Post on 28-Dec-2015
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-1
ECE-1466Modern OpticsCourse Notes
Part 1
Prof. Charles A. DiMarzio
Northeastern University
Spring 2002
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-2
ECE1466: Modern Optics
• Instructor: Chuck DiMarzio• Office Hours: Thu 2-4 or by appointment• E-mail: dimarzio @ ece.neu.edu• Web: Check frequently for new material
– http://ece.neu.edu/courses/ece1466/ece1466.html
• Course Mailing List: Use for general questions– mailto:ece1466@gnoson.ece.neu.edu
– Send me e-mail and I will add your name.
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-3
Lecture 1 Overview
• Introduction– Why Optics?– A bit of history– Motivational Example; Microscope
• Administrivia– Course Layout– Grading– Syllabus
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-4
Why Optics?Absorption Spectrum of the Atmosphere
Absorption Spectrum ofLiquid Water
Index of Refraction
1nm 1m1m 1mm 1m 1km
1nm1m1m1km 1mm
from Jackson
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-5
Earthlight
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-6
A Bit of History
1900180017001600 200010000-1000
“...and the foot of it of brass, of the lookingglasses of the women assembling,” (Exodus 38:8)
Rectilinear Propagation(Euclid)
Shortest Path (Almost Right!)(Hero of Alexandria)
Plane of IncidenceCurved Mirrors(Al Hazen)
Empirical Law of Refraction (Snell)
Light as PressureWave (Descartes)
Law of LeastTime (Fermat)
v<c, & Two Kinds of Light (Huygens)
Corpuscles, Ether (Newton)
Wave Theory (Longitudinal) (Fresnel)
Transverse Wave, Polarization Interference (Young)
Light & Magnetism (Faraday)
EM Theory (Maxwell)
Rejectionof Ether, Early QM (Poincare, Einstein)
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-7
More Recent History
2000199019801970196019501940193019201910
Laser(Maiman)
Quantum Mechanics
Optical Fiber(Lamm)
SM Fiber(Hicks)
HeNe(Javan)
http://www.sff.net/people/Jeff.Hecht/chron.html
Polaroid Sheets (Land)Phase Contrast (Zernicke)
Holography (Gabor)
Optical Maser(Schalow, Townes)
GaAs(4 Groups)
CO2
(Patel)
FEL(Madey)
Hubble Telescope
http://members.aol.com/WSRNet/D1/hist.htm
Speed/Light (Michaelson)
Spont. Emission (Einstein)
Many New Lasers
Erbium Fiber Amp
Commercial Fiber Link (Chicago)
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-8
Some Everyday Applications
• Illumination
• Signaling
• Cameras; Film and Electronic
• Bar-Code Reader
• Surveying and Rangefinding
• Microscopy
• Astronomy
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-9
My Research Interests
• Biological and Medical Imaging– Acousto-Photonic Imaging (DOT and Ultrasound)
– Optical Quadrature Microscopy
• Landmine Detection– Laser-Induced Acoustic Mine Detection
– Microwave-Enhanced Infrared Thermography
• Environmental Sensing– Optical Magnetic Field Sensor
– Underwater Imaging with a Laser Line Scanner
– Hyperspectral Imaging Laboratory Experiments
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-10
Some Other Applications (1)
• Communication– Lasers and Fast Modulation
– Fibers for Propagation
– Fast Detectors
– Dense Wavelength Diversity Multiplexing
– Free-Space Propagation (Not Much)
• Optical Disk Memory– Lasers, Detectors
– Diffraction Limited Optics
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-11
Some Other Applications (2)
• Photo Lithography for Integrated Circuits– Short Wavelength Sources– Diffraction Limited Optics
• Adaptive Optical Imaging– Non-Linear Materials or Mechanical Actuators
• Velocimetry and Vibrometry– Coherent Detection, Coherent Sources
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-12
Some Other Applications (3)
• Hyperspectral Imaging– Dispersive Elements– Large Detector Arrays– Fast Processing
• Medical Treatment– Delivery– Dosimetry
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-13
Some Recent Advances
• Laser Tweezers
• Optical Cooling
• Entangled-States
• Fiber-Based Sensors
• Optical Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-14
Motivation: Designing a New Microscope
• It’s Not Just About Resolution– Resolution Limited by Diffraction
• It’s About What Is Measured– Transmission, Reflection, Phase, Fluorescence,
Polarization, Non-Linear Properties
• And About How Data Are Processed– Registration, Deconvolution, Tomography, Parameter
Estimation
• And About Measuring Everything at Once
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-15
Contrast Features
• Material Properties– Wavespeed
– Attenuation
– Birefringence
– Non-Linearity
• Composition: What are the materials?
• Quantitative Measurements: How much of each?
• Structure: How they are arranged?– Boundaries– Shapes
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-16
A Couple of Rules
• Frequency and Wavelength– =c where is frequency, is wavelength– c is the speed of light.
• Photon Energy– E = h where h is Planck’s constant
• Materials Absorb and Emit Photons with Corresponding Changes in Energy
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-17
Some Material PropertiesAbsorption
Energy
Emission Fluorescence
2-photon
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-18
3-D Fusion Microscope
DIC
QTM
TPLSM
LSCMRCM
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-19
Interference and Quadrature Microscopy
QWP
Object
CCD
CCD
Laser Source
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-20
Mouse Embryos with DIC
Image by Carsta Cielich in Carol Warner’s Laboratory at Northeastern University
4-Cell Embryo
2-Cell
1-Cell
Multi-Cell Embryo
m
Fragmented Cell
CompactedEmbryo
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-21
Mouse Oocyte with QTM
3993.jpg10027.jpg
10028.jpg
Unwrapped Phase
Phase
Amplitude
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-22
Reflectance Confocal;
VivaScope 1000 - imaging in vivo
Some 3D Scanning Microscopes
thanks to Badri Roysam, RPI
FluorescenceConfocal Two-Photon Microscope
100 200 300 400 500 600
100
200
300
400
500
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500 600
pxl
pxl
pxl pxl
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-23
What Does Each Mode Contribute?
• DIC: – 2-D Structure
• QTM:– 2-D Phase, 3-D Index and Absorption
• RCM:– 3-D Structure
• LSCM:– 3-D Composition
• TPLSM:– 3-D Composition (Endogenous Fluorophores)
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-24
Why Use This Example?
• Important Application Area• Current Interest at Northeastern• Coverage of Important Topics
– Geometric Optics– Diffraction– Interference– Polarization– Non-Linear Optics– Lasers– Signals and Noise
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-25
Some Everyday Concepts (1)
• Specular and Diffuse Reflection• Refraction
Specular Diffuse Retro
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-26
Some Everyday Concepts (2)
• Imaging
Wavefronts
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-27
High-School Optics
F
F’
Object
Image
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-28
Basic Geometric Optics
• Reflection and Refraction• Imaging
– Real and Virtual– Image Location; Conjugate Planes– Magnification
• Transverse, Angular, Longitudinal
• Reflecting Optics (Not much in this course)• Refracting Optics
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-29
Reflection
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-30
Plane of Incidence
’’
• Contains Normal• Contains Incident Ray• And Thus Contains
Refracted Ray• Is the Plane Shown in
the Drawing• Angles
– Defined from Normal
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-31
Imaging
• First, Assume a Point Object– Spherical Wavefronts and Radial Rays Define
Object Location– Find Image Location– Real or Virtual?
• Next Assume an Extended Object– Compute Magnification
• Transverse, Longitudinal, Angular
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-32
Where Are We Going?
• Geometric Optics– Reflection– Refraction
• The Thin Lens– Multiple Surfaces– (From Matrix Optics)
• Principal Planes• Effective Thin Lens
– Stops• Field• Aperture
– Aberrations
Ending with a word about ray tracing and optical design.
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-33
The Plane Mirror (1)Point Object Extended Object
A A’-s’s
A A’
B B’
h x x’
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-34
The Plane Mirror (2)
dx’dy’ ds’
ds
dy
dx
x’=x m=x’/x=1Transverse Magnification
ds’=-ds mz=ds’/ds=-1
Longitudinal Magnification
’’= m=’’/=1Angular Magnification
Image is Virtual (Dotted lines converge)Erect (m>0),Perverted (can not rotate to object)but not distorted (|m|=|mz|)
(refer to pictureon left side ofprevious page)
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-35
Refracting Surfaces (1)
Snell’s Law
’’
n n’
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 900
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Angle of Incidence
Ang
le o
f Ref
ract
ion
Air to WaterAir to GlassAir to ZnSe (10 m)Air to Ge (10 m)
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-36
Refracting Surfaces (2)
Snell’s Law
’
n n’
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 900
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Angle of Incidence
Ang
le o
f Ref
ract
ion
Water to AirGlass to AirZnSe to Air (10 m)Ge to Air(10 m)
Critical Anglen
n'sin
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-37
Sign Definitions
• Object Distance, s– Positive to Left
• Image Distance, s’– For Refraction
• Positive to Right
– For Reflection• Positive to Left
• Notation– Capital Letter; Point
– Lower Case; Distance
– (Almost Always)
s s’
s’
s
A
A’
B
B’
FF’
f
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-38
Real and Virtual Images
• Real Image– Rays Converge
– Can Image on Paper
– Solid Lines in Notes
• Virtual Image– Extended Rays
Converge
– Dotted-Lines in notes
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-39
The Thin Lens (1)
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-40
The Thin Lens (2)
Front Focal LengthBack Focal Length
f f’
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-41
Special Case: Thin Lens in Air
Lens Makers Equation with d = 0Lens Equation
f f’
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-42
Imaging Systems H H’V V’
D’Dfs s’
f’
B B’
w w’
s, s’ are object and image distancesw, w’ are working distances
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-43
Principal Planes with Bending
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
p1, P
ower
of F
ront
Sur
face
, /cm
.
Locations: V, V',H,H'
P1+P2=0.1/cm, z 12=0.5 cm, n=1.5HH’=VV’/3 holds, except for extreme meniscus lenses.
H, H’ in lens from plano-convex to convex-plano.
Mensicus lenses not common.
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-44
Bending an IR Lens (Ge: n=4)
-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
p1, P
ower
of F
ront
Sur
face
, /cm
.
Locations: V, V',H,H'
P1+P2=0.1/cm, z 12=0.5 cm, n=4
HH’=VV’X3/4 for n=4, over a wide range of bending.
Meniscus lenses are more common in the IR because of the high indices of refraction, as we will see later.
March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-45
Some Optical Failures
f’f
Right Focal Length,Wrong Principal PlanesFor the Application
Meniscus Lens forInfrared Detector