DISTRIBUTION,BIOLOGY,KEYCHARACTERISTICS

DistributionofBMSBinMichiganBrownmarmoratedstinkbug(BMSB),Halyomorphahalys,isatree-lovingpestnativetoAsia.ItwasfirstdetectedintheU.S.mainlandinPennsylvaniain1996.By 2006, it was causingmajor damage to apple and peach crops in themid-Atlantic region. The first Michigan detection was in Berrien County in 2010,followed several years later by reports of suspected BMSB fruit damage.Nuisance reports fromseveral thousandMichigan residents asof Spring2016indicate that BMSB populations are well-established in the southern LowerPeninsula. All together BMSB has been reported in 55 Michigan Counties,includingtwocountiesintheUpperPeninsula.

KeyfeaturesforidentificationAdultBMSBhaveseveralkeyfeaturestohelp distinguish them from nativebrownstinkbugs(Fig.1).Adultsare½inch long by 5/8 inch wide, with abanded pattern along the margin oftheir abdomen and banding on theirantennae and legs; they also havesmooth shoulders rather than toothedlikesomeofournativespecies.Eggsaregreenish-white in color and laid in acluster of up to 28 eggs on a leaf of apreferred host. There are five nymphalstages.The firstnymphal stage isblackandred.Theotherfournymphalstagesarebrownliketheadult(Fig.2).

BiologyandlifecycleBMSB adults emerge from overwintering sites (e.g. woodlots, manmadestructures) in response to a day length of 13.5 hours, which is late April inMichigan(Table1).Egglayingbeginsafter135degreedays(DD=base57.2°F)have accumulated, around the end of May. Females lay clusters of up to 28greenish-white eggs on the undersides of leaves of preferred host plants, andbetween10-20eggclustersintheirlifetime.Feedinganddevelopmentcontinuethrough fivenymphal stagesbeforemolting into theadult stage in late JulyorearlyAugust.HighdensitiesofBMSBandthepotentialfordamagebecomemorelikelyat this time.Thesummergenerationcontinues to feedbeforemoving tooverwinteringsitesbeginninginearlySeptemberthroughNovember.Theadultproducesanattractant, calledanaggregationpheromone,whichattractsotheradultstothesamelocation.Thisiswhyclustersofadultscanbefoundgatheringonbuildings.OnegenerationisthoughttooccurinMichigan(Fig.2).

Managing Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Michigan Orchards

KEYPOINTS:

• AdultBMSBhibernateinmanmadestructures,woodlots,andotherplacesoutdoors;itisanuisancepestinmanyMIhomes.

• FirstsuspectedcommercialfruitdamageinthestatebyBMSBwasinsouthwestMIbeginningin2014.

• BMSBproducesonegenerationperseasoninMichigan.

• EachBMSBfemalelayseggsinclustersonleavesofoneofmanydifferenthostplants.

• Adultsandnymphscausefruitdamagewhentheyfeed,butthedamageonlybecomesapparentweekslaterorafterfruitarebroughtoutofstorage.

• Peachesareattractiveatanystagewhenfruitispresent;applesbecomeattractivemid-season.

• Useon-farmmonitoringtoassessBMSBpopulationsandwhentobeginmanagement.

• Fruitcanbeprotectedfromdamagewitheffectiveregisteredinsecticides.

• Targetinsecticideapplicationsatthetopsoftreesandorchardedges.

JuliannaWilson1,LarryGut1,MichaelHaas2,MatthewGrieshop1,KristinPoley1,WilliamShane31.DepartmentofEntomology,2.TrevorNicholsResearchCenter,

3.SouthwestMichiganResearchandExtensionCenterMICHIGANSTATEUNIVERSITYLastupdatedDecember2016

Fig.1.Keyidentifyingfeaturesofbrownmarmoratedstinkbugadultsincludeabandedpatternalongtheabdomenandantennaewithsmooth,roundedshoulders.

2 MANAGINGBROWNMARMORATEDSTINKBUGINMICHIGANORCHARDS

Table1.Estimateddateswhenbrownmarmoratedstinkbug(BMSB)lifestagesareexpectedtoappearduringtheseason.Themodelisbasedonusinga13.5-hourdayasthebiofixforBMSBemergingfromoverwintering,135degreedays(DDbase57.2°F)untilegglayingbegins,andthenanother964DD(base57.2°F)forthoseeggstodevelopintoadults.

Event-> 1stoverwinteredadultexpected

Egglayingbegins

VariousnymphstagespresentfromendofMay

throughmid-August

New(summer)generationadultsexpected

Environmentalcue-> 13.5hrday 135DD*(base57.2°F)

1103DD*(base57.2°F)

BentonHarbor 27-Apr 27-May 28-Jul

Romeo 26-Apr 27-May 3-AugFennville 26-Apr 27-May 7-Aug

Sparta 25-Apr 27-May 13-AugHart 25-Apr 28-May 13-Aug

TraverseCity 23-Apr 29-May 13-Aug*DegreedayswerecalculatedbyselectingindividualEnviro-weather(https://mawn.geo.msu.edu/)stationsandcreatingcustomreportsusingtheBaskerville-Eminmethodstartingwiththedatewhendaylengthreached13.5hoursinagivenareain2016.

Astemperaturesdrop,summer

adultstakeshelterforwinterinwoodlotsandmanmadestructures

Peachesarevulnerableto

feedingdamageasearlyasJune

bywinteremergingadultsandearlyinstar

nymphs

Laterinstarnymphsandsummeradultsmove

frompeachesandothercropstoapplesbeginning

inearly-August

OverwinteredadultsbreakdiapauseinlateApriltolayeggsonavarietyofwild

andcrophosts

Feedinginapplesbynymphsandadultsprincipallyoccursin

AugustandSeptember

Fig.2.Lifecycleofthebrownmarmoratedstinkbuganditsoverwinteringbehaviorasitrelatestoorchards.AdultsoverwinterinmanmadestructuresthenemergeinlateApriltofindsuitablehostplants(greenpartoflifecycle).ClustersofeggsarelaidonsuitablewildandcrophostplantsbeginningattheendofMay.Whenpopulationlevelsarehighnearpreferredcrops,nymphsandadultswillmoveintoorchardsandcausedamagewhentheyfeedonfruit,butthedamagewillnotbeapparentuntilweekslater.OrangeindicateswhenpeachesandnectarinesarevulnerabletodamageinJuneandJuly.RedindicateswhenapplesarevulnerabletodamageinAugustandSeptember.ElementsofthisillustrationcourtesyoftheNielsenFruitLab,RutgersUniversity.

BMSBLifecycleasitRelatestoMichiganOrchards

MANAGINGBROWNMARMORATEDSTINKBUGINMICHIGANORCHARDS 3

HostplantpreferencesThelistofplantsonwhichBSMBwillfeedislong,includingmanywild,agricultural,andornamentalplants.Preferredhostsarenon-nativeornamentaltreesandshrubsthatbearseedpodsorfruit,buttheywillalsofeedonanddamageherbaceousfruitingplants.BMSBmoveinandoutofdifferentcropsoverthecourseofaseason,therefore,itisusefultoknowwhetherotherhighriskcropsandornamentalsarenearyourorchardswhenconsideringwheretofocusmonitoringefforts.Table2showshowtreefruitandnutscomparewithotherspecialtycropsgrowninMichiganintermsofrelativeriskofdamagebyBMSB.Woodlandsarethoughttobeimportantoverwinteringsitesandasanon-cropfoodsource.

BMSBinorchardsWhenBMSBareabundant,mosttreefruitgrowninMichiganshouldbeconsideredatmoderatetohighriskfromBMSBfeedingdamage.Inthehigh-riskgroupareapple,nectarine,peach,andpear.Inthemoderateriskgroupareapricotandcherry.AspopulationscontinuetoincreaseinMichigan,damagetostonefruitandapplesisexpectedtoincreasewithnymphsappearinginJuneandmixedpopulationsofnymphsandadultspeakinginAugustandSeptember.BMSBnymphsandadultscanbothcausedamageinfruitandvegetablecrops,butthedamagewillnotbedetecteduntilweeksorevenmonthslater–especiallyinthecaseoffruitthatisstoredbeforebeingsold.Keeprecordsofwheredamagedfruitoccurredonyourfarm–thosewillbetheorchardstomonitorclosely.

FruitdamageinpeachesandnectarinesPeaches,nectarines,andapricotsarevulnerabletodamagesoonafterfruitsetuntilharvest.Inthesecrops,BMSBmonitoringshouldstartaftershuck-split.Soonafterbloom,damagedfruitarelikelytodrop.Mid-seasonfeedingdamagewillproducecat-facinginjury,weeksafterthefeedinghasoccurred,whichistypicalofplantbugs(Fig.3,left).Lateseasondamagewilllookmorelikewater-soakeddepressionsinthefruit(Fig.3,right),butagain,damagewillgounnoticeduntilweeksafterthefeedinghasoccurred.

Table2.RelativeriskofdamagebybrownmarmoratedstinksbugstoMichiganspecialtycrops,fieldcrops,andornamentals.RiskLevel TreeFruit&Nuts Berries&Grapes Vegetables Fieldcrops OrnamentalsHigh apple,hazelnut,

nectarine,peach1,pear(AsianandEuropean)

grape2 beans(green,pole,snap),edamame,eggplant,okra,pepper,sweetcorn,Swisschard,tomato

drybeans,fieldcorn,soybeans,sunflowers

bee-beetree,blackcherry,catalpa,crabapple,Englishholly(female),Japanesepagodatree,multiflorarose4,Pekinglilactree,redbud,treeofheaven4,wildraspberry4

Moderate apricot,cherry2

(sweetandtart),plum,walnut

blackberry,blueberry2,3,raspberry

asparagus,broccoli,cauliflower,collard,cucumber,horseradish,limabean,tomatillo

winterwheat5 blackwalnut,floweringdogwood,littleleaflinden,maples,serviceberry

Low cranberry,strawberry

carrot,garlic,kohlrabi,leeks,lettuce,onion,potato,spinach,sweetpotato,turnip

blackgum,ginkgo,Japanesemaple,kousadogwood

1–Additionalriskpotentialduetobarkfeeding.2–Potentialriskoftaint/contamination.3–Consideredmoderatetohighrisk.4–Consideredtobeaparticularlyattractiveandimportanthostplant.5–ConsideredtobeapopulationsourcemorethanacropdamagedbyBMSB.

Fig.3.Mid-seasonfeedingbystinkbugscausescat-facinginjuryinpeachesandnectarines(left);injuryfromstinkbugfeedingatalaterstagewillappearaswater-soakedlesions(right).

Photo:DougPfeiffer,VirginiaCooperativeExtensionPhoto:UtahStateUniversity

4 MANAGINGBROWNMARMORATEDSTINKBUGINMICHIGANORCHARDS

FruitdamageinapplesAppleandpearfruitletsmaybeinjuredasearlyaslateMaywherepopulationsareveryhigh,butthemajorityofdamageinthesecropsisexpectedinAugustandSeptember,withdamagebecomingapparentweeksafterfeedinghasoccurred.Similartostonefruit,ifdamageoccurssoonafterbloom,damaged

fruitislikelytoabort.Damageoccurringlaterintheseasonmaybeconfusedwithbitterpitonthesurface,butwhenthefruitissliced,theinteriorwillbecorky(Fig.4,left).Ifdamageoccurs1-2weeksbeforeharvest,applesmayshownovisiblesignsofinjury(Fig.4,right),butwilldevelopbrownandnecroticareasinthefleshduringpost-harveststorage.

TRAPPINGFORNYMPHS&ADULTSWhileBMSBarefairlyeasytoidentifyanddistinguishfromnativestinkbugs,theycanbehighlycrypticinorchards.Theypreferthetopsoftreesandtheircoloringexactlymatchestreetrunks.Trapsareeasytodeployandcheck,buttheareaofinfluenceforasinglebaitedtrapappearstoberelativelysmall,andnotterriblyefficient.Therefore,itisimportanttoplacethemnearthecrop,andifusingaRescue®brandtrap,makesurethatthefinsofthetraptouchthetrunkorpostsothatnymphsareabletocrawlupintoit(Fig.5).Itaddstothereliabilityoftheinformationtocombinetrappingwithothersamplingmethodssuchasjarringofupperbranchesoffruittreesoverbeatingtraysinorchardedgesclosetowoodlots.Trapsareusedinmid-Atlanticorchardstoprovideathresholdfortakingmanagementaction,buttheirrecommendedthresholdneedstobetestedunderMichiganconditions.Fornow,trapsmaybeusefulindeterminingwhetherBMSBareinthevicinity.Severaldifferentkindsoftrapsareavailablecommercially(Fig.5),butalltendtohaveapyramidshapewithfinsthatneedtoeithertouchthegroundortreetrunksothatnymphscanwalkupintothem.Luresareattractivetobothnymphsandadults.Severalcommercialluresareavailable,butallofthemappeartohavearelativelylimitedrangeofattraction.Inotherwords,BMSBneedtobeinthevicinityinordertopickuponthescent.Eachluretypeshouldbechangedaccordingtothelabeling,butgenerallyona3-4weekinterval.Trapsaremostusefulwhenplacedinorchardmarginsthatareadjacenttowoodlandorriverandstreamhabitats.Itisrecommendedthatalineof3-4trapsbeplacedalongtheorchardmargininorchardsthatareathighestriskofinfestation.Trapsshouldbechecked,atminimum,onceperweek.

Photo:WilliamShane

Fig.4.Injurytoapplemaybeconfusedwithbitterpitexceptthatitwillappearanywhereontheapplevs.onthecalyxendwherebitterpittypicallyappears(aboveleft).Whenfruitiscut,fleshwillbecorky(upperright);laterseasoninjurycangounnoticeduntilfruitistakenoutofstorage.

Photo:DougPfeiffer,VirginiaCooperativeExtension

Photo:AmyIrish-Brown,MSUExtension

Fig.5.ExamplesoftrapsusedtomonitorforBMSB.BoththepyramidtrapontheleftandtheRescuebrandtrapontherightneedtobebaitedwithalurethatisattractivetonymphsandadults.ThefinsoftheRescue®trapmusttouchthetrunkortrellisposttowhichitisattachedforthenymphstobeabletocrawlupintoit.

Photo:JuliannaWilson Photo:MichaelHaas

MANAGINGBROWNMARMORATEDSTINKBUGINMICHIGANORCHARDS 5

BMSBCONTROLAsBMSBpopulationscontinuetoincreaseinMichigan,growersarestronglyencouragedtoscoutforBMSB.Aneffectivemanagementprogramentails:1)Knowingwherepreferredhostplantsarelocatedinrelationtovulnerableorchards,2)Scoutingand/ortrappingforBMSBinorchardmargins,3)Keepinggoodrecordsofwhichorchardsshowsignsofdamageatharvestorpost-harvest,and4)UsingthebestapplicationtimingandmethodforinsecticideseffectiveagainstBMSBthatareregisteredforuseinyourcrop.Pesticideregistrationsandrecommendationswillchangeaswelearnhowtobettermanagethispest,andgrowerscanremaininformedthroughtheMSUBMSBwebsite,localExtensionEducators,andtheMSUExtensionNewsforAgriculture(www.msue.anr.msu.edu/topic/info/fruit).Chemicalcontrol.BMSBmanagementisanewconsiderationforMichigan’streefruitproducers.ThegoodnewsisthatmanyoftheinsecticidescurrentlyregisteredforuseagainstothercommontreefruitpestswillalsoprovidegoodprotectionagainstBMSB.Commerciallyavailablematerialsfromthepyrethroid,neonicitinoidandcarbamatechemicalclassesshouldbeeffectiveagainstbothBMSBnymphsandadults.Tables3and4listmaterialsregisteredforuseinMichiganpeachandappleorchardsthatwouldbeeffectiveagainstBMSB.Alwaysfollowthespecificlabelrestrictionsforthetargetcrop,beingawareofthepre-harvestinterval(PHI),re-entryinterval(REI),otherpeststhatmaybepresent,andpotentialimpactsonexistingIPMprograms(seetheMichiganFruitManagementGuideE-154formoredetails).Thetargetmarketmayalsoplayaroleinthedecisionprocessforselectingaparticularmaterialifthetargetmarket’smaximumresiduelimit(MRL)issetlowerthantheU.S.tolerance.Whenusedaccordingtothelabel,detectableresiduesformostofthematerialslistedinTables3and4shouldnotexceedexporttolerancesforMichiganapplemarkets.Formoreinformation,pleaseconsulttheAppleMRLchartsavailableonline(http://tinyurl.com/AppleMRLChart)orthefreeonlinedecisionsupporttoolforselectingpesticidesclosetoharvestincherryandapple(http://mrl.msu.edu/).ThereisonlyoneOMRIapprovedproduct–Azadirachtin–thatshowssomeactivityagainstBMSBinpeach,butisnotrecommendedforuseinappleduetothepotentialforphytotoxicitydamageafterthepinkstage.Aza-Directhasa0-dayPHIinstonefruitandmaybeusedwithoutMRLconcernsbecauseitisabiological.ManagingBMSBinAPPLES.Orchardsadjacenttowoodlotsandnexttopeachorchardsareconsideredtobeathighestriskofinvasion.ScoutforBMSBinappleusinglimb-jarringofupperlimbsoverabeatingtraytodeterminewhetherBMSBarepresentinagivenorchard.Keeptrackofwheredamagedappleswerefoundfromthepreviousseason–thesearetheorchardsthatyouwillwanttopayespeciallycloseattentionforpotentialmanagementthefollowingyear.Timedtooccurwithsecondgenerationcodlingmoth,orchardsthatareatriskofBMSBdamageshouldreceiveafullcoverofaninsecticidethatworksonbothcodlingmothandBMSB,makingsurethatthetopsofthetreesarewellcovered.Monitorwithpheromone-baitedtrapstohelpdeterminepopulationpressure.Thiswillalsohelptodeterminewhetherfollowupapplicationsevery7dayswithaperimetersprayuntilharvestareneeded.UsetrapsasdescribedabovetomonitorareasofconcernonyourfarmandcontinueaBMSBmanagementprogramwhenthethresholdhasbeenmet,whichis10BMSBnymphsoradultscapturedpertrapinasingleweek.

Fig.6.GoodcoverageisessentialtoprotectingtreefruitfromBMSBfeedingdamage.Expecttousehighsprayvolumes,fullcoverapplications,andreturningwithanapplicationofadifferenteffectiveinsecticideafterarainfallevent.

6 MANAGINGBROWNMARMORATEDSTINKBUGINMICHIGANORCHARDS

ManagingBMSBinPEACHESandNECTARINES.BeginmonitoringforBMSBinpeachesinmidtolateMay,especiallyalongwoodededges.Inhigh-riskorchardsorwheredamagingpopulationsarefound,weeklybordersprayson5-10acreplots(cropborderplusfirstfullrow)havebeenshowntobeaneffectivestrategyinNewJersey.Dispersaltopeachescanbeinitiallymonitoredusingbaitedtrapsplacedattheedges(seedetailsontrapsonpage6).InitiatingsprayswhenBMSBarefirstdetectedhasnotbeenevaluatedbutmightbeanappropriatetiming.Peachesontheinteriorshouldbemonitoredforinjuryorbugpresence.IfBMSBisdetectedontheinteriorafullblocksprayshouldbedone.PotentialforbiologicalcontrolofBMSB.BiologicalcontrolcouldhelpsuppressBMSBpopulationsinMichigan,butitisnotexpectedtobeastand-alonetacticforcontrollingBMSB.CommonpredatorsfoundinMichiganorchardsthatwillfeedonBMSBeggsincludespiders,ladybeetleadultsandlarvae,minutepiratebugs,lacewinglarvae,crickets,andgrasshoppers.TherearealsopredatorsthatwillfeedonBMSBnymphsandadults,includingspiders,assassinbugs,andpredatorywasps.Parasitoids–small,non-stingingwaspsthatlaytheireggsinsidetheeggsoftheirhost–haveagreaterpotentialtohelpsuppressBMSBpopulationsoverthelong-term.AlthoughseveralnativeparasitoidshavebeencollectedinlownumbersfromBMSBeggclustersinMichiganorchards,itisaparasitoidnativetothesamepartofAsiaasBMSBthatholdsthemostpromise.ThisparasitoidhasbeeninquarantineforevaluationbeforebeingreleasedinNorthAmerica,butinthemeantimehasfounditswaytoNorthAmericaandisnowfoundinseveralUSstateswhereBMSBiswellestablished.Nearlyallnaturalenemiesbenefitfromaccesstonectar-producingflowersinorchardmargins.Areasmaintainedaspollinatorhabitat(Fig.7)providefoodandrefugefromin-orchardpestmanagementfornaturalenemiesofbrownmarmoratedstinkbugsandotherpestsaswell.

Fig.7.Anexampleofawildflowerplantingmaintainedforpollinatorsandotherbeneficialinsects.

MANAGINGBROWNMARMORATEDSTINKBUGINMICHIGANORCHARDS 7

EffectiveinsecticidesforcontrollingBMSBinorchards.Table3.InsecticidesthatareeffectiveagainststinkbugsinMichiganPEACHES.TradeName ActiveIngredient Class PHI

(days)RelativeefficacyagainstBMSB

Maxrateperacre

Actara thiamethoxam neonicotinoid 14 E 4.5-5.5ozAdmirePro imidacloprid neonicotinoid 0 G 2.8ozAssail30SG acetamiprid neonicotinoid 7 G 8ozAza-Direct* Azadirachtin botanical 0 G 1-2pints;

3.5pintsunderheavypestpressure

Belay2.13SC clothianidin neonicotinoid 21 G 6oz

Danitol2.4EC fenpropathrin pyrethroid 3 E 21.3ozEndigoZC lambda-cyhalothrin&thiamethoxam pyrethroid&neonicotinoid 14 E 5-5.5flozLannate90SP methomyl carbamate 4 E 2lbsLeverage360SE imidacloprid&beta-cyfluthrin neonicotinoid&pyrethroid 7 E 2.8ozPounce25WG permethrin pyrethroid 14 E 6.4-16ozScorpion35SL** dinotefuran neonicotinoid 3 E 5.25-7ozVoliamXpress112SC lambda-cyhalothrin&

chlorantraniliprolepyrethroid&diamide 14 G 6-12oz

WarriorII2CS lambda-cyhalothrin pyrethroid 14 E 1.28-2.56floz

Table4.InsecticidesthatareeffectiveagainststinkbugsinMichiganAPPLES.TradeName ActiveIngredient Class PHI(days) Relative

efficacyagainstBMSB

Rateperacre

Actara thiamethoxam neonicotinoid 14 E 4.5-5.5oz

AdmirePro imidacloprid neonicotinoid 7 G 2.8ozAssail30SG acetamiprid neonicotinoid 7 G 2.5ozBelay2.13SC clothianidin neonicotinoid 7 G 6-12oz

Danitol2.4EC fenpropathrin pyrethroid 14 E 16-21.3oz

EndigoZC lambda-cyhalothrin&thiamethoxam pyrethroid&neonicotinoid 35 E 5-6ozLannate90SP methomyl carbamate 14 E 1lb

Leverage360SE imidacloprid&beta-cyfluthrin neonicotinoid&pyrethroid 7 E 2.8ozVoliamXpress lambda-cyhalothrin&chlorantraniliprole pyrethroid&diamide 21 G 6-12flozWarriorII2CS lambda-cyhalothrin pyrethroid 21 E 1.28-2.56flozNotes:Aza-Directisalsolabeledforuseonappleandpear,butnotafterthepinkstageasitcanresultinphytotoxicity;tankmixingwithoil-basedproductswillalsocauseplantinjury.Formoreinformation,pleaserefertothespecimenlabelforeachmaterial(http://www.cdms.net/Label-Database).Seealsothe2016MichiganFruitManagementGuideE-0154.Althoughproductslistedinthesetablesarelabeledforuseinthesecrops,notallhaveBMSBlistedonthelabel.*OMRIregisteredproduct.**ThereisasupplementallabelforuseofScorpiononpeachandnectarine.

8 MANAGINGBROWNMARMORATEDSTINKBUGINMICHIGANORCHARDS

Formoreinformation

MSUIntegratedPestManagementBMSBResourcepage:

http://www.ipm.msu.edu/invasive_species/brown_marmorated_stink_bug

MSUExtensionNewsforAgricultureFruit&Nutpage:http://msue.anr.msu.edu/topic/info/fruit

MichiganFruitManagementGuide:BulletinE0154http://shop.msu.edu/product_p/bulletin-e0154.htm

PesticideLabelDatabase:

http://www.cdms.net/Label-Database

MichiganApple&CherryMRLTool:http://mrl.msu.edu

CompletelistofBMSBnon-crophostplants:

http://www.stopbmsb.org/where-is-bmsb/host-plants

Acknowledgements

WethankAnneNielsenforprovidinggraphicsforFigureandupdateddetailsaboutBMSBbiology.

MichiganAppleCommitteesupportspartofDr.Wilson’spositionasTreeFruitIntegrator.

MSUisanaffirmative-action,equal-opportunityemployer,committedtoachievingexcellencethroughadiverseworkforceandinclusiveculturethatencouragesallpeopletoreachtheirfullpotential.MichiganStateUniversityExtensionprogramsandmaterialsareopentoallwithout

regardtorace,color,nationalorigin,gender,genderidentity,religion,age,height,weight,disability,politicalbeliefs,sexualorientation,maritalstatus,familystatusorveteranstatus.IssuedinfurtheranceofMSUExtensionwork,actsofMay8andJune30,1914,incooperationwiththeU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture.RayHammerschmidt,InterimDirector,MSUExtension,EastLansing,MI48824.Thisinformationisforeducationalpurposesonly.ReferencetocommercialproductsortradenamesdoesnotimplyendorsementbyMSUExtensionorbiasagainstthosenotmentioned.