March 13, 2007

Architecture Styles and Vocabulary QUIZ tomorrow

Construction QUIZ on Wednesday

DRILL

U2-L3

Architecture Styles Video

Identify 1 person/thing associated with the time period of each style covered

U2-L3

U2-L3

Methods of counteracting lateral loads:

Structural Forces

U2-L3

Strength of Materials

• Deflection – bending that results from both tension and compression acting on a member at the same time.

– Vertical

– Horizontal

U2-L3

Strength of Materials

• Deflection – bending that results from both tension and compression acting on a member at the same time.

– No deflection

Foundations

Methods and materials vary across the country, but the basic principles of foundation construction are the same.

U2-L3

Foundations

Every structure needs a foundation:

• Provides a level and uniformly distributed support.

– Prevents walls from cracking

– Prevents doors and windows from sticking

• Prevents cold air and dampness from entering

• Waterproof basements

• Form supporting walls for the basement

U2-L3

Materials and Components

• Bearing Surface– The area under a foundation (soil)

– Must be capable of bearing the load

• Concrete– A combination of cement (clay and limestone), water,

stone aggregate, and chemicals that improve strength or workability.

• Strong compression strength

• Decay-proof

U2-L3

U2-L3

Materials and Components

• Concrete Block – commonly referred to as cinderblock

• Reinforcing Bars (Rebars) – Concrete resists compression well

– To resist tension, steel bars add reinforcement

Materials and Components

• Wire Mesh– Steel-welded mesh is used in slabs in place of rebar

Rebar

WireMesh

U2-L3

U2-L3

Materials and Components

• Rebar and Wire Mesh

RebarWireMesh

U2-L3

Footings (or footers)• Bases of foundations and foundation walls• Concrete – firm contact with supporting soil, decay-proof,

withstand heavy weights• 2 types:

– Continuous – extend under walls and around perimeter

– Individual – support vertical structural members only

Materials and Components

U2-L3

Types of Foundations

• A footing and a wall: poured concrete or concrete block• Necessary in structures with basements • Prepared by:

– Pouring the footing into an excavated trench– Leveling the top of the footing– Erecting a concrete block or masonry wall on top of footing

1. T-Foundation2. Slab Foundation3. Pier-and-Column4. Permanent Wood

Types of Foundations

• Materials used in the construction of foundation walls– Concrete, Stone, Brick, Concrete Block

• Construction of a basement

1. T-Foundation

U2-L3

Types of Foundations

• Made of reinforced concrete• Two types:

– Monolithic (one stone)• Slab Floor and footing are poured as 1 piece

– Two-piece• Footings poured separately from the floor slabs

2. Slab Foundation

U2-L3

U2-L3

Types of Foundations

2. Slab Foundation

U2-L3

Types of Foundations

• Individual footings (piers)– Sloped or Stepped

– Spread load of structure with minimal added volume

• Posts and columns placed upon footings– Vertical members support girders and beams

– Posts – short and usually made of wood

– Columns – long and usually made of masonry

• Used alone or in conjunction with foundation walls• Fewer materials and less labor needed• Seldom used in basements – occupy needed space

3. Pier-and-Column Foundations

Types of Foundations

3. Pier-and-Column Foundations

• Piles – Piers driven into soil or bedrock without separate footing

U2-L3

U2-L3

Types of Foundations

4. Permanent Wood Foundations

• Constructed solely of wood• Pressure-treated with wood preservatives

– Permanently protects the foundation from fungi, termites, and other causes of decay

– Highly stress resistant

• 2 advantages– Absorbs and distributes what frequently cracks other

foundations– Prevents moisture problems typical of basements

U2-L3

Types of Foundations

4. Permanent Wood Foundations