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AMERICAN JOUR NAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 68:47 56 (1985)
Dental Wear in the Libben Population:
Its Functional Pattern and Role in the Determination
of
Adult
Skeletal. Age at Death
C. OWEN LOVEJOY
Departments of Anthropology an d Biolagy, Kent State University, Kent,
Ohio 44242; Department
of
Orthopaedic Surg ery, Case W estern Reserve
University, Cleveland Museum
of
Natural H istory and Cuyah oga County
Coroners Ofice, Cleveland,
Ohio 441 6;
and D epartment
of
Human
Anatomy, Northeast
hio
Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown,
Ohio
44272
K E Y WORDS
Dental attrition
Dentition, Dental wear, Age-at-death, Demography,
ABSTRACT
Modal patterns of occlusal attrit ion a re presented for the Lib-
ben population based on a sample of 332 adult dentitions. Maxillas and man-
dibles were reviewed independently by seriation prior to assessment of complete
dentitions. The Spearman rank order coefficient for upper and lower dentitions
was .96. Wear patterns are very similar to those reported by Murphy (1959a:
Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 17:167-178) for Australian aborigines. There were no
significant sexual differences in wear rate. Dental wear is concluded to be a
highly reliable and important indicator of adult age at death for skeletal pop-
ulations
if
seriation procedures are employed.
Dental attrition has been intensively stud-
ied in
a
number of ways (Broca, 1879; Camp-
bell and Lewis, 1926; Campbell, 1930; 1938a-
c; 1939a-e; Davies and Pedersen, 1955; Ped-
ersen, 1938; Devoto et al., 1971; Goldberg et
al, 1976; Johnston and Snow 1961; Lavelle,
1970; Molnar, 1971; Morris, 1978; Mayhew,
1978; Murphy, 1959a; Smith, 1972; Taylor,
1963). More often tha n not, the approach and
the data generated are dependent upon the
original purpose of each study. Such data are
therefore of variable usefulness to those
studying dental attrition for other reasons.
The purpose of the present study was two-
fold. First, the dental wear patterns in the
Libben population were found to be extraor-
dinarily regular in form and ra te (see below).
Among the primary reasons for this regular-
ity are the relatively short occupation span
(circa 200 to 300 years) and the homogeneity
of the population (Lovejoy et al., 1977).There
were apparently no major dietary shifts dur-
ing the internment period,
so
masticatory
patterns and oral abrasives remained un-
changed during the course of the occupation.
Thus the Libben population presents a highly
regular and progressive record of dental wear
resulting from a common hunter-gatherer
diet, and this pattern was deemed
a
valuable
source of information for estimating individ-
ual age at death.
Molnar (1971, 1972) has reviewed the var-
ious sources of dental attrit ion in anthropol-
ogical populations, many of which may be
cited as having been important in the Libben
population. Among the most likely, however,
is the sandy grit adher ing to dried fish. Fish
constituted a major portion of the food
re-
mains recovered from the
site,
which was
immediately adjacent to the Portage River.
In addition, the site lay only two miles from
the confluence of the Portage with Lake Erie.
Small mammal and vegetable remains were
the
predominant constituents of the remain-
der of the diet (Harrison, 1978). While nu-
merical description was attempted early in
the study, the problems of similarity in scor-
ing to other such studies, and
the
need to
emphasize pattern, both dictated against thi s
form of recording.
METHODS
A sample of 332 adult dentitions was cho-
sen from the Libben population for this study.
Received December 3, 1984; revised January
2
1985; accepted
May 3,1985.
(c) 1985 ALAN R. LISS,
INC.
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8 C.O. LOVEJOY
Care had been taken in the field (including
fine screening and flotation) to recover
as
many loose teeth
as
possible. In cases where
complete crania were not preserved, a com-
plete and fully adequate restoration of the
maxillas andor mandible was possible. Ap-
proximately 60 of the sample, therefore,
had complete dentitions (discounting premor-
tem tooth loss).
The first phase
of
the study consisted
of
a
description of the basic pattern
of
attrition in
the population. In order to delineate such a
pattern,
all
dentitions were placed in groups
defined by the degree of wear in each of the
three functional dental
areas
(molars, pre-
molars, anteriors). Specimens with signifi-
cant antemortern loss were not included in
this phase. Each dentition was then seriated
within
its
group. This assured that none was
erroneously grouped and aided in the refine-
ment of modal wear patterns. Murphy (1959a)
has provided detailed descriptions of the wear
in the dentitions of Australian aborigines.
These descriptions were not consulted until
after the Libben phases were described in
order to maintain maximum objectivity, al-
though the results are remarkably similar
(see below).
The second phase of the study was intended
to determine the rate of wear. By means of
the methods described by Miles (1958, 1962,
1963a,b, 1978; Brothwell, 1963; Johnson,
19761, subadult dentitions from the age range
of 6 to 18years N = 132) were used to define
functional rates of wear in the molars (in-
cluding use
of
his 6:6.5:7 functional year gra-
dient), the premolars (considered together),
and the anterior teeth (incisors and canines
considered together). Maxillae and mandi-
bles were seriated and described indepen-
dently and were not reassessed as complete
individuals until after an age had been as-
signed to each. The ages determined by this
method were considered modal and were ap-
plied only to complete (upper or lower) denti-
tions. All individuals with significant
premortem loss were then added to the sam-
ple. Using the assumption that wear accel-
erated with increasing tooth loss, the
population was reseriated. It was assumed
tha t wear rate increased moderately with the
unilateral loss of one molar row, and accel-
erated markedly with the loss of both.
Changes in rate were judged on the basis of
the proportion of dental area lost for masti-
cation. Anterior teeth were strongly resis-
tant to premortem loss, and their crowns
were normally worn away before final shed-
ding,
so
such judgments were only necessary
for the postcanine dentition. Periodontal dis-
ease was pronounced in some cases, but be-
cause it clearly led to rapid tooth loss, its
effects on wear pattern were expressed
through the medium of tooth loss (i.e., accel-
eration in other portions of the dentition).
Each modal group was described and given
a letter
designating its position in the se-
quence. Those descriptions are presented be-
low
(see
also Figs.
1
2).
FUNC TIONA L ATTRITION OF THE
M A X L L A
Phase A
M1:
No
dentine exposure. Polish of most
cusps with distinct facets occasionally ap-
pearing on trigone.
M2: Unworn to slight polish with infre-
quent small facets in older members.
M3: Unerupted. Crypt slightly to 50 open.
Ps:
Erupted with minimal polishing.
Ant: Slight linear exposure of incisor den-
tine; none on canines.
Age: 12
18
years.
Phase
B1
M1:
No
dentine exposure. Wear facets on
metacone andor protocone. Other cusps with
polish or apical facets
M2: No dentine exposure. Polishing of
cusps with occasional small facets on proto-
cone or metacone.
M3: Unerupted. Crypt open to approximate
dimensions
of
tooth crown.
Ps: Wear facets or apical exposure of buc-
cal cusps. Lingual cusps unaffected.
Ant: Occasional exposure of canine in older
members of group. Incisors vary from thin
linear exposure to distinct line
of
exposed
dentine.
Age: 16-20 years.
Phase
B2
M1: Wear facets on metacone and proto-
cone. Distinct facet on hypocone and occa-
sionally on paracone.
M2: Polishing
of
three to four cusps.
No
exposure.
M3: Active eruption or recently erupted (no
significant wear).
Ps: Wear facets or apical exposure of buc-
cal cusps. Lingual cusps polished.
Ant: Occasional exposure of canine in older
members. Incisors vary from thin linear ex-
posure to moderate band of dentine.
Age: 16-20 years.
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52 C.O.
LOVEJOY
Phase B
M1: Point exposure of dentine on proto-
conid only. Wear facets on additional cusps
but not pronounced.
M2: No
exposure. Wear facets usually on
protoconid in older members. Polishing of re-
maining cusps with occasional small facets.
M3: Unerupted. Crypt slightly to 75 open.
Ps:
Wear facets to point exposure of buccal
cusps. Lingual cusps unaffected. Buccal ex-
posure in few older members of group.
Ant: Occasional exposure of canine in older
half of group. Incisors vary from thin linear
to moderate line of exposed dentine.
Age:
16-20
years.
Phase B2
M1:
Point exposure of protoconid universal.
Older members exhibit additional point ex-
posures on hypoconid and occasionally on
metaconid.
M2: No exposure. Distinct
flat
facets on one
to three cusps.
M3: Erupted without significant wear.
Ps: Wear facets or apical exposure of buc-
cal cusps. Lingual cusp unaffected. Buccal
exposure in few older members of group.
Ant: Occasional exposure of canine in older
half of group. Incisors vary from th in early
exposure to distinct moderate line of exposed
dentine.
Age:
16-20
years.
Phase
C
M1: Point exposure typical only of proto-
conid. Occasional exposure of one other cusp
(but rare). Fairly broad facets on other buccal
cusps. Polishing of lingual cusps.
M2:
No
dentine exposure. Protoconid may
show fairly broad facet. Apical facets on re-
maining cusps, but mostly restricted to buc-
cal cusps. Polishing of remaining cusps.
M3:
Erupted. Polishing with occasional ap-
ical facets in older members.
Ps:
Lingual cusps show little or no wear.
Buccal cusps show range from polishing to
point exposure in older members. Fairly large
variation in degree of wear in these teeth.
Mode tends toward polishing without dis-
tinct facets.
Ant: Universal exposure of canines. Degree
of wear varies from point exposure to consid-
erable loss of crown (up to 20 ). Correlation
with molar wear poor. Incisors all with at
least
a moderate band of exposed dentine.
Degree variable but correlates with canine
wear.
Age: 18-22 years.
Phase D
M1:
Point exposure of protoconid, hypo-
conid, and occasionally metaconid. Wear fac-
ets more pronounced on lingual cusps in older
members.
M2:
Few cases of point exposure of proto-
conid in older members. Wear facets only in
buccal cusps among young members, on all
cusps of older members. Broad facet on pro-
toconid (if not point exposure) and hypoconid.
Strong cuspal relief retained.
M3: Variable. Little wear to distinct facets
on buccal or lingual cusps, but not both.
Ps:
Most
show point exposure to distinct
ovoid exposure of mesial and occasionally on
distal premolars, but in both cases restricted
to buccal cusp. No exposure
of
lingual cusps.
Ant: Canine cusp now removed by wear;
tooth fully assimilated into incisor series.
Universal exposure of incisors with slight to
moderate wear (10-30 crown loss).
Age:
20-24
years.
Phase E
M1: Point exposure of protoconid, hypo-
conid, and metaconid or hypoconulid. Buccal
cusp exposures gradually expand with age in
group to become circular and occasionally
semilunar exposures. Lingual cusps less af-
fected by wear and maintain considerably
higher relief, but wear facets give way to
point exposure in
a
few
of
oldest members.
M2: Protoconid exposed in all but youngest
members of group. Wear very similar to old-
est
members of previous group, with hypo-
conid exposure in older members.
M3:Variable. Flattening of most cusps with
mode being no dentine exposure. Wear gen-
erally more even than in
M1
and
M2.
Ps:
No
significant change from group
D.
Ant: 20-50 crown loss of incisors. Canine
fully assimilated and wearing with incisors,
but with less apparent crown loss (20-30 ).
Phase
F
M1: Multiple point exposure of al l (or all
but one) cusps. Buccal exposure considerably
greater than lingual. Infrequent coalescence
of buccal cusps in older members.
M2: Exposure of one to three cusps, gener-
ally progressive in series. Wear facets on re-
maining cusps. Buccal wear predominates.
M3:
Wear facets normal and modal. Occa-
sional exposure of one cusp.
Most
variation
lies in degree of angulation of cuspal wear.
Ps: Cuspal topography maintained. Uni-
versal exposure of buccal cusp. Very irregu-
Age:
24-30
years.
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LIBBEN DENTAL WEAR 53
lar exposure of lingual cusp. Only slightly
advanced over Phase E.
Ant: 20-60 crown loss. Mode is 30-50 .
Age: 30-35 years.
Phase G
M1: Large circular or semilunar exposure
of buccal cusps. Point to small circular expo-
sure of lingual cusps. Coalescence of proto-
conid and hypoconid or hypoconid and
hypoconulid but not both.
M2: Small circular exposures with occa-
sional large circular or even semilunar ex-
posure of buccal cusps. Point exposure or very
flat facets of lingual cusps.
M3: One exposure (usually the protoconid).
Fairly flat wear usually involving up to three
cusps.
Ps:
Very variable. No exposure of lingual
cusp, but wear generally covers rest of tooth
crown.
Ant: 30-80 loss of crown of incisor. Mode
is 40-60 loss. Canine only slightly less
worn.
Age: 35-40 years.
Phase H
M1: Coalescence
of
protoconid, hypoconid,
and hypoconulid. Occasionally this extends
to include entoconid andor metaconid. Large
circular or semilunar exposures of
all
lingual
cusps if not coalesced.
M2: Two to four cusps coalesced. Buccal
cusps usually have large or occasionally semi-
lunar exposures. Lingual usually small cir-
cular or occasionally large circular dentine
exposures.
M3: One or two exposures, but always in-
clude the protoconid. Tooth considerably
flattened.
Ps: Very variable. In several cases lingual
cusps now involved due to progressive attri-
tion of buccal cusp. Many cases st ill conserv-
ative and not more advanced than in previous
two groups.
Ant: Highly variable. 30-80 crown loss.
Mode is 50-60 loss. Canine has identical
degree of
loss.
Age: 40-45 years.
Phase
M1: Coalescence of al l (or all but one) cusps
to form a complete single surface of exposed
dentine. 50 loss of crown.
M2: Wear now considerably more ir regular
as to location on crown. Large circular and
semilunar exposures. Coalescence of all buc-
cal cusps is typical.
M3: Very variable. Not markedly increased
over previous group.
Ps:
Crown worn flat. 50 loss of crown.
Loss of all cuspal topography. In most cases
some lingual enamel remains but worn very
flat.
Ant: Extreme wear. 40-90
loss
of crown.
Mode is about
80 ,
but tee th still functional.
Frequent pulp exposure with consequent im-
pending loss in older members.
Age: 45-55 years.
RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
General regularities in Libben dental wear
The above stages represent modal wear
patterns in the Libben population. Wear in
excess of that described in the successive (let-
tered) groups was too variable for modal de-
scription, although individuals with such
pronounced wear were given interpolated age
assessments.
The following may be concluded from the
Libben modal wear patterns described above:
1.
Wear in
the
anterior teeth accelerates
after complete dentine exposure, with the
rate
of crown loss being greater after the age
of
30 years.
2. Wear rate is slightly greater in the man-
dible than in the maxilla.
3.
Buccal wear predominates in both the
maxillary and mandibular premolars until
the crown is flattened; after
this
point there
is no longer a differential.
4
Lingual wear is more rapid in maxillary
molars, while buccal wear predominates in
mandibular molars. This is consistent with
previous findings (Murphy, 1959a) and with
normal occlusion and mastication.
5. Wear is symmetrical and generally even
with respect to side except in cases involving
tempomandibular joint disease, unilateral
molar loss or periodontal disease, etc.
6. The cuspal exposure sequence for man-
dibular molars is protoconid-hypoconid-
metaconid-(hypoconu1id)-entoconid. This is
similar to that found by Murphy (1959a) in
Australian aborigines. The hypoconulid
is
a
variable cusp and evinces variable wear.
7. The cuspal exposure sequence for the
maxillary molars isprotocone-hypocone-para-
cone-metacone. This is also similar to that
found by Murphy (1959a).
8.
Molar wear is more variable in the max-
illa than in the mandible.
9. Wear is regular and symmetrical and
clearly reflects increasing chronological age
in the population. The great predominance
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54
C.O. LOVEJOY
of wear is due to the mastication of food;
there are no major cultural effects in dental
wear
at
Libben.
Dental wear in estimating age at death
Opinions have varied widely
as
to the effec-
tiveness of tooth wear in the estimation of
age-at-death. S tewart (19621, for example, re-
viewed Johnston and Snows (1961) revision
of the Indian Knoll population and com-
mented that
. . .
the fact that the authors emphasize
dental attrition as an accessory means of
age estimation or
as
an indicator of age
. .
raises doubts.
. .
Certainly it
is
valid to
use dental attrition as an aid in distinguish-
ing a young adult from an old adult, but
when it comes to distinguishing a 30-year-
old individual from a 40-year-old individual,
attri tion is no more reliable than suture clo-
sure. What is interesting to know is the var-
iability of attrition at successive ages
as
determined by other criteria. (Stewart,
1962:143)
Miles, on the other hand, states that in
archaic populations, tooth wear probably pro-
vides the best indicator of age if it can be
used systematically (1978). Both observers,
in fact, are probably correct. The primary
difference
lies,
as Miles notes, in methodol-
ogy.
If a single individual is being assessed
in the typical forensic fashion, assignment of
age on the basis of dental wear alone, would
allow only a gross approximation
at
best. On
the other hand, if an entire skeletal popula-
tion is reviewed systematically (i.e., seriated
see Lovejoy et al., 19851, dental wear can be
a highly accurate indicator of age
at
death.
The age indicator correlation matrix for the
Libben population
is
provided in Table
1.
The
correlations between dental wear and the
other indicators a re consistently high. Love-
joy et a1 (1985), in fact, found dental wear to
be a n effective indicator of age even in a
highly mixed anatomical population (the
Todd Collection), in which many factors dic-
tated against i ts success. In the present study,
wear patterns in the Libben Amerindians
were found to be remarkably similar to those
observed by Murphy (1959a) in Australian
aborigines. This is encouraging in the sense
that the greater the regularity of dental wear,
the more likely
its
ability to accurately esti-
mate age-at-death. Thus, while ra tes will cer-
tainly differ in various hunting and
gathering societies, regularity of pattern ren-
ders rate estimation easier and more ac-
curate.
Additional comment seems appropriate
with respect to Stewarts opinion that
changes in dental wear should be compared
to age (judged by some other criterion) rather
than being used to determine age itself. Sim-
ilar comments are frequently made with re-
spect to other age indicators such
as
tra-
becular and cortical bone involution. The so-
lution to this problem is simple.
If
age
is
assessed by each criterion separately and all
are systematically combined to form a single
age estimate (as it should be; Lovejoy et al,
19851, then such a n estimate can be recalcu-
lated minus a particular criterion in order to
independently judge
its
particular age be-
havior. However, the demographic profiles of
skeletal populations are of primary impor-
tance, and every attempt should be made to
determine age structure with
great
accuracy.
This requires
the
systematic use of all signif-
icant age-related anatomical data, since such
data have been shown to improve the accu-
racy of age-at-death estimations (Lovejoy et
al, 1985).
In the Libben population, dental wear was
found to be sufficiently regular to allow the
designation of modal wear groups (with at-
tendent age estimations). A primary prob-
lem, not yet addressed,
is
the interpolation of
individuals with significant antemortem loss.
The assignment of age to these individuals is
more subjective. For this reason, as noted
above, maxillas and mandibles were as-
sessed independently in order to
test
the re-
peatability of age interpolation. After se-
riation and age assignment, the data were
subjected to both Pearson and Spearman cor-
relational analyses. A sample of 113 denti-
tions for which age assignment could be made
on both maxilla and mandible were avail-
able. The Pearson product moment correla-
tion between their independent age
assignments was .93, while the Spearman
rank order correlation was .96. These data
TABLE
1.
Libben population age indicator
intercorrelation m trix
Dental Auricular Pubic Femoral Sutures
Dental
1.00 .78
.82 .76
.68
Auricular
.78
1.00
84
.67 .60
Pubic 82
.84
1.00 .73
.66
Femoral
.76 .67
.73 1.00 513
Sutures
.68
.60
.66
5 3
1 00
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LIBBEN DENTAL
WEAR
55
imply considerable consistency in the assign-
ment of age in individuals with significant
premortem loss. They do not, of course, carry
any implication with respect to the accuracy
of age assignment, but the intercorrelation
matrix provided in Table
1
at
least partially
verifies the latter.
Sex differences in dental wear r ate
The problem of differential rates of wear
according to sex must be addressed. Camp-
bell (19398, for example, found significant
differences in Australian aboriginal popula-
tions (his data have been restructured and
are presented in Table 2). Lunt (1978), o the
contrary, could find no significant sex differ-
ences in her Danish populations (despite rel-
atively high
rates
of attrition). It
is
likely
that differences in ra te are due to the socio-
economic status of the populations and the
possible roles of non-dietary uses of the den-
tition (Molnar, 1971, 1972). In order to test
for sex differences in the Libben population,
ages assessed by dental wear were compared
to those determined by the other major indi-
cators (see Lovejoy e t al, 1977). Table 3 pre-
sents mean ages by sex for each of these
indicators. All data pairs in Table 3 were
TABLE 2. Age and dental wear by sex in Australia n
Aborigines
in
percent) Dat a modified from
Campbell,
1939
a-e)
Stage
of
attrition
Age group
(yr)
I
I1 IV
Total
Males
20-29 17 11 2 0 30
30-49 6 18 13 2 39
50 0
7
14 11 32
Total 23 36 29 13
Females
20-29 4 14 6
0
24
30-49 2 10 28 14 54
50 1 1 10 10 22
Total 7 25 44 28
tested by paired t and none was found to be
significant. There would appear to possibly
be a very slight trend, however, toward a
higher rate of wear among females. This is
indicated by the slightly greater ages given
by dental wear in comparison with those
yielded by sutures and the auricular surface.
However, pubic and dental ages are virtually
identical, and the dentallfemoral age pairs
indicate a greater wear rate in males. The
lat ter age indicator tends to underage males
and this
is
the most likely source of this
discrepancy. A slightly higher wear rate in
females would be most likely attributable to
some cultural activity, but in any case there
is little or no evidence tha t significant differ-
ences in wear r ate exist for the two sexes.
Although the primary purpose of the pres-
ent study was the determination of age at
death using dental attrition, the patte rns de-
lineated may prove useful in future studies
of functional dental at trition. Numerous sur-
veys have been carried out on dental wear in
a variety of populations. At least two major
difficulties have hampered these studies,
however, in allowing their da ta to be used in
a comparative manner. The first
is
the fail-
ure of many investigators to take into consid-
eration the age structure of the population.
Thus, little can be said about rate of wear
from their data. Second, the manner of re-
cording has in many studies been limited to
the original five-level scale introduced by
Broca (1879), or some modification of this
scale. While useful in the rapid recording of
dental wear patterns, Brocas scale is not
sufficiently detailed to allow specification of
detailed patterning. Molnar has introduced a
more complex method, but it
is
hampered by
the difficulty of application by other observ-
ers (Lunt, 1978), and it is not appropriate if
age-determination
is
a prime consideration.
As noted above, the system used by Murphy
(1959a) is similar
to
th at used here (but was
TABLE
3
Male and female means ofL ibben age indicators
Dental wear
Sex
Mean SD N
Other age indicator
Mean
SD
Male 32.6
8.6
73 Pubis 32.8
8.2
Female 37.5
12.0 66
37.4 11.2
Male
33.0
8.4
57 Auricular 34.2
7.4
Female 35.8
11.0
65
34.8 10.3
Male 33.0
8.0
62 Femoral
30.0 7.5
Female 36.8
12.2 53
36.4 10.7
Male 33.2
9.7
55 Sutures 34.1
8.7
Female 36.9 11.0 52 34.6 9.0
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56 C.O. LOVEJOY
designed for application to the single tooth
and not th e complete dentition). Future work
may allow refinement
of
these systems, and
data from populations with markedly regu-
lar wear patterns may prove valuable in
functional studies
of
human mastication. It
is hoped that the modal patterns presented
above will be of such service.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The research reported in this paper was
funded by the National Science Foundation,
Division of Behavioral and Neural Sciences,
Award No. BNS-77-07958.
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