that
machining times for each operation at the bar
and in counter operation are evenly distributed
and well-balanced which in turn improves pro-
ductivity. Machining times are shortened consid-
erably, despite the extreme complexity of some
parts.
We also base our everyday operations on this
idea of real productivity in order to remain one
step ahead of the competition and offer solutions
which are perfectly suited to each requirement.
A tried and tested concept…
every one of your developments undergoes a
tough validation process at every stage of the
manufacturing and industrialisation process,
whatever the level of integration envisaged for
the final product. This process involves taking
several different parameters and their implica-
tions into account.
a Tried and TesTed cOncePT…
� Medical
a sOluTiOn fOr every TyPe Of ParT…
DECO 10a
DECO 13a
DECO 20a / 26a
example : maxillofacial screws, micro screws and dental implants
example : trauma and orthopaedic screws with complex dental
implants and abutments
example : trauma orthopaedic and spine (mono and poly axial)
screws, nails, hip screws.
Maxillofacial screws Humeral locking screws Schanz screws Guide wires Dental implants Dental abutments Caps / screws Drill / reamers Sleeves / connectors
Bone screws Cannulated / corticalis screws Corticalis / malleolar screws Humeral locking screws Locking screws Trocar Connecting rods Drill sleeves Distraction / compression rods Dental implants Angled abutments Drill / reamers
Cannulated screws Nails Lag / hip screws Mono / poly axial screws Spine hooks Poly axial heads Connecting rods Tooling Nuts
�Medical
… fOr Machining yOur ParTs WiThOuT
secOndary OPeraTiOn
Sigma 8
Sigma 20
MultiAlpha 8x20
example : screws for implants, covers, simple abutments
example : screws for implants, covers, simple abutments
example : Poly axial head for spine, orthopaedic nut, screw
Dental abutments Caps / screws Sleeves / connectors
Bone screws Locking screws Corticalis screws Connecting rods Nails Nuts Tooling
Polyaxial heads (spine) Bone screws Implants
� Medical
sOluTiOn PrOvider
every day we work on making sure you can reach
your manufacturing, productivity and machined
component quality goals.
Pressure to lower prices, ever-tighter deadlines,
small production series and numerous set ups are
the kind of challenge you face every day to stay
ahead of the competition. Tornos can offer you
the right solutions to make this happen.
Machining without secondary operation We develop tailor-made kinematic machines
which mean you can increase your
productivity. We can offer you tooling which is perfectly
suited to your product and materials. We take care of the whole spectrum :
machine-tools-cutting liquids-materials to
optimise machining conditions. We reduce set up times with rapid program-
mable changeover tool systems.
Turning Thread-whirling process
Milling Boring Stamping
Chip conveyors
Bar-feeders
High pressure pumps
Machining andprocessing
Oil and air filters
Measuring µ
Burring
Manipulating
Pallettising
Part-feedersCleaning
cannulated screw (trauma) in titanium – 380 sec.
�
Z1
X1
S6
Y1S3
Y2
S2
X3
S4
Z3
Y4
S5 X4
X2
S5
Z4S1
T12
T21
T31
T32
T33
T41
T53
T51
T42
T42
T43
T15
T13
T14T23
T24
T15
T12
T21
T31
T32
T33
T41
T53
T51
T42
T42
T43
T15
T13
T14T23
T24
T15
T12
T21
T31
T32
T33
T41
T53
T51
T42
T42
T43
T15
T13
T14T23
T24
T15
Medical
PrOducTs PerfecTly suiTed
TO yOur reQuireMenTs
Products perfectly suited to your
requirements We are experts in complex machining
processes. We develop software functions for machining
complex shapes. We design equipment which is specific to your
own production requirements. We develop specific cutting tools and other
tooling in close collaboration with partners
skilled in the field. We can offer peripheral equipment perfectly
suited to your needs (safety, handling, measur-
ing, operator and environmental protection).
Optimum productivity We develop new machining processes on
multispindle turning machines to reach an
extremely high level of productivity. for parts in the Medtech sector, we also adapt
multispindle products to be able to run spe-
cific operations (e.g. thread-whirling process,
high pressure drilling, internal and external
micro-milling). We adapt peripheral equipment (e.g. handling,
measuring, swarf processing) as well as all
other general client parameters which are key
to productivity.
dental abutment (for implant) in titanium
10 Medical
One PrOgraMMing sOfTWare
fOr all PrOducTs
graphic machining simulation and assistant graphic showing
programming programmed contour.
One of the many benefits offered by Tornos is the
development and manufacturing of single-spindle
and multispindle products, all programmed using
the same TB-decO software.
This technological expertise means that custom-
ers can benefit from a single and straightforward
programming of their machine park, can reduce
the set up time of their machines and whose
employees are able to work on different types of
products.
The TB-decO software is run on a user-friendly
Windows environment. There is the option of set-
ting up interfaces with internationally recognised
caM systems. TB-decO is a tool which benefits
from the power and progress in i.T. while contin-
uing to use standard isO programming language
which is familiar to operators.
TB-decO, a software which is continuously evolv-
ing through updates which put all the latest soft-
ware developments at the customer’s disposal.
TB-decO, the one and only system which man-
ages all the axes of the machine and the different
tool systems simultaneously.
11Medical
exaMPles Of ParTs
1� Medical
Medical aPPlicaTiOns
Maxillofacial, orthopaedics, trauma, hip screws
Titanium320 secs.
Titanium
Titanium
Titanium145 secs.
Titanium
Titanium
Titanium
Titanium206 secs.
steel 316 l
steel 316 l254 secs.
steel 316 l125 secs.
steel 316 l
Titanium306 secs.
steel 316 l
steel 316 l148 secs.
Titanium
Titanium
Titanium375 secs.
1�Medical
Medical aPPlicaTiOns
Mono and poly axial spine screws
Titanium
Titanium
steel 316 l
Titanium
Titanium
TitaniumTitanium
steel / titanium Titanium
1� Medical
Medical aPPlicaTiOns
long parts
steel 316 l295 secs.
Titaniumsteel 316 l267 secs.
Titanium720 secs.
steel 316 l220 secs.
1�Medical
Medical aPPlicaTiOns
implants / dental components
Titanium130 secs.
Titanium360 secs.
Titanium95 secs.
Titanium115 secs.
stainless steel 316 l145 secs.
Titanium280 secs.
Titanium125 secs.
Titanium98 secs.
Titanium110 secs.
Titanium105 secs.
stainless steel 316 l80 secs.
stainless steel 316 l140 secs.
stainless steel 316 l140 secs.
Titanium186 secs.
stainless steel 316 l120 secs.
stainless steel 316 l55 secs.
Titanium250 secs.
Titanium Titanium Titanium
1� Medical
Machining TechnOlOgy
external thread-whirling process (main operations and counter operations)
The machining of threads for medical and dental
implants requires an outstanding level of preci-
sion, respect of the shape of the thread and the
finish, as well as burr-free machining. several fac-
tors can influence the end quality of the thread.
a pioneer in this sector, Tornos is the first com-
pany to have produced and controlled the
thread-whirling process on a sliding head turning
machine. Our experience allows us to control the
design of cutting tools which are specific to this
operation. for the customer, the benefit comes
in the form of having one single partner for the
machining process and technical support.
Why the thread-whirling process ?
Materials which prove difficult to machine, such
as titanium and stainless steel for implants,
require cutting conditions which are perfect and
adapted to the needs.
The shapes of threads used for implants are gen-
erally specific to this sector and must be totally
burr-free.
Once it has been machined, the thread needs to
be both extremely sharp and tough enough to
allow for a perfect implantation into the bone
material and which is without risk to the patient.
The thread-whirling process uses cutting speeds
which are greater than traditional threading
operations. When cutting stops in the material,
the very high rotational speeds mean that
the swarf and its shape are kept under control.
This way, swarf removal is straightforward.
high pressure lubrication is used to direct the
flow of swarf.
sharpening device
Blade holder head
centering device
circular blades
1�
z
sc
x
x
c
s
z
c
s
c
Medical
Machining TechnOlOgy
internal thread-whirling process (main operations and counter operations)
Benefits of the process during the thread-whirling process, the exter-
nal thread is does not require a prior turning
operation for the majority of parts (enhanced
productivity and improved rigidity of bar). low cutting forces due to different cutting
edges and tool rotation speeds. superior general quality of finish compared to
standard threading processes. Threading in a single cut. Threads go in and come out "whole", no
tapered threads. Perfect swarf control (fine particles) by virtue
of adapted cutting speed and cutting lubrica-
tion on unit (pressure 20 bar). Tool lifetime is extended and tools can be
resharpened (regular profiled blades / approx.
40 possible resharpenings) Machining technology with regular-profiled
blades or disposable inserts. cutting tools are pre-set before entering
machine and rapid assembly / disassembly of
tool holder head. Thread size is controlled by turning machine’s
digital axes (diameter / length / tool centering).
depth is controlled during internal thread-
whirling process in blind bores. Thread-whirling tools adjusted with tool holder
head inclined depending on angle of thread
(up to 24 degrees). length of thread-whirling process up to
200 mm depending on type turning machine. no burrs outside or inside threads. external thread-whirling process at the bar and
in counter operation in 'masked time' mode
(deco 20a/26a). internal thread-whirling at the bar and in
counter operation in 'masked time' mode.
spindle 80’000 r p m
Tool Ø 1 mm
Principle diagram for internal thread-whirling process
external thread-whirling processin counter operation internal thread-whirling tool
1� Medical
Machining TechnOlOgy
Boring / drilling deep bores at high pressure 120 / 350 bar
using a high pressure cutting liquid (up to
350 bar) for boring deep bores is often essen-
tial to guarantee cost-effective and produc-
tive machining of different components in the
Medtech sector (chamfered screws, hip screws,
tooling, etc.).
Many implants on the market require transverse
bores. in general, the ratio between the drill-
ing diameter and the length to be machined is
high (drilling length up to 50-60 x the diameter),
depending on shape of part.
Materials to be machined, in particular stainless
steels, titanium and other steel alloys require
machines, tool systems and high-performance
peripheral equipment which offer the user differ-
ent options depending on requirements.
high-pressure deep drilling devices (120 and
350 bar) can be adapted to suit the majority of
our products. Our turning machines are equipped
with a standard interface and specific tool holder
per type to ensure they can be adapted to the
product very quickly and simply.
Our kinematics are specially adapted to the fit-
ting of these options, taking into consideration
the space available for the different tool shapes
(no risk of collision). generally, the kinematics
of decO turning machines also mean that main
operations (bar) or counter operations can be car-
ried out for machining in 'masked time' mode.
in principle, all Tornos single-spindle and multi-
spindle turning machines can be adapted.
1�Medical
Machining TechnOlOgy
Boring / drilling deep bores at high pressure 120 / 350 bar
TECHniCAl SPECifiCATiOnS 120 bar 350 bar
Oil tray capacity litres 80 80
Motorised pump flow cm3 10 5
Max power kW 4 4
number of exits (valve actuation) 4 4
Programming of machining pressure by the part program M620-M623 M620-M623
exit pressure min-max adjustable bar 40 170
flow min-max l / min 5-11.5 3-12
Min boring diameter mm 2.50 0.75
Max boring diameter mm 12 3
TyPiCAl ExAMPlES Of CuSTOMEr APPliCATiOnS 120 bar 350 bar
Material titanium grade vi titanium grade vi
Boring diameter mm 2.93 0.8
Machining depth without de-coring mm 152 50
(52 x diameter) (62 x diameter)
BEnEfiTS
Part is machined from start to finish on the turning machine in a single fixture setting.
improved productivity (total cycle time)
no burrs
straight plane (very little deviation of drill bit)
deco 20 / 26a high-pressure rotating drilling spindle up to 120 bar
(higher cutting speed and eccentric drilling possible).
�0 Medical
Machining TechnOlOgy
Machining Torx shapes and other specific high-speed milling applications
Medical applications occasionally require mill-
ing / drilling with extremely small-sized tools.
high-speed spindles are also key to achieving
optimum cutting parameters and the required
finishes.
high-frequence spindles enable rotation speeds
of up to 80’000 rpm to be reached.
very small tool dimensions often involve several
machining passes for roughing and finishing
work.
Torx shapes require such machining to ensure
precision and finish quality.
These operations can be carried out on the turn-
ing machines both as main operation and as
counter operation in 'masked time' mode.
The axes can be interpolated with one another
and synchronised with the c axes on the spindles,
thus enabling each special shape to be turned
accurately.
The same high-frequence spindles are used for
internal thread-whirling operations and other
end / transverse operations which require high
cutting speeds.
Benefits Perfect for use with small-sized tools. can be adapted to suit all products in main
and counter operation. suitable for confined spaces. straightforward rotational speed setting with
potentiometer. cutting speed adapted for increased produc-
tivity.
�1Medical
Machining TechnOlOgy
Machining specifi c shapes with the stamping process
for parts used in orthopaedics, trauma, spine,
tooling and parts such as dental implants, stamp-
ing operations are often required.
We are experts in this process on Tornos turning
machines by a virtue of our wide-ranging experi-
ence in customer applications in this sector as
well as an in-depth knowledge of the necessary
tooling for such an operation which can require
considerable cutting force. spindles (main and
counter spindles) must be able to resist the axial
cutting forces of this process.
different solutions are available including fi xed
stamp, rotational stamp and driven stamp.
various specifi c supports and stamp holders are
available depending on customer requirement.
Benefi ts Machining without secondary operation. stamping operation can be positioned at an
angle with other references on the workpiece. can use other tools for burring after stamping
operation.
�� Medical
Machining TechnOlOgy
Milling and multi-axis interpolations for machining of complex shapes
some components, especially for spine, nails
and dental implants applications, require specific
equipment to produce complex forms, usually by
milling.
Tornos is continually developing new options
which are suited to the needs of the customer.
alongside this, we are also developing customer
specific macros to make the programming of
complex contours more straightforward.
These operations can take place either at the
bar-turning or counter operation stage, usually
in 'masked time'.
simultaneous 3 or even 4-axis interpolations are
carried out to render these specific machining
operations possible, always with the aim of fin-
ishing the part without the need for a secondary
operation.
depending on quality parameters, machined
shapes in materials which are difficult to work in
(e.g. titanium and stainless steels for implants)
often require rough finishing before being
finished in successive operational stages.
The TB-decO software’s simple programming
and the many options available make different
operations considerably more straightforward.
Benefits Machining highly complex parts without sec-
ondary operation. straightforward programming of shapes with
specific macros (automatic calculations of axis
movements and incremental program steps). counter operations generally carried out in
'masked time' mode. Milling units are mechanically set for angular
tool positioning depending on part.
��Medical
Tool pre-set on Tornos pre-setting
equipment or adapted to suit customer’s
own pre-setting equipment
The pre-setting equipment is an essential tool if
overall productivity is to increase and set up time
reduced. The full range of Tornos single-spindle
and multispindle turning machines is designed to
enable tools to be pre-configured ("pre-setting")
in 'masked time' mode.
system measurements can be taken in mm
and / or in inches.
Component conveyor belt
Parts can be transported outside machining area
without risk of shock. can then be interfaced
with other component handling / gripper systems.
Parts retrieval systems by handling (handler)
and pallet (pick and place system)
enables machined components to be placed on
standard pallet systems. specially designed to
optimise production in the medical and den-
tal sectors, where parts are usually of the same
shape and size.
PeriPherals
Wide range of peripherals available depending on market needs
�� Medical
fire protection systems
depending on the material being machined
(mainly titanium), the medical and dental sectors
must be equipped with fire extinguishing sys-
tems.
This system operated with two independent
systems which are actuated when flames are
detected or when the temperature exceeds a cer-
tain level.
co2 extinguishing is a "clean" solution which
enables production to be started up again imme-
diately.
Oil cooling / heating device
The system is equipped with two functions :
a) cooling the cutting liquid to maintain a con-
stant temperature inside the machine and
achieve an extremely high level of precision
through thermal stability.
b) oil heating system which rapidly warms up the
cutting liquid when turning machine starts up
and then stabilises the temperature.
The warming up time of the turning machine
is considerably reduced.
a timer delay system enables the system to be
turned on before the operator starts work.
PeriPherals
Wide range of peripherals available depending on market needs
��Medical
interfaces for measuring system and
automatic corrections of machined dimen-
sions (off-line)
enables dimensions to be measured automatically
(diameters and lengths) on the turning machine
during production. an interface transfers the cor-
rection values to the machine control unit directly
from the customer’s measuring system.
Oil mist and fume extractors
different systems are available to extract oil mists
and dry fumes during machining.
a braking device blocks fume and mist extraction
if a fire protection system is triggered.
Swarf conveyors
different conveyor systems are available depend-
ing on customer requirements and types swarf.
There are standard conveyor systems for long and
thin swarf (belt or scraper conveyors), as well as
automatic systems for all types of swarf (short
and long) with cutting liquid filtration.
There are also options available for fine swarf
filtering and paper filter or decantation systems
(for brass, aluminium, titanium or stainless steel
swarf).
The reputation of Tornos is based on its inno-
vative solutions. Our priority : develop prod-
ucts which meet your requirements in terms of
machining functionality and capabilities.
any necessary peripherals can be adapted at any
time on our products.
Tornos is extremely active in the area of devel-
opment and collaborates closely with numerous
suppliers in the tooling, peripherals, equipment,
cutting oils and materials, with the aim of offer-
ing its customers machining solutions which are
tested and adapted to the different requirements
of the market.
PeriPherals
Wide range of peripherals available depending on market needs
�� Medical
Automotive
Medical
Electronics
Watchmaking & Micromechanics
TOrnOs PrOvides sOluTiOns
TO high-TechnOlOgy indusTries,
in The fOllOWing secTOrs in ParTicular :
edit
ion
4 /
20
07
TOrNOS S.A.
rue industrielle 111
ch-2740 Moutier
Tel. +41 (0)32 494 44 44
fax +41 (0)32 494 49 03
contact@tornos.com
www.tornos.com
TOrNOS-TECHNOLOGIES
DEuTSCHLAND GmbH
Karlsruher str. 38
d-75179 Pforzheim
Tel. +49 (0)7231 / 910 70
fax +49 (0)7231 / 910 750
contact@tornos.de
TOrNOS TECHNOLOGIES
FrANCE
Boîte postale 330
st-Pierre en faucigny
f-74807 la roche
s / foron cedex
Tel. +33 (0)4 50 038 333
fax +33 (0)4 50 038 907
contact@tornos.fr
TOrNOS TECHNOLOGIES
IBErICA
Pol. ind. el congost
avda. st Julia, 206 nave 8
e-08403 granollers
Tel. +34 93 846 59 43
fax +34 93 849 66 00
commercial.tti@tornos.com
TOrNOS TECHNOLOGIES
ITALIA SrL
via cesare Pavese 21
i-20090 Opera / Mi
Tel. +39 02 57 68 15 01
fax +39 02 57 68 15 230
contact@tornos.it
TOrNOS TECHNOLOGIES
uK LTD
Tornos house
Whitwick Business Park
coalville
uK-leicestershire le67 4JQ
Tel. +44 (0) 1530 513100
fax +44 (0) 1530 814212
sales@tornos.co.uk
TOrNOS SHANGHAI
rEPrESENTATIvE OFFICE
Tower B, Office 512-513
far east international Plaza
no. 319 xianxia road
cn-shanghai 200335
Tel. +86 21-62351235
fax +86 21-62351938
china.contact@tornos.com
TOrNOS TECHNOLOGIES
ASIA LIMITED
unit 4, g/f, Transport city
Building
1-7 shing Wan road
Tai Wai, shatin
n.T., hong Kong
Tel. +852 2691 2633
fax +852 2691 2133
asiapacific.contact@tornos.comTOrNOS TECHNOLOGIES
uS COrPOrATION
70 Pocono road
P.O. Box 325
us-Brookfield cT 06804
Tel. +1 203 775-4319
fax +1 203 775-4281
contact@tornosusa.com
Conforms to the European CE / CEM Safety StandardsThis document is based on information available at the time of publication. While every effort has been made to be accurate, the information contained herein does not purport to cover all details or variations in hardware and software, nor to provide for every possible contingency in connection with installation, operation and maintenance. TOrnOs s.a. assumes no obligation of notice to holders of this document with respect to changes subsequently made. TOrnOs s.a. makes no representation or warranty, expressed, implied, or statutory with respect to, and assumes no responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, sufficiency or useful-ness of the information contained herein. no warranties of merchantability nor fitness for purpose shall apply.