Post on 22-Jan-2018
BY
Ven .Dangaswewa Vajira Thero
lC /2013/2014/143
BUPH- 32033
Under the guidance of
Ven. Dapane Chandarathana.(lecturer in Buddhist philosophy)
Bhiksu University of SriLanka
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INDIAN &
WESTERN LOGIC
OUT LINES• Introduction
• Western logic
• Indian Logic
• Comparison and
contrast
• References
INTRODUCTION • Logic (from the Greek "logos", which has a
variety of meanings including word,
thought, idea, argument, account, reason
or principle) is the study of reasoning, or
the study of the principles and criteria of
valid inference and demonstration. It
attempts to distinguish good reasoning
from bad reasoning.
• A branch of Philosophy
• Definitions
Reasoning conducted or assessed according
to strict principles of validity.(Oxford
Dictionary of English)
• Logic is the science and art of correct
thinking
Logic is the study of the methods and principles used in
distinguishing correct from incorrect reasoning. Logic differs
from psychology in being a normative or a prescriptive
discipline rather than a descriptive discipline.
1. I.e., it prescribes how one ought to reason; it's not
concerned with how one actually does reason.
2. Logic is concerned with laying down the rules for correct
reasoning.
3. Consequently, logic seeks to distinguish good arguments
from poor ones.
CONCEPTS AND TERMS IN LOGIC
Mental Operation Products External signs
Simple Apprehension Concept Oral and written terms
Judgment Mental proposition Oral and written propositions
Reasoning Mental agreement or
disagreement
Oral and written arguments
The three essential operations of the
intellect
WESTERN LOGIC
Aristotle defined logic as
"new and necessary reasoning","new"
because it allows us to learn whatwe do not know, and "necessary"because its conclusions areinescapable. It asks questions like"What is correct reasoning?", "Whatdistinguishes a good argument froma bad one?", "How can we detect afallacy in reasoning?"
TYPES OF LOGIC
1. Formal Logic
2. Informal Logic
3. Symbolic Logic
4. Mathematical Logic
• Syllogistic logic
• Propositional logic
• Predicate logic
• Modal logic
• Philosophical logic
• Computational logic
• Non-classical logic
FORMAL LOGIC
• Formal Logic is what we think of as traditional
logic or philosophical logic, namely the study
of inference with purely formal and explicit
content (i.e. it can be expressed as a particular
application of a wholly abstract rule), such as
the rules of formal logic that have come down to
us from Aristotle.
INFORMAL LOGIC
• Informal Logic is a recent discipline which studies
natural language arguments, and attempts to develop a
logic to assess, analyse and improve ordinary language
( "everyday") reasoning.
SYMBOLIC LOGIC
• Symbolic Logic is the study of symbolic
abstractions that capture the formal features of
logical inference. It deals with the relations of
symbols to each other, often using
complex mathematical calculus, in an attempt
to solve intractable problems traditional formal
logic is not able to address.
MATHEMATICAL LOGIC
• Both the application of the techniques of formal
logic to mathematics and mathematical reasoning,
and, conversely, the application of mathematical
techniques to the representation and an
• The earliest use of mathematics and geometry in
relation to logic and philosophy goes back to the
Ancient Greeks such as Euclid, Plato and
Aristotle.alysis of formal logic.
DILEMMA OR THE MAIN PROPOSITIONS
• A is B
• A is not B
INDIAN LOGIC
• Directly related with the concepts of ATMAN and BRHMAN
• VEDAS are the main scriptures where can find logic in the history
of India
• Four main acceptance in Indian logic
1. Perception(prtyaksha),
2. inference (Anumana),
3. comparison (upamana)
4. testimony (shabda)
FOUR FOLD DILEMMA IN INDIAN LOGIC
1. A is B
2. A is not B
3. A is B & A is not B
4. Neither A is B nor is A not B
COMBINE PANTHEISM AND MONOTHEISM:
PANENTHEISM
“In Me are all existences contained,
Not I in them!” (Bhagavad Gita)
• Pantheism: God is everything; everything is God
• Monotheism: there is one God, separate from the
world He/She creates.
• Combine: Panentheism: 1) the world is the
expression of God in time/space, 2) yet God also
remains the conscious Unity in all expressions
EMANATIONISM
“They comprehend not, the Unheavenly,
How Souls go forth from Me; nor how they come
Back to Me.”
•Soul (Aspect, Part of Brahman) goes forth into
forgetfulness (matter)
• Karmic existence in samsara (illusion of
time and space)
• Return to consciousness of inner divinity
(moksha, Nirvana): Sat-Chit-Ananda or bliss
consciousness of being)
COMPARISONS AND CONTRASTS
• The history of Western science and technology is mostly a story of progress. There was a backwards movement at the close of antiquity, but even so, further progress often involved recovering the wisdom of the Greeks.
• Concept of Dilemma only for perception as the western logic depends on materialism
• Philosophers were the teachers who found it and it lasts as story in western world adding some new theories to improve followed practices
• In Indian logic ,it dates back just thousands of years and concept of dilemma didn`t stopped with first
two proposition but fourfold dilemmas..
• Similarly, both logical aspects western and Indian provide an opportunity to find a way of truth in the
world .
• Indian logics has a part as meditation which is unseen in western logic and it gives priority to
development of mind.
• Western logicians make their investigation with the materialism while Indians make it with
involvement of religions.
• Consequently, logical theories in both ways find a correct thought of any subject. But they have
burficateded they use different ways of Nibbana
REFERENCES
• Ganeri Jonardon, Philosophy Classical India, routledge
publications, London ,2001
• Terski Alfred, Introduction to logic ,newyork 2007
• http://www.philosophybasics.com