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AMERICAN JOUR NAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 68:47 56 (1985)

Dental Wear in the Libben Population:

Its Functional Pattern and Role in the Determination

of

Adult

Skeletal. Age at Death

C. OWEN LOVEJOY

Departments of Anthropology an d Biolagy, Kent State University, Kent,

Ohio 44242; Department

of

Orthopaedic Surg ery, Case W estern Reserve

University, Cleveland Museum

of

Natural H istory and Cuyah oga County

Coroners Ofice, Cleveland,

Ohio 441 6;

and D epartment

of

Human

Anatomy, Northeast

hio

Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown,

Ohio

44272

K E Y WORDS

Dental attrition

Dentition, Dental wear, Age-at-death, Demography,

ABSTRACT

Modal patterns of occlusal attrit ion a re presented for the Lib-

ben population based on a sample of 332 adult dentitions. Maxillas and man-

dibles were reviewed independently by seriation prior to assessment of complete

dentitions. The Spearman rank order coefficient for upper and lower dentitions

was .96. Wear patterns are very similar to those reported by Murphy (1959a:

Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 17:167-178) for Australian aborigines. There were no

significant sexual differences in wear rate. Dental wear is concluded to be a

highly reliable and important indicator of adult age at death for skeletal pop-

ulations

if

seriation procedures are employed.

Dental attrition has been intensively stud-

ied in

a

number of ways (Broca, 1879; Camp-

bell and Lewis, 1926; Campbell, 1930; 1938a-

c; 1939a-e; Davies and Pedersen, 1955; Ped-

ersen, 1938; Devoto et al., 1971; Goldberg et

al, 1976; Johnston and Snow 1961; Lavelle,

1970; Molnar, 1971; Morris, 1978; Mayhew,

1978; Murphy, 1959a; Smith, 1972; Taylor,

1963). More often tha n not, the approach and

the data generated are dependent upon the

original purpose of each study. Such data are

therefore of variable usefulness to those

studying dental attrition for other reasons.

The purpose of the present study was two-

fold. First, the dental wear patterns in the

Libben population were found to be extraor-

dinarily regular in form and ra te (see below).

Among the primary reasons for this regular-

ity are the relatively short occupation span

(circa 200 to 300 years) and the homogeneity

of the population (Lovejoy et al., 1977).There

were apparently no major dietary shifts dur-

ing the internment period,

so

masticatory

patterns and oral abrasives remained un-

changed during the course of the occupation.

Thus the Libben population presents a highly

regular and progressive record of dental wear

resulting from a common hunter-gatherer

diet, and this pattern was deemed

a

valuable

source of information for estimating individ-

ual age at death.

Molnar (1971, 1972) has reviewed the var-

ious sources of dental attrit ion in anthropol-

ogical populations, many of which may be

cited as having been important in the Libben

population. Among the most likely, however,

is the sandy grit adher ing to dried fish. Fish

constituted a major portion of the food

re-

mains recovered from the

site,

which was

immediately adjacent to the Portage River.

In addition, the site lay only two miles from

the confluence of the Portage with Lake Erie.

Small mammal and vegetable remains were

the

predominant constituents of the remain-

der of the diet (Harrison, 1978). While nu-

merical description was attempted early in

the study, the problems of similarity in scor-

ing to other such studies, and

the

need to

emphasize pattern, both dictated against thi s

form of recording.

METHODS

A sample of 332 adult dentitions was cho-

sen from the Libben population for this study.

Received December 3, 1984; revised January

2

1985; accepted

May 3,1985.

(c) 1985 ALAN R. LISS,

INC.

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8 C.O. LOVEJOY

Care had been taken in the field (including

fine screening and flotation) to recover

as

many loose teeth

as

possible. In cases where

complete crania were not preserved, a com-

plete and fully adequate restoration of the

maxillas andor mandible was possible. Ap-

proximately 60 of the sample, therefore,

had complete dentitions (discounting premor-

tem tooth loss).

The first phase

of

the study consisted

of

a

description of the basic pattern

of

attrition in

the population. In order to delineate such a

pattern,

all

dentitions were placed in groups

defined by the degree of wear in each of the

three functional dental

areas

(molars, pre-

molars, anteriors). Specimens with signifi-

cant antemortern loss were not included in

this phase. Each dentition was then seriated

within

its

group. This assured that none was

erroneously grouped and aided in the refine-

ment of modal wear patterns. Murphy (1959a)

has provided detailed descriptions of the wear

in the dentitions of Australian aborigines.

These descriptions were not consulted until

after the Libben phases were described in

order to maintain maximum objectivity, al-

though the results are remarkably similar

(see below).

The second phase of the study was intended

to determine the rate of wear. By means of

the methods described by Miles (1958, 1962,

1963a,b, 1978; Brothwell, 1963; Johnson,

19761, subadult dentitions from the age range

of 6 to 18years N = 132) were used to define

functional rates of wear in the molars (in-

cluding use

of

his 6:6.5:7 functional year gra-

dient), the premolars (considered together),

and the anterior teeth (incisors and canines

considered together). Maxillae and mandi-

bles were seriated and described indepen-

dently and were not reassessed as complete

individuals until after an age had been as-

signed to each. The ages determined by this

method were considered modal and were ap-

plied only to complete (upper or lower) denti-

tions. All individuals with significant

premortem loss were then added to the sam-

ple. Using the assumption that wear accel-

erated with increasing tooth loss, the

population was reseriated. It was assumed

tha t wear rate increased moderately with the

unilateral loss of one molar row, and accel-

erated markedly with the loss of both.

Changes in rate were judged on the basis of

the proportion of dental area lost for masti-

cation. Anterior teeth were strongly resis-

tant to premortem loss, and their crowns

were normally worn away before final shed-

ding,

so

such judgments were only necessary

for the postcanine dentition. Periodontal dis-

ease was pronounced in some cases, but be-

cause it clearly led to rapid tooth loss, its

effects on wear pattern were expressed

through the medium of tooth loss (i.e., accel-

eration in other portions of the dentition).

Each modal group was described and given

a letter

designating its position in the se-

quence. Those descriptions are presented be-

low

(see

also Figs.

1

2).

FUNC TIONA L ATTRITION OF THE

M A X L L A

Phase A

M1:

No

dentine exposure. Polish of most

cusps with distinct facets occasionally ap-

pearing on trigone.

M2: Unworn to slight polish with infre-

quent small facets in older members.

M3: Unerupted. Crypt slightly to 50 open.

Ps:

Erupted with minimal polishing.

Ant: Slight linear exposure of incisor den-

tine; none on canines.

Age: 12

18

years.

Phase

B1

M1:

No

dentine exposure. Wear facets on

metacone andor protocone. Other cusps with

polish or apical facets

M2: No dentine exposure. Polishing of

cusps with occasional small facets on proto-

cone or metacone.

M3: Unerupted. Crypt open to approximate

dimensions

of

tooth crown.

Ps: Wear facets or apical exposure of buc-

cal cusps. Lingual cusps unaffected.

Ant: Occasional exposure of canine in older

members of group. Incisors vary from thin

linear exposure to distinct line

of

exposed

dentine.

Age: 16-20 years.

Phase

B2

M1: Wear facets on metacone and proto-

cone. Distinct facet on hypocone and occa-

sionally on paracone.

M2: Polishing

of

three to four cusps.

No

exposure.

M3: Active eruption or recently erupted (no

significant wear).

Ps: Wear facets or apical exposure of buc-

cal cusps. Lingual cusps polished.

Ant: Occasional exposure of canine in older

members. Incisors vary from thin linear ex-

posure to moderate band of dentine.

Age: 16-20 years.

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52 C.O.

LOVEJOY

Phase B

M1: Point exposure of dentine on proto-

conid only. Wear facets on additional cusps

but not pronounced.

M2: No

exposure. Wear facets usually on

protoconid in older members. Polishing of re-

maining cusps with occasional small facets.

M3: Unerupted. Crypt slightly to 75 open.

Ps:

Wear facets to point exposure of buccal

cusps. Lingual cusps unaffected. Buccal ex-

posure in few older members of group.

Ant: Occasional exposure of canine in older

half of group. Incisors vary from thin linear

to moderate line of exposed dentine.

Age:

16-20

years.

Phase B2

M1:

Point exposure of protoconid universal.

Older members exhibit additional point ex-

posures on hypoconid and occasionally on

metaconid.

M2: No exposure. Distinct

flat

facets on one

to three cusps.

M3: Erupted without significant wear.

Ps: Wear facets or apical exposure of buc-

cal cusps. Lingual cusp unaffected. Buccal

exposure in few older members of group.

Ant: Occasional exposure of canine in older

half of group. Incisors vary from th in early

exposure to distinct moderate line of exposed

dentine.

Age:

16-20

years.

Phase

C

M1: Point exposure typical only of proto-

conid. Occasional exposure of one other cusp

(but rare). Fairly broad facets on other buccal

cusps. Polishing of lingual cusps.

M2:

No

dentine exposure. Protoconid may

show fairly broad facet. Apical facets on re-

maining cusps, but mostly restricted to buc-

cal cusps. Polishing of remaining cusps.

M3:

Erupted. Polishing with occasional ap-

ical facets in older members.

Ps:

Lingual cusps show little or no wear.

Buccal cusps show range from polishing to

point exposure in older members. Fairly large

variation in degree of wear in these teeth.

Mode tends toward polishing without dis-

tinct facets.

Ant: Universal exposure of canines. Degree

of wear varies from point exposure to consid-

erable loss of crown (up to 20 ). Correlation

with molar wear poor. Incisors all with at

least

a moderate band of exposed dentine.

Degree variable but correlates with canine

wear.

Age: 18-22 years.

Phase D

M1:

Point exposure of protoconid, hypo-

conid, and occasionally metaconid. Wear fac-

ets more pronounced on lingual cusps in older

members.

M2:

Few cases of point exposure of proto-

conid in older members. Wear facets only in

buccal cusps among young members, on all

cusps of older members. Broad facet on pro-

toconid (if not point exposure) and hypoconid.

Strong cuspal relief retained.

M3: Variable. Little wear to distinct facets

on buccal or lingual cusps, but not both.

Ps:

Most

show point exposure to distinct

ovoid exposure of mesial and occasionally on

distal premolars, but in both cases restricted

to buccal cusp. No exposure

of

lingual cusps.

Ant: Canine cusp now removed by wear;

tooth fully assimilated into incisor series.

Universal exposure of incisors with slight to

moderate wear (10-30 crown loss).

Age:

20-24

years.

Phase E

M1: Point exposure of protoconid, hypo-

conid, and metaconid or hypoconulid. Buccal

cusp exposures gradually expand with age in

group to become circular and occasionally

semilunar exposures. Lingual cusps less af-

fected by wear and maintain considerably

higher relief, but wear facets give way to

point exposure in

a

few

of

oldest members.

M2: Protoconid exposed in all but youngest

members of group. Wear very similar to old-

est

members of previous group, with hypo-

conid exposure in older members.

M3:Variable. Flattening of most cusps with

mode being no dentine exposure. Wear gen-

erally more even than in

M1

and

M2.

Ps:

No

significant change from group

D.

Ant: 20-50 crown loss of incisors. Canine

fully assimilated and wearing with incisors,

but with less apparent crown loss (20-30 ).

Phase

F

M1: Multiple point exposure of al l (or all

but one) cusps. Buccal exposure considerably

greater than lingual. Infrequent coalescence

of buccal cusps in older members.

M2: Exposure of one to three cusps, gener-

ally progressive in series. Wear facets on re-

maining cusps. Buccal wear predominates.

M3:

Wear facets normal and modal. Occa-

sional exposure of one cusp.

Most

variation

lies in degree of angulation of cuspal wear.

Ps: Cuspal topography maintained. Uni-

versal exposure of buccal cusp. Very irregu-

Age:

24-30

years.

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LIBBEN DENTAL WEAR 53

lar exposure of lingual cusp. Only slightly

advanced over Phase E.

Ant: 20-60 crown loss. Mode is 30-50 .

Age: 30-35 years.

Phase G

M1: Large circular or semilunar exposure

of buccal cusps. Point to small circular expo-

sure of lingual cusps. Coalescence of proto-

conid and hypoconid or hypoconid and

hypoconulid but not both.

M2: Small circular exposures with occa-

sional large circular or even semilunar ex-

posure of buccal cusps. Point exposure or very

flat facets of lingual cusps.

M3: One exposure (usually the protoconid).

Fairly flat wear usually involving up to three

cusps.

Ps:

Very variable. No exposure of lingual

cusp, but wear generally covers rest of tooth

crown.

Ant: 30-80 loss of crown of incisor. Mode

is 40-60 loss. Canine only slightly less

worn.

Age: 35-40 years.

Phase H

M1: Coalescence

of

protoconid, hypoconid,

and hypoconulid. Occasionally this extends

to include entoconid andor metaconid. Large

circular or semilunar exposures of

all

lingual

cusps if not coalesced.

M2: Two to four cusps coalesced. Buccal

cusps usually have large or occasionally semi-

lunar exposures. Lingual usually small cir-

cular or occasionally large circular dentine

exposures.

M3: One or two exposures, but always in-

clude the protoconid. Tooth considerably

flattened.

Ps: Very variable. In several cases lingual

cusps now involved due to progressive attri-

tion of buccal cusp. Many cases st ill conserv-

ative and not more advanced than in previous

two groups.

Ant: Highly variable. 30-80 crown loss.

Mode is 50-60 loss. Canine has identical

degree of

loss.

Age: 40-45 years.

Phase

M1: Coalescence of al l (or all but one) cusps

to form a complete single surface of exposed

dentine. 50 loss of crown.

M2: Wear now considerably more ir regular

as to location on crown. Large circular and

semilunar exposures. Coalescence of all buc-

cal cusps is typical.

M3: Very variable. Not markedly increased

over previous group.

Ps:

Crown worn flat. 50 loss of crown.

Loss of all cuspal topography. In most cases

some lingual enamel remains but worn very

flat.

Ant: Extreme wear. 40-90

loss

of crown.

Mode is about

80 ,

but tee th still functional.

Frequent pulp exposure with consequent im-

pending loss in older members.

Age: 45-55 years.

RESULTS

AND DISCUSSION

General regularities in Libben dental wear

The above stages represent modal wear

patterns in the Libben population. Wear in

excess of that described in the successive (let-

tered) groups was too variable for modal de-

scription, although individuals with such

pronounced wear were given interpolated age

assessments.

The following may be concluded from the

Libben modal wear patterns described above:

1.

Wear in

the

anterior teeth accelerates

after complete dentine exposure, with the

rate

of crown loss being greater after the age

of

30 years.

2. Wear rate is slightly greater in the man-

dible than in the maxilla.

3.

Buccal wear predominates in both the

maxillary and mandibular premolars until

the crown is flattened; after

this

point there

is no longer a differential.

4

Lingual wear is more rapid in maxillary

molars, while buccal wear predominates in

mandibular molars. This is consistent with

previous findings (Murphy, 1959a) and with

normal occlusion and mastication.

5. Wear is symmetrical and generally even

with respect to side except in cases involving

tempomandibular joint disease, unilateral

molar loss or periodontal disease, etc.

6. The cuspal exposure sequence for man-

dibular molars is protoconid-hypoconid-

metaconid-(hypoconu1id)-entoconid. This is

similar to that found by Murphy (1959a) in

Australian aborigines. The hypoconulid

is

a

variable cusp and evinces variable wear.

7. The cuspal exposure sequence for the

maxillary molars isprotocone-hypocone-para-

cone-metacone. This is also similar to that

found by Murphy (1959a).

8.

Molar wear is more variable in the max-

illa than in the mandible.

9. Wear is regular and symmetrical and

clearly reflects increasing chronological age

in the population. The great predominance

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54

C.O. LOVEJOY

of wear is due to the mastication of food;

there are no major cultural effects in dental

wear

at

Libben.

Dental wear in estimating age at death

Opinions have varied widely

as

to the effec-

tiveness of tooth wear in the estimation of

age-at-death. S tewart (19621, for example, re-

viewed Johnston and Snows (1961) revision

of the Indian Knoll population and com-

mented that

. . .

the fact that the authors emphasize

dental attrition as an accessory means of

age estimation or

as

an indicator of age

. .

raises doubts.

. .

Certainly it

is

valid to

use dental attrition as an aid in distinguish-

ing a young adult from an old adult, but

when it comes to distinguishing a 30-year-

old individual from a 40-year-old individual,

attri tion is no more reliable than suture clo-

sure. What is interesting to know is the var-

iability of attrition at successive ages

as

determined by other criteria. (Stewart,

1962:143)

Miles, on the other hand, states that in

archaic populations, tooth wear probably pro-

vides the best indicator of age if it can be

used systematically (1978). Both observers,

in fact, are probably correct. The primary

difference

lies,

as Miles notes, in methodol-

ogy.

If a single individual is being assessed

in the typical forensic fashion, assignment of

age on the basis of dental wear alone, would

allow only a gross approximation

at

best. On

the other hand, if an entire skeletal popula-

tion is reviewed systematically (i.e., seriated

see Lovejoy et al., 19851, dental wear can be

a highly accurate indicator of age

at

death.

The age indicator correlation matrix for the

Libben population

is

provided in Table

1.

The

correlations between dental wear and the

other indicators a re consistently high. Love-

joy et a1 (1985), in fact, found dental wear to

be a n effective indicator of age even in a

highly mixed anatomical population (the

Todd Collection), in which many factors dic-

tated against i ts success. In the present study,

wear patterns in the Libben Amerindians

were found to be remarkably similar to those

observed by Murphy (1959a) in Australian

aborigines. This is encouraging in the sense

that the greater the regularity of dental wear,

the more likely

its

ability to accurately esti-

mate age-at-death. Thus, while ra tes will cer-

tainly differ in various hunting and

gathering societies, regularity of pattern ren-

ders rate estimation easier and more ac-

curate.

Additional comment seems appropriate

with respect to Stewarts opinion that

changes in dental wear should be compared

to age (judged by some other criterion) rather

than being used to determine age itself. Sim-

ilar comments are frequently made with re-

spect to other age indicators such

as

tra-

becular and cortical bone involution. The so-

lution to this problem is simple.

If

age

is

assessed by each criterion separately and all

are systematically combined to form a single

age estimate (as it should be; Lovejoy et al,

19851, then such a n estimate can be recalcu-

lated minus a particular criterion in order to

independently judge

its

particular age be-

havior. However, the demographic profiles of

skeletal populations are of primary impor-

tance, and every attempt should be made to

determine age structure with

great

accuracy.

This requires

the

systematic use of all signif-

icant age-related anatomical data, since such

data have been shown to improve the accu-

racy of age-at-death estimations (Lovejoy et

al, 1985).

In the Libben population, dental wear was

found to be sufficiently regular to allow the

designation of modal wear groups (with at-

tendent age estimations). A primary prob-

lem, not yet addressed,

is

the interpolation of

individuals with significant antemortem loss.

The assignment of age to these individuals is

more subjective. For this reason, as noted

above, maxillas and mandibles were as-

sessed independently in order to

test

the re-

peatability of age interpolation. After se-

riation and age assignment, the data were

subjected to both Pearson and Spearman cor-

relational analyses. A sample of 113 denti-

tions for which age assignment could be made

on both maxilla and mandible were avail-

able. The Pearson product moment correla-

tion between their independent age

assignments was .93, while the Spearman

rank order correlation was .96. These data

TABLE

1.

Libben population age indicator

intercorrelation m trix

Dental Auricular Pubic Femoral Sutures

Dental

1.00 .78

.82 .76

.68

Auricular

.78

1.00

84

.67 .60

Pubic 82

.84

1.00 .73

.66

Femoral

.76 .67

.73 1.00 513

Sutures

.68

.60

.66

5 3

1 00

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LIBBEN DENTAL

WEAR

55

imply considerable consistency in the assign-

ment of age in individuals with significant

premortem loss. They do not, of course, carry

any implication with respect to the accuracy

of age assignment, but the intercorrelation

matrix provided in Table

1

at

least partially

verifies the latter.

Sex differences in dental wear r ate

The problem of differential rates of wear

according to sex must be addressed. Camp-

bell (19398, for example, found significant

differences in Australian aboriginal popula-

tions (his data have been restructured and

are presented in Table 2). Lunt (1978), o the

contrary, could find no significant sex differ-

ences in her Danish populations (despite rel-

atively high

rates

of attrition). It

is

likely

that differences in ra te are due to the socio-

economic status of the populations and the

possible roles of non-dietary uses of the den-

tition (Molnar, 1971, 1972). In order to test

for sex differences in the Libben population,

ages assessed by dental wear were compared

to those determined by the other major indi-

cators (see Lovejoy e t al, 1977). Table 3 pre-

sents mean ages by sex for each of these

indicators. All data pairs in Table 3 were

TABLE 2. Age and dental wear by sex in Australia n

Aborigines

in

percent) Dat a modified from

Campbell,

1939

a-e)

Stage

of

attrition

Age group

(yr)

I

I1 IV

Total

Males

20-29 17 11 2 0 30

30-49 6 18 13 2 39

50 0

7

14 11 32

Total 23 36 29 13

Females

20-29 4 14 6

0

24

30-49 2 10 28 14 54

50 1 1 10 10 22

Total 7 25 44 28

tested by paired t and none was found to be

significant. There would appear to possibly

be a very slight trend, however, toward a

higher rate of wear among females. This is

indicated by the slightly greater ages given

by dental wear in comparison with those

yielded by sutures and the auricular surface.

However, pubic and dental ages are virtually

identical, and the dentallfemoral age pairs

indicate a greater wear rate in males. The

lat ter age indicator tends to underage males

and this

is

the most likely source of this

discrepancy. A slightly higher wear rate in

females would be most likely attributable to

some cultural activity, but in any case there

is little or no evidence tha t significant differ-

ences in wear r ate exist for the two sexes.

Although the primary purpose of the pres-

ent study was the determination of age at

death using dental attrition, the patte rns de-

lineated may prove useful in future studies

of functional dental at trition. Numerous sur-

veys have been carried out on dental wear in

a variety of populations. At least two major

difficulties have hampered these studies,

however, in allowing their da ta to be used in

a comparative manner. The first

is

the fail-

ure of many investigators to take into consid-

eration the age structure of the population.

Thus, little can be said about rate of wear

from their data. Second, the manner of re-

cording has in many studies been limited to

the original five-level scale introduced by

Broca (1879), or some modification of this

scale. While useful in the rapid recording of

dental wear patterns, Brocas scale is not

sufficiently detailed to allow specification of

detailed patterning. Molnar has introduced a

more complex method, but it

is

hampered by

the difficulty of application by other observ-

ers (Lunt, 1978), and it is not appropriate if

age-determination

is

a prime consideration.

As noted above, the system used by Murphy

(1959a) is similar

to

th at used here (but was

TABLE

3

Male and female means ofL ibben age indicators

Dental wear

Sex

Mean SD N

Other age indicator

Mean

SD

Male 32.6

8.6

73 Pubis 32.8

8.2

Female 37.5

12.0 66

37.4 11.2

Male

33.0

8.4

57 Auricular 34.2

7.4

Female 35.8

11.0

65

34.8 10.3

Male 33.0

8.0

62 Femoral

30.0 7.5

Female 36.8

12.2 53

36.4 10.7

Male 33.2

9.7

55 Sutures 34.1

8.7

Female 36.9 11.0 52 34.6 9.0

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56 C.O. LOVEJOY

designed for application to the single tooth

and not th e complete dentition). Future work

may allow refinement

of

these systems, and

data from populations with markedly regu-

lar wear patterns may prove valuable in

functional studies

of

human mastication. It

is hoped that the modal patterns presented

above will be of such service.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The research reported in this paper was

funded by the National Science Foundation,

Division of Behavioral and Neural Sciences,

Award No. BNS-77-07958.

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